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Voting and Apportionment

Overview
Welcome to Voting and Apportionment!
In this module, we will discuss the different voting systems focusing on the
simplest types. It will include how to use voting methods in determining winners in
different ‘elections’ situations.
In part two of the module, we will be discussing the different types of
apportionment and how to use them in dividing indivisible objects equally among
groups.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the module, students will be able to:

Voting Methods
■ Explain the different voting systems
■ Interpret the information in the
preference table
■ Determine the winner using the
different voting methods
Apportionment
■ Explain the different terms used in
apportionment.
■ Apply the different apportionment
methods in solving problems.

References:
[1] Baltazar, E.C, Evangelista, J, & Ragasa, C. (2018). Mathematics in the
 Modern World. C&E
Publishing
[2] Sobecki, D. (2019). Math
in Our World (4th Ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education

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Activity 9.1: Share your Voting Experience

Instructions
Share and Discuss.
Have you ever voted before?
Think of your experience in any election.
Write a post to describe your experience.

1. Use these questions to guide you as you're reflecting on your experience:

a. What kind of election was it?
b. How was it conducted?
c. How was the winner determined?
2. Share your experience in 4 or 5 sentences on our discussion board.

Your discussion post will be graded using the rubric below:

Answer a Question Rubrics

Criteria Rating Points

Length 3 pts 1 pt 3 pts

2 pts
Learners wrote 4-5
Learners wrote 1
sentences about Learners wrote 2-3
sentence about
their voting
sentences about their
experience. their voting
voting experience.
experience.

Descripti 3 pts 2 pts 3 pts

1 pt
on and Learner was able to
Learner was not able
discuss the
Grammar Learner was not
experience in a
to convey the
clear, concise able to discuss the
manner. experience well, and
 experience well,
had some grammar
with many misuse
misuse.
of grammar.

Relevance 4 pts 2 pts 4 pts

1 pt
ofExperien Learner wrote an
Learner wrote an
experience that
ce Learner wrote an
answered the
experience that does
questions asked. experience that is
not really answer the
not relevant to the
guide questions.
question.

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Introduction to Voting
Voting, for the most part, is a simple act.
There are candidates who wish to seek a position in government or even in
classroom scenes. The rest of the population chooses the worthier of the two or more
candidates and we call this person the winner or the candidate-elect. Sadly, not
everything is as easy as we make it sound. Even in student government elections,
there are always questions of was it a majority vote? Was the winner really favored
by the people, especially if there are many candidates like in senatorial elections?
There is also a choice of ranking the candidates according to the preference of
the user, but then how to select the winner is another problem that will occur. In the
voting method, we will discuss the three different methods of selecting a winner based
on the preference of the voter. An election conducted this way allows the voter to cast a
preference ballot. A preference ballot ranks all the candidates in order of your
preference.
Say, there are 4 candidates, let’s call them Candidates W, X, Y, Z. Then any
of the following 24 choices are possible for any voter.

1st choice WWWWWWXXXX

 XXYYYYYYZZZZ

2nd choice XXYYZZWWYYZ

ZWWXXZZWWX

3rd choice YZXZXYYZWZW

YXZWZWXXYWY

4th choice Z YZXYXZYZWYW

ZXZWXWYXYWX

The more candidates there are, the more possible choices there are also. But of
course, we also know that the scenario above may not happen as most voters are
actually in sync or have the same preference in ranking candidates.
The number of possible choices depends on the number of candidates.

The formula is used, where n is the number of candidates.

Since there are 4,

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If there are 3, .

If there are 6,

After the ballots are cast, the votes are tallied in a table called a preference table.
A preference table is used to show results of a preference ballot method of voting.

Number of voters 86 42 19 13 40

1st choice X WY XY
2nd choice W ZZ ZX

3rd choice Y XX WZ

4th choice Z YW YW

The example above should show columns that are unique, so each is a different
option. The number above indicates the number of voters for each choice and one
should be able to answer how many voters voted in the election.

The Plurality Method

The plurality method is the easiest voting method as it follows the same
principle applied in classroom elections.
The candidate with the most first-place votes is the winner.
Number of voters 86 42 19 13 40

1st choice X WYX Y

2nd choice W ZZZ X

3rd choice Y XXW Z

4th choice Z YWY W

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Using this preference table, we simply list down the number of votes for
each candidate in the 1st choice.

