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London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series: 428
Geometry in a Fréchet Context

A Projective Limit Approach
C. T. J. DODSON
University of Manchester, UK
GEORGE GALANIS
Hellenic Naval Academy, Piraeus, Greece
EFSTATHIOS VASSILIOU
University of Athens, Greece
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316601952
© C. T. J. Dodson, George Galanis, and Efstathios Vassiliou 2016
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2016
Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-316-60195-2 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Preface page vii

1 Banach manifolds and bundles 1
1.1 Banach manifolds 1
1.2 Banach-Lie groups 7
1.3 Smooth actions 12
1.4 Banach vector bundles 14
1.5 Connections on vector bundles 27
1.6 Banach principal bundles 37
1.7 Connections on principal bundles 53
1.8 The curvature of a principal connection 63
1.9 Holonomy groups 67
1.10 Classification of flat bundles 71
2 Fréchet spaces 73
2.1 The topology of Fréchet spaces 73
2.2 Differentiability 79
2.3 Fréchet spaces as projective limits 82
2.4 Differential equations in Fréchet spaces 99
3 Fréchet manifolds 105
3.1 Smooth structures on Fréchet manifolds 106
3.2 The tangent bundle of a plb-manifold 111
3.3 Vector fields 119
3.4 Fréchet-Lie groups 121
3.5 Equations with Maurer-Cartan differential 127
3.6 Differential forms 131
4 Projective systems of principal bundles 139
4.1 Projective systems and Fréchet principal bundles 139
4.2 Connections on limit principal bundles 150
v
vi Contents
4.3 Parallel translations and holonomy groups 160

4.4 The curvature of a plb-connection 165
4.5 Flat plb-bundles 172
5 Projective systems of vector bundles 183
5.1 A particular Fréchet group 183
5.2 Projective systems and Fréchet vector bundles 185
5.3 Morphisms of plb-vector bundles 192
5.4 The sections of plb-vector bundles 198
5.5 The pull-back of plb-vector bundles 199
6 Examples of projective systems of bundles 207
6.1 Trivial examples of plb-vector bundles 207
6.2 Plb-vector bundles of maps 208
6.3 The infinite jet bundle 211
6.4 The tangent bundle of a plb-bundle 213
6.5 The generalized frame bundle 216
6.6 Generalized associated bundles 219
7 Connections on plb-vector bundles 225
7.1 Projective limits of linear connections 225
7.2 Parallel displacement and holonomy groups 231
7.3 Connections on plb-vector and frame bundles 237
8 Geometry of second order tangent bundles 245
8.1 The (first order) tangent bundle in brief 246
8.2 Second order tangent bundles 248
8.3 Second order differentials 253
8.4 Connection dependence 256
8.5 Second order Fréchet tangent bundles 257
8.6 Second order frame bundles 262
Appendix: Further study 273
References 281
List of Notations 291
Subject index 299
Preface
The aim of the authors is to lay down the foundations of the projective
systems of various geometrical structures modelled on Banach spaces,
eventually leading to homologous structures in the framework of Fréchet
differential geometry, by overcoming some of the inherent deficiencies of
Fréchet spaces. We elaborate this brief description in the sequel.
Banach spaces, combining a metric topology (subordinate to a norm),
and a linear space structure (for representing derivatives as linear ap-
proximations to functions in order to do calculus), provide a very conve-
nient setting for many problems in functional analysis, which we need for
handling calculus on function spaces, usually infinite dimensional. They
are a relatively gentle extension from experience on finite dimensional
spaces, since many topological properties of spaces and groups of lin-
ear maps, as well as many of the existence and uniqueness theorems for
solutions of differential equations carry over to the infinite dimensional
case.
Manifolds and fibre bundles modelled on Banach spaces arise from the
synthesis of differential geometry and functional analysis, thus leading
to important examples of global analysis. Indeed, many spaces of (dif-
ferentiable) maps between appropriate manifolds admit the structure of
Banach manifolds (see, for instance, J. Eells [Eel66, § 6]).
On the other hand, as mentioned also in [Eel66], Riemannian mani-
folds, represented as rigid maps on infinite dimensional function spaces,
arise as configuration spaces of dynamical systems, with metrics inter-
preted as kinetic energy. Much of the calculus of variations and Morse
theory is concerned with a function space in differential geometry—
the Euler-Lagrange operator of a variational problem is interpreted as
a gradient vector field, with integral curves the paths of steepest as-
cent. Some eigenvalue problems in integral and differential equations are
vii
viii Preface
interpretable via Lagrangian multipliers, involving infinite dimensional

function spaces from differential geometry—such as focal point theory
and geometric consequences of the inverse function theorem in infinite
dimensions.
However, in a number of situations that have significance in global
analysis and physics, for example, physical field theory, Banach space
representations break down. A first step forward is achieved by weaken-
ing the topological requirements: Instead of a norm, a family of semi-
norms is considered. This leads to Fréchet spaces, which do have a linear
structure and their topology is defined through a sequence of seminorms.
Although Fréchet spaces seem to be very close to Banach spaces, a
number of critical deficiencies emerge in their framework. For instance,
despite the progress in particular cases, they lack a general solvability
theory of differential equations, even the linear ones; also, the space of
continuous linear morphisms between Fréchet spaces does not remain
in the category, and the space of linear isomorphisms does not admit a
reasonable Lie group structure.
The situation becomes much more complicated when we consider man-
ifolds modelled on Fréchet spaces. Fundamental tools such as the expo-
nential map of a Fréchet-Lie group may not exist. Additional compli-
cations become particularly noticeable when we try to collect Fréchet
spaces together to form bundles (over manifolds modelled on atlases of
Fréchet spaces), in order to develop geometrical operators like covariant
derivatives and curvature to act on sections of bundles. The structure
group of such bundles, being the general linear group of a Fréchet space,
is not a Lie group—even worse, it does not have a natural topological
structure. Parallel translations do not necessarily exist because of the in-
herent difficulties in solving differential equations within this framework,
and so on.
This has relevance to real problems. The space of smooth functions
C ∞ (I, R), where I is a compact interval of R, is a Fréchet space. The
space C ∞ (M, V ), of smooth sections of a vector bundle V over a com-
pact smooth Riemannian manifold M with covariant derivative ∇, is a
Fréchet space. The C ∞ Riemannian metrics on a fixed closed finite-
dimensional orientable manifold has a Fréchet model space. Fréchet
spaces of sections arise naturally as configurations of a physical field.
Then the moduli space, consisting of inequivalent configurations of the
physical field, is the quotient of the infinite-dimensional configuration
space X by the appropriate symmetry gauge group. Typically, X is
Preface ix
modelled on a Fréchet space of smooth sections of a vector bundle over

a closed manifold.
Despite their apparent differences, the categories of Banach and Fré-
chet spaces are connected through projective limits. Indeed, the limiting
real product space R∞ = limn→∞ Rn is the simplest example of this sit-
uation. Taking notice of how R∞ arises from Rn , this approach extends
to arbitrary Fréchet spaces, since always they can be represented by a
countable sequence of Banach spaces in a somewhat similar manner. Al-
though careful concentration to the above example is salutary, (bringing
to mind the story of the mathematician drafted to work on a strate-
gic radar project some 70 years ago, who when told of the context said
“but I only know Ohms Law!” and the response came, “you only need
to know Ohms Law, but you must know it very, very well”), it should
be emphasized that the mere properties of R∞ do not answer all the
questions and problems referring to the more complicated geometrical
structures mentioned above.
The approach adopted is designed to investigate, in a systematic way,
the extent to which the shortcomings of the Fréchet context can be
worked round by viewing, under sufficient conditions, geometrical ob-
jects and properties in this context as limits of sequences of their Ba-
nach counterparts, thus exploiting the well developed geometrical tools
of the latter. In this respect, we propose, among other generalizations,
the replacement of certain pathological structures and spaces such as
the structural group of a Fréchet bundle, various spaces of linear maps,
frame bundles, connections on principal and vector bundles etc., by ap-
propriate entities, susceptible to the limit process. This extends many
classical results to our framework and, to a certain degree, bypasses its
drawbacks.
Apart from the problem of solving differential equations, much of our
work is motivated also by the need to endow infinite-dimensional Lie
groups with an exponential map [a fact characterizing–axiomatically–
the category of (infinite-dimensional) regular Lie groups]; the differential
and vector bundle structure of the set of infinite jets of sections of a Ba-
nach vector bundle (compare with the differential structure described in
[Tak79]); the need to put in a wider perspective particular cases of pro-
jective limits of manifolds and Lie groups appearing in physics (see e.g.
[AM99], [AI92], [AL94], [Bae93]) or in various groups of diffeomorphisms
(e.g. [Les67], [Omo70]).
For the convenience of the reader, we give an outline of the presen-
x Preface
tation, referring for more details to the table of contents and the intro-
duction to each chapter.
Chapter 1 introduces the basic notions and results on Banach manifolds
and bundles, with special emphasis on their geometry. Since there is not
a systematic treatment of the general theory of connections on Banach
principal and vector bundles (apart from numerous papers, with some
very fundamental ones among them), occasionally we include extra de-
tails on specific topics, according to the needs of subsequent chapters.
With a few exceptions, there are not proofs in this chapter and the
reader is guided to the literature for details. This is to keep the notes
within a reasonable size; however, the subsequent chapters are essentially
self-contained.
Chapter 2 contains a brief account of the structure of Fréchet spaces and
the differentiability method applied therein. From various possible differ-
entiability methods we have chosen to apply that of J.A. Leslie [Les67],
[Les68], a particular case of Gâteaux differentiation which fits well to the
structure of locally convex spaces, without recourse to other topologies.
Among the main features of this chapter we mention the representation
of a Fréchet space by a projective limit of Banach spaces, and that of
some particular spaces of continuous linear maps by projective limits of
Banach functional spaces, a fact not true for arbitrary spaces of linear
maps. An application of the same representation is proposed for study-
ing differential equations in Fréchet spaces, including also comments on
other approaches to the same subject. Projective limit representations
of various geometrical structures constitute one of the main tools of our
approach.
Chapter 3 is dealing with the smooth structure, under appropriate con-
ditions, of Fréchet manifolds arising as projective limits of Banach man-
ifolds, as well as with topics related to their tangent bundles. The case of
Fréchet-Lie groups represented by projective limits of Banach-Lie groups
is also studied in detail, because of their fundamental role in the struc-
ture of Fréchet principal bundles. Such groups admit an exponential
map, an important property not yet established for arbitrary Fréchet-
Lie groups.
Chapter 4 is devoted to the study of projective systems of Banach prin-
cipal bundles and their connections. The latter are handled by their
connection forms, global and local ones. It is worthy of note that any
Fréchet principal bundle, with structure group one of those alluded to
in Chapter 3, is always representable as a projective limit of Banach
Preface xi
principal bundles, while any connection on the former bundle is an ap-

propriate projective limit of connections in the factor bundles of the
limit. Here, related (or conjugate) connections, already treated in Chap-
ter 1, provide an indispensable tool in the approach to connections in
the Fréchet framework. We further note that the holonomy groups of
the limit bundle do not necessarily coincide with the projective limits
of the holonomy groups of the factor bundles. This is supported by an
example after the study of flat bundles.
Chapter 5 is concerned with projective limits of Banach vector bundles.
If the fibre type of a limit bundle is the Fréchet space F, the structure of
the vector bundle is fully determined by a particular group (denoted by
H0 (F) and described in § 5.1), which replaces the pathological general
linear group GL(F) of F, thus providing the limit with the structure of
a Fréchet vector bundle. The study of connections on vector bundles of
the present type is deferred until Chapter 7.
Chapter 6 contains a collection of examples of Fréchet bundles realized
as projective limits of Banach ones. Among them, we cite in particular
the bundle J ∞ (E) of infinite jets of sections of a Banach vector bundle
E. This is a non trivial example of a Fréchet vector bundle, essentially
motivating the conditions required to define the structure of an arbi-
trary vector bundle in the setting of Chapter 5. On the other hand, the
generalized bundle of frames of a Fréchet vector bundle is an important
example of a principal bundle with structure group the aforementioned
group H0 (F).
Chapter 7 aims at the study of connections on Fréchet vector bundles the
latter being in the sense of Chapter 5. The relevant notions of parallel
displacement along a curve and the holonomy group are also examined.
Both can be defined, despite the inherent difficulties of solving equations
in Fréchet spaces, by reducing the equations involved to their counter-
parts in the factor Banach bundles.
Chapter 8 is mainly focused on the vector bundle structure of the second
order tangent bundle of a Banach manifold. Such a structure is always
defined once we choose a linear connection on the base manifold, thus
a natural question is to investigate the dependence of the vector bun-
dle structure on the choice of the connection. The answer relies on the
possibility to characterize the second order differentials as vector bundle
morphisms, which is affirmative if the connections involved are properly
related (conjugate). The remaining part of the chapter is essentially an
xii Preface
application of our methods to the second order Fréchet tangent bundle

and the corresponding (generalized) frame bundle.
We conclude with a series of open problems or suggestions for further
applications, within the general framework of our approach to Fréchet
geometry, eventually leading to certain topics not covered here.
These notes are addressed to researchers and graduate students of math-
ematics and physics with an interest in infinite-dimensional geometry,
especially that of Banach and Fréchet manifolds and bundles. Since we
have in mind a wide audience, with possibly different backgrounds and
interests, we have paid particular attention to the details of the exposi-
tion so that it is as far as possible self-contained. However, a familiarity
with the rudiments of the geometry of manifolds and bundles (at least
of finite dimensions) is desirable if not necessary.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge our happy collaboration, started over
ten years ago by discussing some questions of common research interest
and resulting in a number of joint papers. The writing of these notes is
the outcome of this enjoyable activity. Finally, we are very grateful to
an extremely diligent reviewer who provided many valuable comments
and suggestions on an earlier draft, we have benefited much from this in
the final form of the monograph.
Manchester – Piraeus – Athens,
February 2015
1
Banach manifolds and bundles
The geometry of Banach manifolds and bundles has been greatly devel-
oped since the 1960s and now there are many papers and a number of
books covering a great variety of related topics. Here we intend to fix
our notation and give a brief account of the basic results which will be
used in the main part of the present work. Occasionally, some topics are
dealt with in more detail. These refer to subjects either not easily found
in the literature or their methods have a particular interest and cover
explicit needs of the exposition.
1.1 Banach manifolds

The main references for this section are [AMR88], [AR67], [Bou67], and
[Lan99], where the reader may find the necessary details.
1.1.1 Ordinary derivatives in Banach spaces

Let E and F be two Banach spaces. We denote by L(E, F) the (Ba-
nach) space of continuous linear maps between E and F. In particular,
we set L(E) := L(E, E), which is a Banach algebra. On the other hand,
Lis(E, F) denotes the (open) set of invertible elements (viz. linear iso-
morphisms) of L(E, F), while Lis(E) := Lis(E, E). The latter space,
viewed as a group under the composition of automorphisms, is denoted
by GL(E) and is called the general linear group of E.
A map f : U → F (U ⊆ E open) is called differentiable at x if there
exists a map Df (x) ∈ L(E, F), the (Fréchet) derivative of f at x, such
1
2 Chapter 1. Banach manifolds and bundles
that
f (x + h) − f (x) − [Df (x)](h)
lim =0 (h = 0).
h→0 h
The (total) derivative, or differential, of f is Df : U → L(E, F). If
Df is continuous, then we say that f is of class C 1 . Inductively, we set
Dk f = D(Dk−1 f ) : U −→ Lk (E, F) ≡ L(E, Lk−1 (E, F)),
if the latter derivative exists. The map f will be called smooth, or (of
class) C ∞ , if the derivatives Dk exist for every k and are continuous.
For an excellent treatment of the differential calculus in Banach spaces
we refer also to [Car67(a)].
1.1.2 Smooth structures

A Banach manifold M is a smooth manifold whose differential struc-
ture is determined by local charts of the form (U, φ, B), where the am-
bient space or model B is a Banach space. If all the charts have the
same model B (a fact ensured in the case of a connected manifold), we
say that B is modelled on B or it is a B-manifold. If there is no ambi-
guity about the model, the charts will be simply denoted by (U, φ). The
(maximal) atlas inducing the differential structure is denoted by A.
A Banach space B is a Banach manifold whose differential structure
is determined by the global chart (B, idB ).
For the sake of simplicity, unless otherwise stated, differentiability is
assumed to be of class C ∞ , a synonym of smoothness. Usually, a Banach
manifold is assumed to be Hausdorff, equipped with smooth partitions
of unity.
1.1.3 Smooth maps

A map f : M → N is said to be smooth at x ∈ M if there are charts
(U, φ) and (V, ψ) of M and N , respectively, such that x ∈ U , f (U ) ⊆ V ,
and the local representation or representative of f , with respect to
the previous charts,
(1.1.1) ψ ◦ f ◦ φ−1 : φ(U ) −→ ψ(V )
is smooth at f (x) in the sense of ordinary differentiability in Banach
spaces. Short-hand notations for (1.1.1) are fV U or fψφ . We also write
fβα for the local representation of f with respect to the charts (Uα , φα )
and (Uβ , φβ ), with f (Uα ) ⊆ Uβ .
1.1. Banach manifolds 3
1.1.4 The tangent space

A smooth curve at x ∈ M is a smooth map α : J → M with α(0) = x,
where J is an open interval of R containing 0. Two curves α and β at
x are called equivalent or tangent if there is a chart (U, φ) at x such
that
(1.1.2) (φ ◦ α) (0) = (φ ◦ β) (0)
Here we have that
(1.1.3) (φ ◦ α) (t) = [D(φ ◦ α)(t)](1),
for every t ∈ J such that α(t) ∈ U . Clearly, (1.1.2) is equivalent to
(1.1.2 ) D(φ ◦ α)(0) = D(φ ◦ β)(0).
The equivalence classes of curves as above are denoted by [(α, x)] (or
[α, x] for complicated expressions of curves) and are called tangent vec-
tors at x. The set of all tangent vectors at x is the tangent space at
x, denoted by Tx M .
Considering any chart (U, φ) ≡ (U, φ, B) at x, we check that Tx M is
in a bijective correspondence with B by means of the map
(1.1.4) φ : Tx M −→ B : [(α, x)] → (φ ◦ α) (0).
Therefore, Tx M becomes a Banach space and φ a continuous linear iso-

morphism. The Banach structure of Tx M is independent of the choice of
the chart containing x. This is an immediate consequence of the follow-
ing fact: If (U, φ, B) and (U, ψ, B ) are two charts at x, then the following
diagram is commutative:
Tx M
φ ψ
-

B - B
D(ψ ◦ φ−1 )(φ(x))
Considering a Banach space B as a smooth manifold, the tangent space

Tb B, for every b ∈ B, is identified with B by means of idB (see § 1.1.2). In
particular, Tt R is an 1-dimensional vector space, with the natural basis
d −1
(1.1.5) := idR (1).
dt t
1.1.5 The tangent bundle

As usual, the tangent bundle of a (Banach) manifold M is determined
by the triple (T M, M, τM ), where
.