With this, we declare Candidate X as the winner with the most number of
votes.
The Plurality Method with Elimination
The plurality method with elimination is a slightly complicated way of
choosing a winner.
In this method, the candidate with the majority of first-place votes is declared
the winner.
If no candidate has a majority of first-place votes, the candidate (or
candidates) with the least number of first-place votes is eliminated, then the
candidates who were below the eliminated candidate move up on the ballot, and
the number of first-place votes is counted again.
To decide on the majority, the candidate should have more than 50% of
the votes.

Number of voters 66 42 39 13 40 200

1st choice X W Z XY

2nd choice W Z Y ZW

3rd choice Y Y X WZ

4th choice Z X W YX

Using this preference table, we total the number of voters which is 200, and
compute 50% which
gives us 100.

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Then just like in the Plurality Method, we simply list down the number of
votes for each candidate in the 1st choice.

With this, we have Candidate X with 79 votes, but he is not the winner since

We proceed to eliminate the candidate with the least number of votes, in this
case Candidate Z.
From 4 choices we are now left with 3.
Number of voters 66 42 39 13 40 200
1st choice X W Y X Y

2nd choice W Y X W W

3rd choice Y X W Y X

Again, we use the Plurality Method, with the 1st choices.

N
ow we have a tie, but still not in the majority as , for both. Eliminate
Candidate W since it has the least number of votes.

Number of voters 66 42 39 13 40 200

1st choice X Y Y X Y

2nd choice Y X X Y X

Then use again the Plurality Method, with the 1st choices.

Since Candidate Y has , We declare Candidate Y as the

winner using the
Plurality Method with
Elimination.

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The Borda Count Method

The Borda Count Method of voting requires the voter to rank each candidate
according to preference.
Then the least favorable candidates are assigned 1 point, the second to the
last 2 points and so on until the number of choices points is assigned to the most
favored candidate.
Taking into consideration the number of voters and its corresponding
points, the candidate with the highest sum is considered the winner.
Assigning points to the table with 4 choices.
Number of voters 56 32 39 23 50 # of points

1st choice X WZX Y 4

2nd choice W ZYZ W 3

3rd choice Z YXW Z 2

4th choice Y XWY X 1

Then computing for which candidate has the most number of points:

With Candidate Z having the most points, we declare Candidate Z as the winner
using the Borda Count
Method.

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Example: Plurality Method

512 people ranked their preference of 5 contestants in a singing contest, using 1
for their favorite and 5 for their least favorite. Results of their text votes were tallied
below. Who will win using the Plurality Method?

Contestant Rankings

A 1 3415

B 2 2154

C 3 1543

D 4 5232

E 5 4321

# of Voters 140 98 50 175 49

 If a preference table is given in this manner, we can either transform it to the
preference table given in the previous examples or solve it as is.

Option 1: To solve as is using the Plurality Method, simply select all the cells
with rank 1 in the table, and take the sum for each contestant. 5 columns means 5
number 1 votes.

Contestant Rankings

A 1 3415

B 2 2154

C 3 1543

D 4 5232

E 5 4321

# of Voters 140 98 50 175 49

Then simply add, according to the contestant using the number of votes.

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With contestant A having the most votes, we declare Contestant A the

winner.

Option 2: If one wants to transform the table, we exchange the contestant

with the rankings and assign each contestant to rank accordingly.

Rankings Contestant

1 A CBA E

2 B BDE D

3 C AED C
 4 D EAC B

5 E DCB A

# of Voters 140 98 50 175 49

Once the table is transformed, simply select the row with the 1 ranking to
declare the winner.

The winner for both options should be the same, as well as the votes of the
rest of the contestants.
So for the singing contest, the winner is contestant A.

Example: Plurality Method with Elimination

The members of a scholarship committee have ranked 4 finalists competing for a
scholarship in order of preference. The results are shown in a preference table below.
Using the Plurality
Method with Elimination,
who will be the chosen
scholar?

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Candidate Rankings

Anne 3 441

Bob 1 234

Cathy 2 312

Daniel 4 123

# of Votes 5 947

As with the previous example, you can solve as is or transform the table.
 Option 1: Since this is a Plurality Method with Elimination problem, we need
to have a majority winner. Get the sum of the number of votes.