T M := Tx M ≡ Tx M
x∈M x∈M
(disjoint union) is the total space and τM : T M → M the projection

of the tangent bundle, with τM ([(α, x)]) := x.
The total space T M is a Banach manifold, whose structure is induced
as follows: Given a local chart (U, φ) ≡ (U, φ, B), we define the map
(1.1.6) Φ : π −1 (U ) −→ φ(U ) × B
by setting

(1.1.7) Φ(u) := τM (u), φ(u) = x, (φ ◦ α) (0) ,
if u = [(α, x)] ∈ Tx M and x ∈ U . Then the collection of all pairs

(π −1 (U ), Φ), obtained by running (U, φ) in the maximal atlas of M ,
determines a smooth atlas on T M , whose maximal counterpart induces
the desired smooth structure on T M .
1.1.6 The differential of a smooth map

The tangent spaces and the tangent bundle provide the appropriate
framework for the development of a differential calculus on manifolds.
Precisely: if f : M → N is a smooth map between two Banach manifolds,
then the differential or tangent map of f at x is the map
(1.1.8) Tx f : Tx M −→ Tf (x) N,
given by
(1.1.9) Tx f ([(α, x)]) := [(f ◦ α, f (x))].
This is a well-defined continuous linear map, independent of the choice

of the representatives of the tangent vectors.
In various computations, the differential Tx f is handled by using lo-
cal charts and the derivative of the corresponding local representation
(1.1.1) of f . More precisely, if (U, φ, E) and (V, ψ, F) are local charts of
M and N , respectively, such that x ∈ U and f (U ) ⊆ V (as ensured by
1.1. Banach manifolds 5
the smoothness of f at x), then one proves that the next diagram is
commutative.
Tx f - Tf (x) N
Tx M
φ ψ
? ?
E - F
D(ψ ◦ f ◦ φ−1 )(φ(x))
In particular, differentiating the map φ of a chart (U, φ, B), we obtain

the following commutative diagram:
Tx φ -
Tx U ≡ Tx M Tφ(x) B
idB
φ
- ?
B
Frequently, omitting idB , we simply write
(1.1.10) φ ≡ Tx φ.
1.1.7 Velocity vectors

Let α : J → M be a smooth curve. The tangent or velocity vector at
α(t) (or, simply, at t) is the vector
d

(1.1.11) α̇(t) := Tt α ∈ Tα(t) M.
dt t
In particular, if α passes through x, i.e. α(0) = x, then
(1.1.12) α̇(t) = [(α, x)].
If the curve has a more complicated form, e.g. f ◦ α, then the corre-
˙
sponding velocity vector is denoted by (f ◦ α). (t) instead of (f
◦ α)(t).
1.1.8 The tangent map

Let f : M → N be a smooth map. The tangent map or (total) dif-
ferential of f is obtained by gluing together the differentials Tx f , for
all x ∈ M ; that is,

(1.1.13) T f : T M −→ T N : T f T M = Tx f.
x
The following diagram is also commutative:

Tf -
TM TN
τM τN
? ?
M - N
f
Note: For the differentials of maps on manifolds we prefer to use the

functorial T instead of d, the latter been reserved for the exterior dif-
ferential of differential forms.
1.1.9 Vector fields

A vector field on M is a section of the tangent bundle; that is, a map
of the form X : M → T M such that π ◦ X = idM . The set of smooth
vector fields on M is denoted by X (M ). The bracket of vector fields
determines the structure of a Lie algebra on X (M ).
A vector field X induces a derivation of the algebra of smooth func-
tions on M by X(f )(x) = Tx f (Xx ), for every x ∈ M . For the corre-
spondence between vector fields and derivations of smooth functions or
Banach space valued maps on M see, for instance, [AMR88].
Given a chart (U, φ, B) of M and the corresponding chart (π −1 (U ), Φ)
of the tangent bundle (see § 1.1.5), the local representation of X ∈
X (M ), with respect to the previous charts, is the map Φ ◦ X ◦ φ−1
(see § 1.1.3) shown also in the following diagram:
X - π −1 (U )
M
φ Φ
? ?
φ(U ) - φ(U ) × B
−1
Φ◦X ◦φ
1.2. Banach-Lie groups 7
Then, the (local) principal part of X (with respect to the above

representation) is the map
(1.1.14) Xφ := pr2 ◦Φ ◦ X ◦ φ−1 : φ(U ) −→ B.
If we consider an indexed chart (Uα , φα , B), then we set
(1.1.14 ) Xα := Xφα .
1.1.10 Related vector fields

Let f : M → N be a smooth map. Two vector fields X ∈ X (M ) and
Y ∈ X (N ) are f -related, if T f ◦ X = Y ◦ f . Equivalently,
Tx f (Xx ) = Yf (x) , x ∈ M.
1.1.11 Integral curves

A smooth curve α : Jα → M (Jα : open interval containing 0) such that
α(0) = x and
X(α(t)) = α̇(t), t ∈ Jα
is called an integral curve of X ∈ X (M ) with initial condition x.

Locally, the problem of finding α reduces to the determination of a
smooth curve β : Jβ → B such that β(0) = φ(x) and
(1.1.15) β (t) = Xφ (β(t)), t ∈ Jβ
[recall also (1.1.14)]. The theory of differential equations in Banach

spaces ensures the existence and uniqueness of such a β. Thus α = φ−1 ◦β
is an integral curve of X with initial condition α(0) = x.
If M is a Hausdorff manifold, then there is a unique integral curve α
with α(0) = x, defined on a maximal interval of R containing 0.
1.2 Banach-Lie groups

Beside the references given in the begining of § 1.1, here we add [Bou72]
and [Mai62].
1.2.1 Basic notations

A Banach-Lie group G is a Banach manifold with a compatible group
structure, i.e. the multiplication or product
γ : G × G −→ G : (x, y) → γ(x, y) := xy ≡ x · y,
and the inversion
α : G −→ G : x → α(x) := x−1
are smooth maps. γ comes from the Greek word γινόμενο meaning prod-
uct. Observe the use of the bold typeface γ to distinguish the product
from the normal γ usually denoting a curve. α (bold typeface, again)
is the first letter of αντιστροφή, the Greek word for inversion. The unit
(element) of G is denoted by e.
The left translation by g ∈ G is the diffeomorphism
λg : G −→ G : x → λg (x) := gx.
Similarly, the right translation by g ∈ G is
ρg : G −→ G : x → ρg (x) := xg.
The differentials of γ and α, in terms of the translations, are given,
respectively, by
(1.2.1) T(x,y) γ(u, v) = Tx ρy (u) + Ty λx (v),
(1.2.2) Tx α(u) = −Te λx−1 ◦ Tx ρx−1 (u) = −Tx (λx−1 ◦ ρx−1 )(u),
for every x, y ∈ G and every u ∈ Tx G, v ∈ Ty G.
In the following subsections G will denote a Banach-Lie group.
1.2.2 Invariant vector fields

A vector field X ∈ X (G) is said to be left invariant if it is λg -related
with itself, for every g ∈ G; that is,
T λ g ◦ X = X ◦ λg , g ∈ G;
equivalently,
Te λg (Xe ) = Xg , g ∈ G.
The set of all left invariant vector fields on G forms a Lie subalgebra
of X (G), denoted by L(G) and called the Lie algebra of G.
L(G) is in bijective correspondence with Te G by means of the linear

isomorphism
(1.2.3) h : L(G) X −→ Xe ∈ Te G
whose inverse is given by
(1.2.4) h−1 (v) = X v ; v ∈ Te G,
where X v ∈ L(G) is defined by

(1.2.5) X v (x) = Te Lx (v), x ∈ G.
Therefore, Te G becomes a Lie algebra by setting (same symbol of bracket

!)

[u, v] := h h−1 (u), h−1 (v) .
Equivalently, if u = Xe and v = Ye , for X, Y ∈ L(G), then
[Xe , Ye ] = [X, Y ]e ,
under the appropriate interpretation of the bracket in each side.
For convenience, sometimes, we shall denote by g the Lie algebra Te G
with the previous structure. As is the custom, we shall denote the Lie
algebra of G by g and L(G) interchangeably, as a result of the identifi-
cation (1.2.3).
1.2.3 The exponential map

The exponential map of G is the map
exp ≡ expG : Te G −→ G : v → exp(v) := α(1),
where α is the integral curve of X = h−1 (v) ∈ L(G) with initial condi-
tion α(0) = e. Recall that the left invariant vector fields are complete,
thus the domain of α is R.
1.2.4 The adjoint representation

The adjoint representation of G is the map Ad : G → Aut(g), with
Ad(g) := Te (ρg−1 ◦ λg ) = Te (λg ◦ ρg−1 ).

It is a smooth map whose differential at e ∈ G,
Te Ad(g) : Te G ≡ g −→ L(g),
is given by

Te Ad(g)(X) (Y ) = [X, Y ]; X, Y ∈ g.
1.2.5 Lie algebra-valued differential forms

Let B be a Banach manifold and let G be a Banach-Lie group with Lie
algebra g.
Heuristically, a g-valued differential form of degree k (g-valued
k-form, for short) on B is a smooth map ω assigning a k-alternating
(antisymmetric) map ωx ∈ Ak (Tx B, g) to each x ∈ B. Formally, ω is a
smooth section of the vector bundle of k-alternating maps

Ak (T B, g) := Ak (Tx B, g),
x∈B
described in detail in § 1.4.4(e) (see also § 1.4.1). The set of g-valued

k-forms on B is denoted by Λk (B, g).
Important examples of g-valued forms are the Maurer-Cartan forms on
a Lie group defined below, and the Maurer-Cartan differentials defined
in the next subsection. More specifically, the left Maurer-Cartan (or
left canonical) form on G is the 1-form ω l ∈ Λ1 (G, g) given by
ωgl (v) := Tg λg−1 (v); g ∈ G, v ∈ Tg G.
Analogously, the right Maurer-Cartan form on G is the differential

form ω r ∈ Λ1 (G, g) defined by
ωgr (v) := Tg ρg−1 (v); g ∈ G, v ∈ Tg G.
The form ω l is left invariant, i.e. λ∗ ω l = ω l . Likewise, ω r is right

invariant, i.e. ρ∗ ω r = ω r . The two forms satisfy the respective Maurer-
Cartan equations:
1 l l
dω l = − ω , ω = −ω l ∧ ω l ,
2
1
dω r = ω r , ω r = ω r ∧ ω r .
2
For the exterior product, the bracket and the exterior differentiation of g-
valued forms, we refer to the general theory of [Bou71, § 8.3], [Car67(b)]
and [Nab00, § 4.2].
1.2.6 The Maurer-Cartan differentials

These differentials will be encountered in the study of local connection
forms (see § 1.7.2 below).
Let B be a Banach manifold, G a Banach Lie group and f : B → G
a smooth map. Then the left Maurer-Cartan differential of f is the
differential form Dl f ≡ f −1 df ∈ Λ1 (G, g) defined by
l
D f x (v) ≡ f −1 df x (v) := Tf (x) λf (x)−1 ◦ Tx f ; x ∈ B, v ∈ Tx B.
Analogously, the right Maurer-Cartan differential of f is the differ-

ential form Dr f ≡ df.f −1 ∈ Λ1 (G, g) defined by

(Dr f )x (v) ≡ df.f −1 x (v) := Tf (x) ρf (x)−1 ◦ Tx f ; x ∈ B, v ∈ Tx B.
It is immediate that
(1.2.6) f −1 df = f ∗ ω l and df.f −1 = f ∗ ω r ,
where ω l and ω r are the Maurer-Cartan forms of G defined in § 1.2.5.

Equations (1.2.6) justify our terminology. Other terms in use are left
and right differentials of f (N. Bourbaki [Bou72, Ch. III, § 3.17]),
logarithmic derivatives (A. Kriegl and P. Michor [KM97, Ch. VIII,
§ 38.1]), or multiplicative differentials (S.G. Kreǐn and N.I. Yatskin,
[KJ80, Ch. I, § 3]). Another legitimate term is total left/right differ-
entials since Dl f = Dr f = T f , for G = (E, +) and any smooth map
f : B → E (see the terminology of § 1.1.8).
We list below a few properties of the Maurer-Cartan differentials,
referring for details to the aforementioned sources.
D r f −1 = −Dl f,

Dl f = Ad f −1 Dr f,

Dr f −1 = −Ad f −1 Dr f,
Dr (f · h) = Dr f + .Ad(f )Dr h,

Dl (f · h) = Dl h + Ad h−1 Dl f,
for all smooth maps f, h : B → G. We recall that f −1 : B → G is given

by f −1 (x) := f (x)−1 , for every x ∈ B. On the other hand, Ad(f )Dr h is
the 1-form given by

Ad(f )Dr h x (v) = Ad(f (x)) (Dr h)x (v) ; x ∈ B, v ∈ Tx B.
Analogously for the other expressions involving the adjoint representa-

tion.
We also have:
Dr f = 0 = Dl f ⇔ f locally constant,
r
D f =D h r
⇔ h = f C, C locally constant,
l
Df =Dh l
⇔ h = Cf, C locally constant.
Of particular interest are the equations with Maurer-Cartan differen-
tials. For instance, let us consider the equation
(1.2.7) Dr x = θ, where θ ∈ Λ1 (M, g).
Let (x0 , g0 ) ∈ M × G. Then:
Equation (1.2.7) admits a unique solution f : U → G (U : open neigh-
borhood of x0 ) such that f (x0 ) = g0 , if and only if dθ = 12 [θ, θ].
In this case θ is called integrable. If M is simply connected, then there
exist global solutions.
Lifting (1.2.7) to the universal cover M of M, we obtain the equation
(1.2.8) Dr z = π ∗ θ,
where π : M → M is the natural projection. We fix an arbitrary x0 ∈ M .
If θ is integrable, there is a global solution Fθ : M → G of (1.2.8), called
fundamental, with initial condition Fθ (x0 ) = e.
The monodromy homomorphism of (1.2.7) is the homomorphism
(1.2.9) θ# : π1 (M ) −→ G : [γ] → θ# ([γ]) := Fθ (x0 · [γ]) ,
where π1 (M ) ≡ π1 (M, x0 ) is the fundamental group of M .
Analogous results hold for equations with the left Maurer-Cartan dif-
ferential, under the integrability condition dθ = − 12 [θ, θ].
1.3 Smooth actions

1.3.1 Definitions
A Banach-Lie group G acts (from the right) on a Banach manifold
M if there is a smooth map δ : M × G −→ M , called action, such that:
(A.1) δ(x, e) = x,
(A.2) δ(δ(x, g1 ), g2 ) = δ(x, g1 g2 ),
for every x ∈ M and g1 , g2 ∈ G. For convenience, we write x · g or xg
instead of δ(x, g).
1.3. Smooth actions 13
An action δ will be called effective if

xg = x ∀ x ∈ M ⇔ g = e.
The action will be called free if
xg = x, for some x ∈ M, ⇒ g = e.
Finally, δ is called transitive if
∀ (x, y) ∈ M × M ⇒ ∃ g ∈ G : y = xg.
If g ∈ G in the previous definition is uniquely determined, then the
action is called freely transitive.
For a g ∈ G, the partial map
δg : M −→ M : x → δg (x) := x · g
is a diffeomorphism. As a matter of fact, a smooth action is equivalently
defined by requiring (A.2) and δg to be a diffeomorphism. The map δg is
also denoted by Rg (especially in the case of principal bundles, §1.6) and
called the right translation of M by g. In the case of the (obvious)
action of a Lie group on itself, Rg = ρg , according to the notations of
§ 1.2.1.
1.3.2 Fundamental (Killing) vector fields

Let δ : M × G → M be a smooth action. Given a left invariant vector
field X ∈ L(G), we set
X ∗ (x) := Te δx (Xe ); x ∈ M,
where, as usual, the partial map δx : G → M is given by δx (g) = δ(x, g),
for every g ∈ G. Since X ∗ (x) ∈ Tx M , it follows that X ∗ : M → T M is
a smooth vector field of M . It is called the fundamental (or Killing)
vector field on M corresponding to X ∈ L(G), with respect to the
action δ. Obviously, the vector fields X and X ∗ are δx -related, for every
x ∈ M (see § 1.1.10).
The integral curve β of X ∗ , with initial condition x ∈ M , is given by
β(t) = x · αX (t) = x · exp(tX); t ∈ R,
where αX is the integral curve of X with initial condition e. Therefore,
X ∗ is a complete vector field.
The map
∗
: L(G) X −→ X ∗ ∈ X (M )
is a morphism of Lie algebras. If the action is effective, then the map

∗
is injective. Moreover, if the action is free, then, for every X ∈ L(G)
with Xe = 0, it follows that Xx∗ = 0, for every x ∈ M .
1.4 Banach vector bundles

We mainly follow [Bou67], [Lan99] and [AR67].
1.4.1 The structure of a Banach vector bundle

Let E, B be smooth manifolds, π : E → B a smooth map, and E a
Banach space. We also assume that {Uα ⊂ B | α ∈ I} is an open cover
of B and, for each α ∈ I, there is a diffeomorphism τα : π −1 (U ) → U × E
satisfying the following conditions:
(VB. 1) The diagram
τα - Uα × E
π −1 (Uα )
π pr1
-
Uα
is commutative and the restriction of τα to the fibre (over x) Ex =
π −1 (x),
(1.4.1) τα,x : Ex −→ {x} × E ∼
=E
is a bijection for every x ∈ Uα .
(VB. 2) For two pairs (Uα , τα ) and (Uβ , τβ ), with Uαβ = Uα ∩ Uβ = ∅,
the map
−1
τα,x ◦ τβ,x : E −→ E
is an isomorphism of Banach spaces, for every x ∈ Uαβ .
(VB. 3) For (Uα , τα ) and (Uβ , τβ ) as above, the map
−1
(1.4.2) Tαβ : Uαβ x −→ Tαβ (x) := τα,x ◦ τβ,x ∈ L(E)
is smooth. As a matter of fact, Tαβ (x) ∈ GL(E).
We shall use the following terminology: (Uα , τα ) is called a trivializa-
tion of E with trivializing map τα . The collection C = {(Uα , τα )}α∈I
is a trivializing cover of E.
1.4. Banach vector bundles 15
Two trivializing covers of E are said to be equivalent if their union

satisfies conditions (VB. 2) and (VB. 3). An equivalence class of trivi-
alizing covers determines the structure of a Banach vector bundle of
fibre type E, with total space E, projection π, and base (space)
B.
A vector bundle, as above, will be denoted by = (E, B, π). We refer

to it either by or E if there is no ambiguity about its elements.
Because of (1.4.1), each fibre Ex admits the structure of a Banach

space isomorphic to E, and
(1.4.3) τα (u) = (x, τα,x (u)), u ∈ Ex .
Clearly, τα,x = pr2 ◦τ |π−1 (x) .