.
25 voters means that we need at least 12.5 or 13 for a majority vote.
Candidate Rankings

Anne 3 441

Bob 1 234

Cathy 2 312

Daniel 4 123

# of Votes 5 947

Select all cells with rank 1 and get the total of those to verify the winner.

Since Daniel does not have a majority vote, we remove Cathy from the
selection as the person
with least votes. And re-
rank everyone.

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Candidate Rankings

Anne 2 331

Bob 1 223

Cathy 2 312

Daniel 3 112

# of Votes 5 947

Then again, select all with rank 1.

 Since Daniel now has 13 votes, a majority, we declare Daniel as the person
to be granted the scholarship.

Option 2: If one wants to transform the table, we exchange the contestant

with the rankings and assign each contestant to rank accordingly.

Ranking Candidates

1 Bob Daniel Cathy Anne

2 Cathy Bob Daniel Cathy

3 Anne Cathy Bob Daniel

4 Daniel Anne Anne Bob

# of Votes 5 94 7

Select rank 1 and tally the votes.

Since we do not have a majority vote, we remove Cathy from the selection.
From 4, we have 3
choices.

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Ranking Candidates

1 Bob Daniel Daniel Anne

2 Anne Bob Bob Daniel

3 Daniel Anne Anne Bob

# of Votes 5 94 7

Select ranked 1 and total.

Now that Daniel has 13, we declare him the scholarship grantee.
 The same as with Plurality Method, Option 1 and 2 should have the same
results of Daniel taking the scholarship.

Example: Borda Count Method

140 students participated in a survey, ranking their preferences among the 3
models of a cellular phone. They place the number 1 for their most preferred unit and 3
for their least preferred unit. Results of the survey were tallied in the table. What is the
unit choice when the Borda Count Method is used?
Since this is the Borda Count Method, we assign the number of points for each
rank.

Cellular Phone
RankingsRank - # of
Unit points

Apple 1 21 31–3

Huawei 2 13 22–2
Samsung 3 32 13–1

# of Respondents 37 25 48 30

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As with the previous example, you can solve as is or transform the table.

Option 1: Using the given table, we solve for the total number of points using
rank and number of votes.

We declare Apple as the preferred unit of the respondents surveyed.

 Option 2: If one wants to transform the table, we exchange the contestant with
the rankings and assign each contestant to rank accordingly.

Rankings Cellular Phone Unit # of points

1 Apple Huawei Apple Samsung 3

2 Huawei Apple Samsung Huawei 2

3 Samsung Samsung Huawei Apple 1

# of 37 25 48 30
Respondents

Compute for the brand with most points by multiplying points and number of
respondents.

The same results should also come up for the Borda Count Method. Apple is the
preferred brand.

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Activity 9.2 Voting Method Problems

Instructions
Create a group of 3 members. Inform me of the members via comment
Solve 3 of the following problems.
Solve each of your chosen problems with a different Voting
Method. Only one member of the group needs to submit the output.

1. Students at a college were asked to rank three improvements they would like to see
at their college. The choices were to build a new gymnasium (G), build a swimming
pool (S), or build a baseball / football field (B). The votes were summarized in the
preference table.
 Number of votes 83 76 42 47

1st choice G S SB

2nd choice S G BS

3rd choice B B GG

2. The owner of a restaurant decides to poll regular customers to choose which dish
she’ll submit to an annual citywide competition. The choices are lemon-crusted salmon
(L), crab-stuffed chicken (C), garlic prime rib (G), and wasabi rolls (W). The results are
shown in the preference table.

# of votes 8 8554

C 1 4322

G 3 3214

L 4 1443

W 2 2131

3. A local movie theater asks its patrons which movies they would like to view during
next month's “Oldies but Goodies” week. The choices are Gone with the Wind (G),
Casablanca (C), Anatomy of Murder (A), and Back to the Future (B). The preference
table is shown below.

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Number of votes 311 317 206 118

1st choice G AC B

2nd choice A CB G

3rd choice C BG A

4th choice B GA C

4. The Association of Self-Employed Working Persons is picking a speaker for its next
meeting. The choices for a topic are health care (H), investments (I), or advertising (A).
The results of the election are shown in the preference table.

# of votes 6 685

A 3 232

H 1 123

I 2 311

5. A panel of experts is convened to decide which hospital is the best hospital overall in
a metropolitan area. The 4 hospitals under consideration are Western Visayas Medical
Center (W), Community General Hospital (G), Children’s Hospital (C), Iloilo Doctors
Hospital (D). The preference table is shown below.

# of votes 5 5 466

1st choice W D CCW

2nd choice G C WGC

3rd choice C G GDD

4th choice D W DWG

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Activity 10.1 Share your Gift Giving Activities

Instructions
Share and Discuss.
Were you ever charged with distributing
things
to different sectors?
Think of your experience in any gift – giving
activities.
Write a post to describe your experience.
 1. Use these questions to guide you as you're reflecting on your experience:
a. What kind of items did you distribute?
b. Where was the program conducted?
c. How were the recipients selected?
2. Share your experience in 4 or 5 sentences on our discussion board.

Your discussion post will be graded using the rubric below:

Answer a Question Rubrics

Criteria Rating Points

Length 3 pts 2 pts 1 pt 3 pts

Learners wrote 4-5 Learners wrote 2-3 Learners wrote 1
sentences about their sentences about their sentence about their
voting experience. voting experience. voting experience.

Descripti 4 pts 2 pts 1 pt 3 pts

on and Learner was able to Learner was not able to Learner was not able
discuss the experience convey the experience to discuss the
Grammar
in a clear, concise well, and had some experience well, with
manner. grammar misuse. many misuse of
grammar.

Relevance 4 pts 2 pts 1 pt 4 pts

Learner wrote an Learner wrote an Learner wrote an
of
experience that experience that does not experience that is not
Experience
answered the questions really answer the guide relevant to the question.
asked. questions.

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Introduction to Apportionment
When a university council decides on the budget for each university event, and
gives a budget to each college, how do they go about this? What amount is given to
exactly one college? The short of it is, it will depend on the number of students enrolled
in each college. Usually, it depends on the miscellaneous or student fees paid for by
each student during enrollment. Easy enough, money can be divided to the last cent
after all.
But what if you are enrolled in a small elementary school and instead of money,
the donor decides to buy a score of tablets for students to use especially during these
pandemic education. How will the school ‘fairly’ distribute these tablets to each grade or
section for the benefit of students?

In this discussion, we will be discussing how apportionment comes to play in

these situations. Apportionment is a method of dividing indivisible objects fairly among
individuals or groups entitled to shares that may be unequal.
The process of apportionment is used usually in the United States Congress as
there are 435 seats in the house but there are only 50 states. Of course, we cannot
assign 8.7 representatives per state as that will include tearing apart some limbs from
some people to get that ratio. We cannot also round down or round up as that will have a
fewer number or a larger number to represent people.
The process of apportionment then uses the population of each state as basis to
how many representatives to assign to it.

That’s what we will be doing in this chapter.

Terms to Remember:
1. A seat is an object being distributed to districts.
2. A district is a region / individual where a seat is being allocated.
3. The standard divisor is the average number of people per seat.

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4. The standard quota for a district is the population of each district divided by
 the standard divisor.

5. The lower quota is when the standard quota is rounded down.

Hamilton’s Method
This method was suggested by Alexander Hamilton. It was used by the US
government from 1852 until 1911. It’s one of the simplest apportionment methods to
use.

Steps in the Hamilton Method:

1. Calculate for the standard divisor.
2. Calculate the standard quota for each district.
3. Calculate the lower quota for each district.
4. Assign each district the number of seats according to its lower quota. 5. If the
total number of assigned lower quotas is smaller than the number of seats, assign
missing seats to district/s with the highest decimal value/s.

Example. The USA campus has 76 parking slots for college students. The
following table shows the student population for each college. How will the parking
slots be distributed using Hamilton’s Method?

College Population

CLASE 550

CHAMP 1800

COT 1450
COC 900

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First, solve for the total population and Calculate for the standard divisor.

Second, Calculate the standard quota for each district.

CLASE CHAMP COT COC

550 1800 1450 900 4700

Standard
quota

Third, Calculate the lower quota for each district.