It is often useful to assume that the open sets Uα of the trivializing
cover are the range of charts (Uα , φα ) of the base B (this can always
be intersecting a trivializing cover of E with the atlas of the smooth
structure of B). Then, in analogy to the local structure of the tangent
bundle of a manifold defined by (1.1.6) and (1.1.7), we may consider the
map
(1.4.3 ) Φα := (φα × idE ) ◦ τα : π −1 (Uα ) → φα (Uα ) × E,
and the commutative diagram on the next page. The triple (Uα , φα , Φα )
is called a vector bundle chart, or vb-chart for short, and (Uα , Φα ),
or simply Φα , still a trivialization of E. As a matter of fact, a vec-
tor bundle structure is completely determined by a (maximal) atlas of
compatible vector bundle charts. Here the compatibility is expressed by
means of an isomorphism of local vector bundles (for details see also
[AR67]).
Φα -
π −1 (Uα ) φα (Uα ) × E
π pr1
? ?
Uα - φα (Uα )
φα
A vector bundle chart (Uα , φα , Φα ) induces an isomorphism of Banach
spaces Φα,x : Ex → E such that the following analog of (1.4.3)
(1.4.4) Φα (u) = (φα , Φα,x (u)), u ∈ Ex .

holds true. Obviously,

(1.4.5) τα,x = Φα,x , x ∈ Uα .
1.4.2 Transition maps

The maps Tαβ defined by (1.4.2) are the transition maps or functions
of the bundle = (E, B, π). They satisfy the cocycle condition
(1.4.6) Tαβ (x) = Tαγ (x) ◦ Tγβ (x), x ∈ Uαβγ := Uα ∩ Uβ ∩ Uα .
It follows that
(1.4.7) Tαα (x) = idE and Tβα (x) = Tαβ (x)−1 ,
for every x ∈ Uα and x ∈ Uαβ , respectively.
The collection {Tαβ } is the cocycle of (with respect to the trivial-
izing cover {(Uα , Φα )}α,β∈I ). More precisely, in the formal language of
cohomology theory, {Tαβ } is a 1-cocycle, [DP97].
Given an open cover C = {Uα | α ∈ I} of a smooth manifold B, and a
collection of smooth maps {Tαβ : Uαβ → L(E)}, with Im(Tαβ ) ⊂ GL(E),
and satisfying the cocycle condition (1.4.6), there exists a Banach vector
bundle = (E, B, π) with transition maps {Tαβ }. More precisely, E is
obtained by quotienting the set

({α} × Uα × E)
α∈I
by the equivalence relation

(β, y, k) (α, x, h) ⇔ y = x, k = Tβα (x)(h).
Then π : [(α, x, h)] → x, and the trivializing maps τα : π −1 (Uα ) → Uα ×E
are given by τα ([(γ, z, m)]) := (z, Tαγ (z)(m)). The bundle is unique up
to isomorphism (see the application in the next subsection).
It is often convenient to connect the transition maps Tαβ with vector
bundle charts: If (Uα , φα , Φα ) and (Uβ , φβ , Φβ ) are two intersecting vb-
charts, we define the smooth maps
(1.4.8) Gαβ : φβ (Uαβ ) −→ GL(E) ⊂ L(E),
by setting
(1.4.9) Gαβ (φβ (x)) := Φα,x ◦ Φ−1
β,x , x ∈ Uαβ .
As a result,
(1.4.10) Tαβ (x) = Gαβ (φβ (x)), x ∈ Uαβ .
1.4. Banach vector bundles 17
1.4.3 Morphisms of vector bundles

Let 1 = (E1 , B1 , π1 ) and 2 = (E2 , B2 , π2 ) be two Banach vector bun-
dles, of corresponding fibre types E1 and E2 . A vector bundle mor-
phism, or vb-morphism for short, between 1 and 2 is a pair of smooth
maps (f, h), with f : E1 → E2 and h : B1 → B2 satisfying the following
properties:
(VBM. 1) The next diagram is commutative
f -
E1 E2
π1 π2
? ?
B1 - B2
h
and the restriction of f to the fibres, namely
fx := f |E1,x : E1,x −→ E2,h(x) ,
is a continuous linear map, for every x ∈ B.

(VBM. 2) For each x0 ∈ B, there are trivializations
τ1 : π1−1 (U1 ) −→ U1 × E1 and τ2 : π2−1 (U2 ) −→ U2 × E2
with x0 ∈ U1 , h(U1 ) ⊆ U2 , and such that the map

−1
U1 x −→ τ2,h(x) ◦ fx ◦ τ1,x ∈ L(E1 , E2 )
is smooth. Using the corresponding vb-charts (U1 , φ1 , Φ1 ), (U2 , φ2 , Φ2 ),

condition (VBM. 2) is equivalent to the smoothness of
φ1 (U1 ) φ1 (x) −→ Φ2,h(x) ◦ fx ◦ Φ−1

1,x ∈ L(E1 , E2 ).
A vb-morphism, as above, will be also denoted by (f, h) : 1 → 2 .

The composition of two vb-morphisms, as well as the notion of a vb-
isomorphism are defined in the obvious way.
We shall mostly deal with vector bundles over the same base B and
vb-morphism between them with h = idB . In this case we obtain the
category VB B , in particular VB B (E) if the bundles have the same fibre
type E. A morphism between bundles in the latter category will be also
denoted by f : E1 → E2 .
As an application, we outline the following relationship between cocy-
cles and vb-isomorphisms: Assume that = (E, B, π) and = (E , B, π )
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Symptoms. In horses and cattle these are very obscure, being
mainly in the nature of chronic gastritis. In both there are recurrent
attacks of slight colicy pains, with tympany in cattle, and gradual
emaciation. Vomiting has been exceptionally seen in both class of
animal and if the rejected matters are very acid and above all if
mixed with blood it is more suggestive of ulcer. In the horse the
attacks of colic are mostly in connection with eating. or (in case the
ulcer is duodenal) an hour or two after a meal. In this animal it is
possible to withdraw liquids from the viscus by the stomach pump,
and any hyperacidity or blood may be almost diagnostic. Tenderness
to pressure on the epigastrium or hypochondrium is often present,
yet the colics of ulceration are often relieved by pressure and friction.
Blood is sometimes present as such in the excrements, but more
commonly these are simply blackened by the exuded blood as acted
on by the gastric acid and intestinal liquids. The bowels may be
alternately constipated and relaxed. A gradually increasing
feebleness is a characteristic feature and in cattle paraplegia may
precede death.
In the carnivora the symptoms are less obscure. The animal is
dull, prostrate, weak, lies on its belly, but rarely long in one place,
and when up has arched back, stiff movements, and tucked up
abdomen. The epigastrium is painful to touch, which tends to arouse
vomiting of food or bloody mucus. As in the horse the rejected
matters are very acid. Constipation may alternate with diarrhœa, the
fæces being blackened (melæna) or even streaked with blood. The
occurrence of suffering after meals, the constancy and persistency of
the symptoms and the steadily advancing emaciation and weakness
are very characteristic. If the tenderness is referable to a given point,
it is even more distinctive.
Lesions. In the horse ulcers and erosions occur in the cardiac sack
in connection with œstrus larva and spiroptera which destroy and
remove the cuticular covering, or with sarcoma or epithelioma
growing in the gastric walls. In the right sac there may also be round
ulcers from the hooklets of the œstrus, or irregular excavations on
the summits of the folds in connection with catarrhal inflammation.
Ulcers from autodigestion are usually in the right sac, in the most
dependent part of the viscus, between the folds, and of a more or less
circular outline. The raw surface is black, brown, slaty gray or white.
The ulcers which result from petechial fever are irregularly notched
and marked by a mass of dark blood coagulated in their depth.
In cattle and dogs the ulcers are most frequent near the pylorus,
and when of catarrhal origin may be round or irregular, and on the
summit of the fold, or if peptic, may be round and between the folds.
In malignant catarrh and rinderpest, they are mostly formed on the
summits of the folds. They may vary in size from a pea to a quarter of
a dollar. The surrounding mucosa is usually congested, swollen, and
projecting, and the surface of the ulcer itself of a dark red, black,
yellowish, slaty or gray.
The round ulcer is usually marked by surrounding infiltration and
by a tendency to become deeper and to perforate the gastric walls,
with the result of inducing an infective peritonitis. This is more
common in cattle and carnivora than in solipeds.
Treatment. If a reasonably certain diagnosis can be made the
patient should be put on a restricted diet of easily digested materials,
given at regular intervals. For the carnivora scraped or pulped raw
meat, and milk, and for the herbivora milk and well boiled flax seed
or other farina are appropriate.
Violent emesis in carnivora may demand washing out of the
stomach with tepid water with or without the aid of a stomach tube.
This may be seconded by anodynes, chloral, cyanide of potassium, or
even morphia.
Bismuth trisintrate or oxide is appropriate in all animals, also
sodium bicarbonate, chalk or magnesia to neutralize the muriatic
acid.
As antiseptics calculated to obviate the formation of irritant
products from the gastric contents and to check the progress of the
microbian infection in the wound such agents as the following may
be used: Salol (horse or ox 1 dr., dog 5 grs.), naphthol or naphthalin
(same doses), chloral (horse 2 drs., dog 5 grs.).
Sometimes it is well to relax the bowels by small doses of Glauber
salts, and in all cases an abundance of fresh water, butter milk, or
other bland drink.
Cases of the kind are slow in their progress and unless the animal
is specially valuable, treatment may be a source of loss.
PERFORATING ULCER OF THE STOMACH
Causes: round ulcer, foreign bodies, parasites. Symptoms: those of ulcer,

followed by infective peritonitis, fistula, pleuritis, pericarditis. Treatment: of
fistula.
This may be the result of the gradual deepening of the round ulcer,
yet in the domestic animals it mostly comes from the presence of
sharp pointed bodies. These may be enumerated as needles, pins,
nails, wires, sharp bones (dog), whalebone (horse), forks, knives
(cattle), and even gravel. The burrowing of the spiroptera has seemed
to cause perforation in the horse. All causes of ulceration may,
however, lead to perforation.
The symptoms are those of gastric ulcer, already given, followed by
the more specific ones of perforation. These in their turn differ
according to the parts involved. In the horse and dog the perforating
ulcer usually opens into the peritoneum, inducing a fatal infective
peritonitis. In cattle the foreign body sometimes passes toward the
heart, enveloped in a protecting mass of new formed tissue and
proves fatal by heart disease. In other cases it has been found to
proceed downward toward the sternum and to escape by a fistula
formed beside the ensiform cartilage. In other cases it has taken a
direction toward the right wall of the abdomen where it formed a
fistula, discharging alimentary matters. In still other cases it has
opened into the peritoneal cavity with fatal effects.
Treatment in the case of external fistula, without implication of
the peritoneum, consists in the removal of the foreign body, and the
stimulation of granulations along the tract of the fistula by the
application of an ointment of tartar emetic to the interior. Should
this fail the fistulous tract may be scraped to make it raw, and the
edges may then be drawn together with sutures taking a deep hold of
the skin.
DILATATION OF THE STOMACH.
Adaptability to bulk of food. Dilatation with atony. Eructation. Cribbiting.

Vomiting. Age. Rare in cattle. Catarrh, overloading, nervous lesions, intestinal
obstructions, tumors, calculi, volvulus, invagination, hepatitis. Symptoms:
overfeeding, pot-belly, unthrifty hide, emaciation, eructations, cribbiting, fatigue,
perspiration, indigestion, colic after meals, tympanic resonance. Lesions: varying
distension, contents, action of calculus or pebbles, cardiac dilatation. Treatment:
nutritive, digestible, concentrated food, lavage, strychnia, iron, faradisation,
antiseptics.
The stomach has a great power of accommodation to the amount

of food habitually taken. In the horse fed mainly on grain with only a
little hay, it is habitually small, while in one fed on cut straw with a
little grain, on hay alone, or on green food, it is very much more
capacious though within the physiological limits of health. The cow
wintered on grain alone, has all four stomachs lessened in capacity,
and though she maintains good condition she is ill fitted to change at
once to the bulky grass diet of spring. The heavily fed swine, and the
farina fed dog and cat, have both stomach and intestines increased in
capacity over those of the wild boar, or the purely carnivorous wolf or
wild cat.
The condition becomes pathological when associated with atony,
and this may occur directly from over distension. It is especially
common in the horse by reason of the difficulty of relieving the over
distension by eructation or vomiting, and also by reason of the habit
of swallowing air (cribbiting). The dog, which has great facility in
vomiting, should be correspondingly protected from the condition,
yet it is very common in old dogs, doubtless from their common vice
of gourmandizing and lack of exercise. Cattle are rarely attacked, the
fourth stomach being protected by the others which stand guardian
over it and prevent the sudden access of excess of food even if that is
rapidly swallowed.
Other causes are: chronic catarrh which renders the stomach
atonic, lessens its peptic secretion and determines indigestions and
over distensions: habitual overfeeding which results in chronic
indigestions and fermentations; lesions of the brain, and tumors of
the jugular furrow or mediastinum which interfere with the functions
of the vagus nerve; obstructions of the intestines which force the
contents back into the stomach or hinder their exit. Thus tumors on
the duodenum, calculi in stomach or intestines, volvulus and
invagination have been charged with producing overdistension.
Chronic hepatic disorder has also been quoted as a cause.
Symptoms. The subject may eat naturally or excessively yet is
unthrifty, the belly is habitually distended, the hair dry and rough,
there is loss of flesh, there may be eructations or (in the horse)
swallowing of air, lack of endurance, a disposition to perspire easily,
a tendency to indigestion and colics after meals, and hurried
breathing sometimes marked by a double lifting of the flank in
expiration. In the dog which has the stomach more accessible to
examination its outline may be followed by percussion, a tympanitic
resonance being produced from the eighth rib back to the umbilicus
or further. If there is any difficulty the organ may be emptied of
water by a stomach tube and then pumped full of air by means of a
Davidson’s syringe, and percussed in each condition. Or a half a
teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda may be given in a little water
followed by an equal amount of tartaric acid, and the stomach
percussed.
Lesions. The distension of the stomach may reach ten times its
normal size in the horse (Leisering). Kitt found a stomach with a
capacity of 84 quarts. Fitzroy Philipot took from a dilated equine
stomach 140 lbs. of contents. The contents of the viscus are usually
largely of solids which the weakened and attenuated walls failed to
pass into the duodenum. On the contrary and as if by compensation,
the pylorus and duodenum are constricted and the latter has liquid
contents which pass from the stomach with very little of the solids.
Special dilatations are sometimes met with, thus an equine
stomach has been found largely dilated at the greater curvature
where concretions formed in the viscus or pebbles introduced with
the food had habitually lodged. In other cases the cardia has been
dilated like a funnel, so that the animal could eructate or vomit with
great facility. This last dilatation is especially common in cribbiters.
Treatment. This must necessarily be prolonged as time must be
allowed for a tonic contraction of the viscus. Food must be given
often in small quantity, of easy digestion, and of aqueous
composition. For dogs, milk, eggs and soups, or pulped raw meat
furnish examples. For horses milk gruels, boiled flax seed, pulped
roots may suffice. If the stomach is loaded as is usually the case, it
should be washed out with the stomach tube, which when passed
into the stomach should be raised at its free end and filled with tepid
water; it is then suddenly lowered so as to act as a syphon in
evacuating the liquid contents of the stomach. This may be repeated
again and again, the stomach in the case of the dog being
manipulated so as to mix and float the solids and favor their exit
through the tube. Daily washing out of the stomach by the tube is of
the greatest possible value.
Meanwhile we should seek to improve the tone of the stomach by
strychnia (horse 2 grs., dog ¹⁄₆₀ gr. daily), by salts of iron, and by
faradisation.
To counteract fermentation, antiseptics (salol, naphthol, freshly
burned charcoal) may be given with each meal, along with pepsin
and hydrochloric acid.
RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH IN SOLIPEDS.
Mainly in solipeds. Causes: overloading, fermentation, impossibility of
eructation, violent concussions, falls, galop, concretions, dilatation, catarrh, ulcers,
cicatrices, abscesses. Symptoms: Anamnesis, colic relieved, followed by
prostration, sinking, complete anorexia, tender abdomen, vomiting, no abdominal
rumbling. Lesions: tear in greater curvature, most extensive in outer coats,
shreddy, bloody edges with clots, contents in omentum, other seats, partial
ruptures. Treatment: in partial ruptures, stomach pump, diet. Prevention.
This is pre-eminently a disease of solipeds for the reason that they
alone of domestic animals are especially liable to overload the
comparatively small stomach and are mostly unable to relieve the
overloaded viscus by eructation or vomiting.
Causes. These are in the main overloading of the stomach and
overdistension, by the gases of indigestion. To this are usually added
violent concussions when the animal throws itself down violently.
The stomach distended to the fullest possible capacity, and lodged in
a cavity which is not all equally tense, is comparable to a very tense
bladder which is liable to burst when forcibly struck, or suddenly
compressed.
Apart from such indigestion, cases are recorded in which the full
stomach has been burst by a sudden fall in the shafts or elsewhere.
Miles even records a case which occurred during a rapid galop after a
full drink of water.
The presence of solid bodies (calculi, gravel) in the stomach or
even in the intestines has appeared to cause rupture by blocking the
outlet of ingesta and determining indigestion.
Certain conditions predispose to rupture, notably dilatation of the
stomach with attenuation of its walls, cribbiting, old standing catarrh
of the viscus, pre-existing ulcerations, cicatrices and abscesses.
Symptoms. There is usually the history of a full feed of grain,
followed by violent colic, and indications of gastric overdistension,
tense abdomen, dullness, then the rejection of the gastric contents by
vomiting, the matters escaping by the nose, and then collapse. The
violence of the colics may cease, but the pulse becomes rapid, small,
and finally imperceptible, the breathing hurried, the head depressed,
eyelids, ears and often the lower lips drooping, the face becomes
heavy and expressionless, the belly distended and tender, the skin
covered with cold sweat, and the temperature exalted above or
depressed below the normal. There is never any disposition to eat
nor drink. Death follows in a few hours.
In the vomiting which is independent of rupture, the symptoms
are usually at once relieved, when the emesis occurs, since not only
liquid and solid matters escape but also gaseous material. The pulse
retains its fullness, the facial expression is that of intelligence and
comfort, rumbling may be resumed in the bowels, fæces and urine
may be passed, and colics are less acute. In favorable cases the
animal may even desire to eat or drink.
Lesions. The usual seat of rupture is on the great curvature and
may extend longitudinally for from six to ten inches. The laceration
is usually most extensive in the outer coats, and the mucosa is
carried outward with the escaping ingesta, which helps to efface the
normal mucous folds at the cardia, and to render vomiting possible.
The edges of the wound are more or less shreddy, and of a dark violet
color from blood extravasation and clots. The escaping contents are
rarely diffused in the cavity of the abdomen, but remain enclosed in
the omentum through the thin meshes of which they can be easily
seen, and which has sometimes been mistaken for the walls of the
stomach reduced to this attenuated condition by disease. When the
omentum gives way the contents are at once diffused through the
abdominal cavity between the convolutions of the intestines. In
exceptional cases the rupture has its seat in the lesser curvature, or
even at the cardia. In still others the laceration implicates the
muscular and peritoneal coats only, and the looser mucosa, filled
with ingesta bulges outward as a hernia. In such a case a recovery
seems possible if the viscus could be relieved of its contents.
Treatment is virtually hopeless. Yet a moderate laceration of the
two outer coats only might be followed by recovery through the
formation of a cicatrix. The first consideration would be the
unloading of the stomach spontaneously or by the aid of the stomach
pump, and thereafter the adoption of a rigidly restricted diet of easily
digestible food (such as gruels) in small quantities at a time.
Prevention is much more available. In violent colics with
overloading or tympany of the stomach, employ anodynes to keep
the animal from throwing himself down violently, give a soft bed of
litter where the shock on lying down will be lessened, employ
antiferments to prevent gaseous distension, and whenever possible
relieve the plenitude of the viscus by the stomach pump or tube.
TORSION OF THE STOMACH IN THE DOG.
Causes: mobility of dog’s stomach when empty, leaping, running down stairs.
Lesions: viscus doubled forward, pylorus in front of cardia, duodenum compresses
cardia, liver, spleen and omentum displaced, stomach tympanitic, lungs and heart
compressed, latter gorged with dark blood. Symptoms: tympanitic abdomen, and
half thorax, no rumbling, murmur in front of thorax, abdomen tender, patient
stands, dyspnœa, emesis impossible. Course: violent symptoms in twelve hours,
death in thirty-six. Diagnosis: sudden, severe seizure, complete anorexia, tympany,
tenderness, dyspnœa, no vomiting, arrest of peristalsis. Obstruction. Peritonitis.
Choking. Treatment: tapping, laparotomy, replacing the viscus.
This has been demonstrated by Kitt and Cadeac who believe that it
is quite a common occurrence.
Causes. The predisposing cause is the extreme mobility of the
canine stomach which hangs from the œsophagus like a pear from its
stalk, the remainder of the viscus being only attached to the loose
omentum, spleen, and commencement of the duodenum all of which
it can carry with it easily when it rolls on itself. Its mobility is,
however, very restricted when full, the liver on the one side and the
spleen and intestines on the other proving almost insuperable
obstacles to rotation. But when empty it moves with great freedom
and by a sudden shock in leaping, gamboling or running rapidly
down stairs the pylorus is carried forward and to the left until it and
the commencement of the duodenum are jammed in front of the
cardia. The result is the obstruction of the cardia and duodenum by