CLASE CHAMP COT COC

550 1800 1450 900 4700

Standard
quota

Lower quota 8 29 23 14

Fourth, Assign each district the number of seats according to its lower quota.

CLASE has 8, CHAMP 29, COT has 23 and COC has14 parking areas.

Fifth, If the total number of assigned lower quotas is smaller than the number of
seats, assign missing
seats to district/s with
the highest decimal
value/s.

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 CLASE CHAMP COT COC

550 1800 1450 900 4700

Standard quota

Lower quota 8 29 23 14 74

Additional Seats 1 1 2

Total Seats 9 29 23 15 76

Since , we have 2 parking lots to assign, so one will go to CLASE

because 0.89 is the highest decimal place value, and one will go to COC for 0.55 as
the 2nd highest decimal place.
Therefore, we have 9 parking areas for CLASE, still 29 for CHAMP, still 23
for COT and 15 parking areas for COC as the final distribution.

Jefferson’s Method
This method is attributed to Thomas Jefferson. It was used by the US
government from 1791 until 1842. This method uses a modified divisor which is
determined by trial and error and is smaller than the standard divisor.

Steps in the Jefferson’s Method:

1. Calculate for the standard divisor.
2. Calculate the standard quota for each district.
3. Calculate the lower quota for each district.
4. (a) If the sum of the lower quotas is equal to the number of seats, assign each
district the
number of seats
using the lower
quotas.

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(b) If the sum of the lower quotas is smaller than the number of seats, modify the
standard divisor through trial and error but make sure that it will not be greater
than the original standard divisor. Then repeat steps 2 -4.

Example. The USA campus has 75 parking slots for college students. The
following table shows the student population for each college. How will the parking
slots be distributed using Jefferson’s Method?

COC
College

CLASE
Population 600
CHAMP 1800
COT 1500
900

First, solve for the total population and calculate for the standard

divisor.

Second, Calculate the standard quota for each district.

CLASE CHAMP COT COC

600 1800 1500 900 4800

Standard
quota

Third, Calculate the

lower quota for each
district.

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CLASE CHAMP COT COC
 600 1800 1500 900 4800

Standard
quota

Lower quota 9 28 23 14 74

Fourth,
(a) If the sum of the lower quotas is equal to the number of seats, assign each district
the number of seats using the lower quotas.
(b) If the sum of the lower quotas is smaller than the number of seats, modify the
standard divisor through trial and error but make sure that it will not be greater than the
original standard divisor. Then repeat steps 2 -4.

Since , we get to modify the standard divisor. Let’s say 63.

CLASE CHAMP COT COC

600 1800 1500 900 4800

Standard
quota

Lower quota 9 28 23 14 74

It is not the correct standard divisor, since , Let's try 62 for the
modified standard divisor.
CLASE CHAMP COT COC

600 1800 1500 900 4800

Standard
quota

Lower quota 9 29 24 14 76

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 Since , this is not the correct divisor also. From previous
computations, we know that the divisor should be less than 63 but it is also greater than
62. So, we try for 62.5. Remember that this is a trial and error process.

CLASE CHAMP COT COC

600 1800 1500 900 4800

Standard
quota

Lower quota 9 28 24 14 75

Now that we have assigned 75 parking slots, we end the computation here. 9
parking areas will be given to CLASE, 28 to CHAMP, 24 to COT and 14 parking areas to
COC.

There are slight differences with Hamilton’s Method since that was pretty
straightforward but Jefferson’s is a bit more ‘fairer’.

Example: Hamilton's Method

Apportioning a Federal Republic. In Nene Pimentel’s proposed Federal Republic
of the Philippines, 12 states will comprise the republic and 6 senators will represent
each federal state. The table shows the population of each state. Show using Hamilton’s
Method that assigning 6 senators for each federal state is not a ‘fair’ gesture.
The best way to solve for apportionment in table form. Either a row table solution
is used or a column one. In this problem, we will be utilizing a column table solution
since there are 12 states and if we do a row, it might be a tight fit.

First, Solve for the standard divisor.

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Then solve for each state standard quota. Get the lower quota of each district.
Get the sum of the lower quota to identify how many additional seats are required.
Assign each seat to each state.