their mutual pressure in crossing each other, and the interruption of
the gastric circulation and functions.
Lesions. As just stated the stomach which would normally extend
from the cardia downward and to the right is bent forward and
doubled upon itself, the pylorus lying in front of the cardia, the
duodenum extending from before backward above the cardia and
tightly compressing it, the liver drawn to the left by the hepato-
duodenal peritoneum, and the spleen displaced to the right by the
traction on the omentum. The stomach enveloped in its omentum is
distended by gas to perhaps ten times its normal dimensions and
appears to fill the entire abdominal cavity while the intestines are
pushed aside and concealed. The chest is compressed by the strong
pressure on the diaphragm, and the lungs are congested of a deep
blue and the right heart distended with dark blood. The animal
appears to have perished of apnœa.
Symptoms. In fully developed cases the abdomen is greatly
distended and tympanitic. The drumlike resonance is met with in the
anterior part of the abdomen including the umbilical region. It
extends forward over one-half of the thorax, excepting only a space
of 5 or 6 inches square in the right hypochondrium, which represents
the situation of the liver, and spleen. Auscultation furnishes no
sound in the abdomen, and only in the anterior portion of the thorax
is there a distinct respiratory murmur. The heart may beat strongly
and rapidly, or weakly and slow, and the pulse is small and thready.
The abdomen is tender. The animal stands, dull, and breathes with
great effort. If made to walk it is done slowly, stiffly and with head
extended, mouth open and tongue protruding. There is no sign of
vomiting and this cannot be brought about by tickling the fauces, or
even by giving apomorphine subcutem, though retching may be
induced.
Course. The disease may develop into dullness and anorexia in two
hours after boisterous health; in twelve hours there may be
considerable tympany and dyspnœa; and a fatal result is reached in
about thirty-six hours.
Diagnosis. This is based on the transition from vigorous health to
sudden illness, with complete anorexia, inability to swallow or to
vomit, tympany of the stomach as shown by percussion, tenderness
of the abdomen, dyspnœa, disturbed heart-functions, and inactivity
of the bowels. With intestinal obstruction on the other hand there is
free vomiting of bilious and feculent matters. With peritonitis there
is much greater and more uniform abdominal tenderness, vomiting
and higher fever, but less tympany in the anterior abdominal region,
and no such complete suspension of defecation. With choking there
is no such progressive tympany, appetite and defecation are not so
completely suspended, and liquids may often pass the obstruction in
small quantities in both deglutition and vomiting. Choking is by no
means so speedily fatal.
Treatment is essentially surgical. When tympany is already
established the gas must be evacuated by a small cannula and
trochar. Then resort is had to laparotomy, the incision is made on the
right side large enough to introduce the fingers, which must follow
the great curvature of the stomach as far as the pylorus which is
pulled back into its normal position on the right. The incision is now
closed by an ordinary continuous suture.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE STOMACH. HAIR,
WOOL, BRISTLE, CLOVER AND COTTON
BALLS.
Hair balls, wool balls, bristle balls, cotton balls, clover-hair balls, oat-hair balls,
paper balls, phosphatic calculi, sand and gravel, nails, wires, needles, pins, etc.,
cloth, leather, whalebone, playthings, etc. Symptoms: of catarrh or colic, dullness,
restlessness, arched back, in dog vomiting of blood, fistula. Diagnosis. Treatment:
emetic, feed potatoes, laparotomy.
Hair Balls. These are common in the rumen of cattle and have
been found in the fourth stomach. They are especially injurious to
young animals by reason of their irritating the gastric mucosa, but
they also occasionally block the pylorus, producing indigestion,
gastric dilatation, gradually advancing emaciation and even a fatal
result.
Wool Balls. These are found in sheep and are especially injurious
in young lambs.
Bristle Balls. These are found in swine as round, or ovoid balls
or long ellipses bent upon themselves. The sharp projecting ends of
the bristles render them very irritating, especially to young pigs.
All of these are caused by licking themselves or their fellows, and
particularly during the period of moulting or as the result of some
skin affection. Lambs which are nursed by ewes with an excess of
wool on and around the mammæ, and old sheep with a disposition to
eat wool are frequent victims.
Cotton Balls. These have been found in lambs fed on cotton seed
cake. A certain amount of the cotton fiber is incorporated in the cake,
and this is rolled together and felted by the movements of the
stomach and agglutinated by mucus.
Clover-hair Balls. The fine hairs from the clover leaf have been
found rolled into balls in the abomasum of lambs producing all the
evil effects of the other pilous masses.
Oat-hair Balls. The fine hairs which cover the seed of the oat are
found matted together and cemented by mucus in the stomach of
horses fed on the dust of oatmeal mills. They are especially common
in Scotland, where oatmeal has been so extensively used.
Paper-ball. In the museum of the N. Y. State Veterinary College
is a conglomerate ball of paper taken from the stomach of a hog by
Dr. Johnson, Sioux City.
Phosphatic Calculi have been described as found in the
stomach, but this is evidently an error, as the acid secretion would
have speedily dissolved them. The error doubtless came from
mistaking the transverse colon for the stomach.
Sand and Gravel arrive in the stomach of the horse from
pasturing on loose sandy land, the plants being pulled up by the
roots and swallowed together with the sand adherent. Also from
drinking water from shallow streams with sandy bottoms. Feeding of
grain from the ground is a cause of swallowing sand, earth and
pebbles. Licking the soil in acidity of the stomach is another cause.
Fodder that has been packed down and mixed with earth, and that
which has been blown full of sand or dust, and roots eaten from the
ground in wet weather lead to the ingestion of much sand or earth.
Shetland ponies taken from the islands pass sand for some weeks.
Dogs taught to fetch and carry, swallow stones, pebbles, marbles,
etc., accidentally.
Nails, Wires, Needles, Pins, etc. More or less pointed metallic
objects are often taken in with the food by gluttonous horses and
though usually arrested in the intestines they sometimes irritate or
wound the stomach.
Fragments of cloth, leather, or whalebone are similarly
taken with the food, or in case of depraved appetite are deliberately
chewed and swallowed.
Playthings and small household articles are especially taken
by puppies through mere wantonness. Rubber balls, pieces of metal,
thread, cord, cloth, bits of leather, sponge, horse hair, human hair,
corks, bits of wood and everything obtainable of small size may be
swallowed and found in the stomach.
Pigs swallow pieces of wood and other objects.
Birds habitually swallow pebbles and ordinary objects are ground
down in the gizzard. They also readily vomit feathers, bones and
other offensive matters that have proven indigestible.
Symptoms. In horses there are no especial symptoms, though the
foreign bodies sometimes cause gastric catarrh, and in other cases
produce wounds and ulcers or block the pylorus causing violent colic.
Most commonly the foreign bodies pass on into the intestines, where
they may directly wound the walls, form nuclei for the deposition of
earthy salts in the form of calculi, or in case of fibrous materials
(cords) roll into firm balls.
In dogs the foreign bodies may cause gastric catarrh, or puncture
or abrasion of the mucosa, and they may be rejected by vomiting.
The more rounded, smooth bodies may lie for a length of time in the
stomach without doing any manifest injury, as in the case mentioned
by Nichoux in which a dog carried in its stomach for twelve years a
four franc piece and a large sou. Sometimes the objects block the
pylorus. Then the subject is dull, depressed, inclined to lie on the
right side but continually changing his position, gives a stifled yelp
when he lies down or occasionally when he stops walking. He carries
the back arched, and the abdomen tucked up, and drags his hind
limbs. Vomiting, is frequent and accompanied by violent and painful
retching. The vomited matters may be mixed with blood. The
epigastrium is tender to pressure. Death may ensue in twenty-four
hours or not until after weeks or even months.
In other cases there is gastro-enteritis with vomiting, colic,
anorexia, trembling, hyperthermia, constipation or diarrhœa, and
finally the passage of the offending agent per anum, when recovery
ensues.
In other cases sharp pointed bodies perforate the walls of the
stomach, and determine the formation of abscess or fistula opening
at any point around the abdominal cavity. This may be followed by
recovery, by gastric or intestinal fistula, or by chronic disease of
some important organ like the liver.
In dogs, diagnosis is often possible by manipulation of the
stomach through the walls of the abdomen. If the belly is very lax it
may be compressed between finger and thumb, or between the two
hands; if more tense, pressure with both hands just behind the
sternum may detect the resistance of a solid body.
Treatment. In the horse this is hopeless.
In the dog much may be expected from the use of emetics,
(ipecacuan, tartar emetic, apomorphine, tepid water, tickling the
fauces). In some cases of sharp pointed bodies an exclusive and
abundant diet of well boiled potatoes proves successful. The object is
to pass much of the starchy matter through the small intestines
undigested, so that it may envelop the sharp body and protect the
mucosa. When it reaches the colon, the ingesta as a whole becomes
more solid and invested by this, the body is often passed without
danger. Other methods failing laparotomy remains. The dog is
stretched on his back on a table with the forelimbs held well apart.
The skin of the epigastrium is denuded of hair and washed with
antiseptics (mercuric chloride solution 1:500). Hands and
instruments are also made aseptic. Then an incision is made in the
epigastrium or in the situation where the offending body has been
felt, and the finger is introduced to locate the body. At this point a
thread is passed through the walls of the stomach, and these are
drawn well out through the abdominal wound and incised to the
extent of an inch or more. Through this orifice the foreign body can
be easily felt and extracted. Then in case the stomach is over-filled it
may be emptied, and the edges washed with the antiseptic and
carefully sutured with sterilized catgut. The usual care must be taken
to turn the mucosa inward and bring the muscular and serous coats
in accurate opposition. Finally the abdominal wound is closed by a
continued suture of silk or catgut.
The greatest care must be taken to prevent the escape of any of the
gastric contents into the abdominal cavity, to render both wounds
aseptic and to protect the external wound especially against
infection. A wash of carbolic acid (1:100) with a little of some intense
bitter (quassia) will often succeed in preventing licking or gnawing.
Even greater care must be given in the matter of diet. At first a few
teaspoonfuls of cold water only need be given. After twenty-four
hours a little well strained beef tea; later milk or gruel may be added,
and by degrees more solid food. In three weeks the ordinary food
may usually be resumed.
In case the foreign body has escaped into the peritoneal cavity, the
same method may be pursued, the edges of the gastric or intestinal
wound being made raw, treated antiseptically and carefully sutured,
and the abdomen washed out with an antiseptic solution (aluminum
acetate solution) and closed.
TUMORS OF THE STOMACH.
In horse—sarcoma, papilloma, lipoma, adenosarcoma, epithelioma, in cattle—