Federal Population Addition Assign

Standard QuotaLower
State Quota al Seats ed
Seats

NCR 12, 877, 253 10

10

Northern 8, 477, 538 1 7

6
Luzon

Central 11, 218, 177 1 9

8
Luzon

Southern 14, 414, 774 1 11

Tagalog 11
5, 796, 989 5
Bicol 4

Eastern 4, 440, 150 3 1 3

Visayas
4
Central 6, 041, 903 5
Visayas

Western 4, 477, 247 3

3
Visayas

Northern 4, 893, 318 1 4

3
Mindanao

Southern 8, 175, 059 6

6
Mindanao

Minparom 4, 414, 131 3

3
Bangsamoro 7, 411, 170 1 6
5

Total 92, 637, 709 66 6 72

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Since 66 < 72 , we need 6 additional more seats to complete the 72.

We look at the decimal place values and rank the top 6 and assign them seats.
Checking out the assigned seats, we say that having 6 senators per state will over-
represent or under- represent most of the 12 states, as only 2 of them have exactly 6
seats to represent the group.
Doing it in a column manner of presenting solutions is just one method, you can
go with row presentation but the answers should be the same for all 12 states since this
is Hamilton.

Example: Jefferson’s Method

Apportioning Projector Donations. The following table shows the number of
enrollees for each of the four colleges in the university. There are 180 new projectors to
be apportioned to each college based on the number of enrollees. Using Jefferson’s
Method, show how many projectors are assigned to each college.
Using the steps outlined in the discussion, we first solve for the standard

divisor.

Then we solve for each college’ standard quota and lower quota.
College Arts & Sciences Business Fine Arts Total
AdministrationEngineering

Enrollment 3455 5780 1896 4678 1580

9
 Standard
quota

Lower quota 39 65 21 53 178

Since 178 < 180, we modify the standard divisor by choosing a number smaller than the
standard divisor. Say 87.

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Standard
quota

Lower quota 39 66 21 53 179

Since 179 < 180, we modify the standard divisor by choosing a number smaller than the
standard divisor. Say 86.

Standard
quota

Lower quota 40 67 22 54 183

Since 183 > 180 , we don’t want to donate 3 projectors to cover the excess. We modify the
standard divisor to something a bit larger than 86 but less than 87, say 86.5.
Standard
quota

Lower quota 39 66 21 54 180

And that makes 180, so 39 projectors for Arts & Sciences, 66 for Business
Administration, 21 for Engineering and 54 for Fine Arts.

Remember, Jefferson’s Method includes trial and error in finding the correct
modified standard divisor. So patience is a much –needed virtue to hang on to.
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Activity 10.2 Apportionment Problems

Instructions
Create a group of 2 members. Inform me of the members via comment.
Answer 2 out of the following problems.
Solve each of your chosen problems with a different Apportionment Method.
One problem for each process.
Only one member of the group needs to submit the output.

1. This year 10 faculty members are to receive promotions as a community

college with three campuses. The number of promotions will be apportioned
according to the number of full-time members as shown. Determine how many
promotions there will be on each of the campuses.

Campus South Central North Total

Faculty 82 148 130 360

2. A large school district has four high schools with enrollments as shown. Forty
school buses need to be allocated to the high schools. Determine how many
buses are allocated to each of the high schools.

School RRHS CCHS HHHS MHS Total

Enrollment 738 851 1234 982 3805

3. A freight company has four terminals. The volume of business in truckloads for
each terminal is shown. The owner has purchased 12 new trucks to be allocated
to the four terminals. Determine how many trucks each terminal should get based
on volume of business.

Terminal A B C D Total

Volume (in 51 57 65 42 215

truck loads)
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4. A hospital has five wards; the average number of patients per ward is shown.
Twelve new nurses are hired. Determine how many nurses each ward should
receive based on the number of patients.

Ward A B CD E Total

Patients 482 375 668 529 307 2361

Activity 10.3 Hamilton vs Jefferson

Instructions
If you are a member of the SCOMEL(Student Commission on Election) and you
are deciding on a new set of student council positions, how many officers should there
be?
1. How will you apportion each seat so that each course is represented
accordingly?
2. What voting method is most appropriate for your plans?