scirrhus, in dog—sarcoma, lipoma, epithelioma. Symptoms: chronic gastritis,
periodic indigestions, colics, vertigo, salivation, impacted gullet, blackened fæces,
eructations, vomiting, rumbling, stiffness, emaciation. Treatment: laparotomy in
dog.
The peptic stomach in the different animals is subject to a great

variety of tumors. In many of the recorded cases, however, the true
nature of the tumor has been left uncertain.
Sarcoma. In the horse this is the common tumor of the pylorus,
and less frequently it is found on the cardia and body of the stomach,
especially on the greater curvature. These are usually firm and
resistant, though sometimes soft and friable; they tend to swell out in
lobules, and show areas of ulceration, or even suppurating
excavations opening through the mucosa. In some instances,
however, they start under the serous coat, and the ulcerous surface
may open into the peritoneum. At other times they are but a local
manifestation of a general affection.
In the dog multiple sarcomata have been found on the stomach
varying in size and easily mistaken for recent tubercles. In these
cases the small round cells were especially numerous in the centre of
the tumor rendering it soft and predisposing to degeneration.
Papilloma. In the horse these are found as branching or
filamentous dependent projections from the mucosa of the left sac
having evidently started from the sores formed by the attachment of
the œstrus larvæ. They are also found around the pylorus and of such
size as to seriously obstruct that orifice (Stadler).
Lipoma. Fatty tumors have been seen on the stomach of the dog
and horse in the submucosa.
Adenosarcoma. This formation in the horse leads to a
thickening of large patches of the mucosa. It also grows out in
mushroom like masses, or is irregularly lobulated.
Epithelioma. In the horse epithelioma has been found at the
pylorus and on the great curvature of the stomach. It usually grows
out as a rounded mass varying in size from an egg to an infant’s
head, and may be even a diffuse thickening of the mucosa.
Microscopically the individual lobules, are composed of cylindroid
cells surrounding a central mass of epidermoid cells. The stomach
may be greatly contracted, and the surface of the neoplasm,
ulcerated or even excavated. In the dog similar formations are
found.
Carcinoma. In cattle Scirrhus of the abomasum is described.
Small tumors rise to a height of ½ to 3 inches, and are closely packed
together so as to assume polygonal forms. The surface is smooth, or
perforated by orifices leading into ulcerous or suppurating cavities.
On section the mass shows a fibrous or a lardaceous consistency.
They are most common in the pyloric region, and may partially
obstruct this orifice.
Symptoms. These are necessarily obscure. In the horse periodic
gastric indigestions and colics may be the sole indications, which are
certainly not pathognomonic. In other cases, have been noticed:
vertigo, salivation, impacted gullet, and blackish, sanguinolent fæces
due to ulceration and hemorrhage from the tumors.
In cattle have been observed variable and capricious appetite,
imperfect rumination, tympany, eructations, vomiting, rumbling of
the bowels, constipation, slow painful walk, progressive emaciation
and debility. When blood is discharged by emesis or defecation the
suspicion of gastric tumor may be strengthened.
In the dog there are the usual signs of chronic gastritis, thirst,
anorexia, stiffness, a disposition to lie, sunken eye, dyspnœa,
vomiting, often of blood. The discharge of blood by mouth and anus,
the distended abdomen, the tumor usually easily detected by
manipulation, and the progressive loss of condition are strongly
suggestive.
Treatment of these cases is hopeless. In the dog alone for a
circumscribed tumor, laparotomy, the removal of the tumor and

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Geometry in a Fréchet Context A

Projective Limit Approach 1st Edition C.

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306 Geometric mechanics and symmetry, J. MONTALDI & T. RATIU (eds)

Geometry in a Fréchet Context

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

Preface page vii

4.3 Parallel translations and holonomy groups 160

interpretable via Lagrangian multipliers, involving inﬁnite dimensional

modelled on a Fréchet space of smooth sections of a vector bundle over

principal bundles, while any connection on the former bundle is an ap-

application of our methods to the second order Fréchet tangent bundle

1.1 Banach manifolds

1.1.1 Ordinary derivatives in Banach spaces

1.1.2 Smooth structures

1.1.3 Smooth maps

1.1.4 The tangent space

(1.1.2) (φ ◦ α) (0) = (φ ◦ β) (0)

Here we have that

(1.1.3) (φ ◦ α) (t) = [D(φ ◦ α)(t)](1),

for every t ∈ J such that α(t) ∈ U . Clearly, (1.1.2) is equivalent to

(1.1.2 ) D(φ ◦ α)(0) = D(φ ◦ β)(0).

(1.1.4) φ : Tx M −→ B : [(α, x)] → (φ ◦ α) (0).

Therefore, Tx M becomes a Banach space and φ a continuous linear iso-

Considering a Banach space B as a smooth manifold, the tangent space

1.1.5 The tangent bundle

(disjoint union) is the total space and τM : T M → M the projection

if u = [(α, x)] ∈ Tx M and x ∈ U . Then the collection of all pairs

1.1.6 The diﬀerential of a smooth map

(1.1.9) Tx f ([(α, x)]) := [(f ◦ α, f (x))].

This is a well-deﬁned continuous linear map, independent of the choice

In particular, diﬀerentiating the map φ of a chart (U, φ, B), we obtain

Frequently, omitting idB , we simply write

1.1.7 Velocity vectors

(1.1.12) α̇(t) = [(α, x)].

1.1.8 The tangent map

The following diagram is also commutative:

Note: For the diﬀerentials of maps on manifolds we prefer to use the

1.1.9 Vector ﬁelds

Then, the (local) principal part of X (with respect to the above

(1.1.14) Xφ := pr2 ◦Φ ◦ X ◦ φ−1 : φ(U ) −→ B.

If we consider an indexed chart (Uα , φα , B), then we set

1.1.10 Related vector ﬁelds

1.1.11 Integral curves

is called an integral curve of X ∈ X (M ) with initial condition x.

(1.1.15) β (t) = Xφ (β(t)), t ∈ Jβ

[recall also (1.1.14)]. The theory of diﬀerential equations in Banach

1.2 Banach-Lie groups

1.2.1 Basic notations

In the following subsections G will denote a Banach-Lie group.

1.2.2 Invariant vector ﬁelds

L(G) is in bijective correspondence with Te G by means of the linear

(1.2.4) h−1 (v) = X v ; v ∈ Te G,

where X v ∈ L(G) is deﬁned by

Therefore, Te G becomes a Lie algebra by setting (same symbol of bracket

1.2.3 The exponential map

A vector bundle, as above, will be denoted by = (E, B, π). We refer

A vb-morphism, as above, will be also denoted by (f, h) : 1 → 2 .