Textbook Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management 1St Edition Chen Ebook All Chapter PDF

Handbook of Advanced Industrial and
Hazardous Wastes Management 1st

Edition Chen
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-advanced-industrial-and-hazardous-was
tes-management-1st-edition-chen/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Biohydrometallurgical Recycling of Metals from

Industrial Wastes 1st Edition Hong Hocheng
https://textbookfull.com/product/biohydrometallurgical-recycling-
of-metals-from-industrial-wastes-1st-edition-hong-hocheng/
Hazardous waste management an introduction Vanguilder
https://textbookfull.com/product/hazardous-waste-management-an-
introduction-vanguilder/
Handbook of Antenna Technologies 1st Edition Zhi Ning

Chen
https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-antenna-
technologies-1st-edition-zhi-ning-chen/
Sustainable Technologies for the Management of

Agricultural Wastes 1st Edition Zainul Akmar Zakaria
(Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-technologies-for-
the-management-of-agricultural-wastes-1st-edition-zainul-akmar-
zakaria-eds/
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Science and
Engineering M.N. Rao
https://textbookfull.com/product/solid-and-hazardous-waste-
management-science-and-engineering-m-n-rao/
Lactic Acid Bacteria Bioengineering and Industrial

Applications Wei Chen
https://textbookfull.com/product/lactic-acid-bacteria-
bioengineering-and-industrial-applications-wei-chen/
Bioremediation Technology: Hazardous Waste Management

1st Edition M H Fulekar (Editor)
https://textbookfull.com/product/bioremediation-technology-
hazardous-waste-management-1st-edition-m-h-fulekar-editor/
High Integrity Systems and Safety Management in

Hazardous Industries 1st Edition J.R Thomson
https://textbookfull.com/product/high-integrity-systems-and-
safety-management-in-hazardous-industries-1st-edition-j-r-
thomson/
Management of complex cardiovascular problems 4th

Edition Chen
https://textbookfull.com/product/management-of-complex-
cardiovascular-problems-4th-edition-chen/
Handbook of Advanced
Industrial and Hazardous
Wastes Management
Advances in Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment Series
Series Editor: Lawrence K. Wang
Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment

(1345 pages, 2004)
Editors: Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H. Lo and
Constantine Yapijakis
Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment

(1378 pages, 2010)
Editors: Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, and Nazih K. Shammas
Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management

(1174 pages, 2018)
Editors: Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Yung-Tse Hung,
Nazih K. Shammas, and Jiaping Paul Chen
Handbook of Advanced
Industrial and Hazardous
Wastes Management
Edited by
Lawrence K. Wang
Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Yung-Tse Hung
Nazih K. Shammas
Jiaping Paul Chen
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-1341-9 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let
us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho-
tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission
from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users.
For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been
arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Editors................................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors.................................................................................................................................... xiii
Chapter 1 Toxicity, Sources, and Control of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo),
Silver (Ag), and Rare Earth Elements in the Environment...........................................1
O. Sarafadeen Amuda, A. Olanrewaju Alade, Yung-Tse Hung, Lawrence
K. Wang, and Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Chapter 2 Nano-Bioremediation: Applications of Nanotechnology for Bioremediation............. 27

S. Raj Kumar and P. Gopinath
Chapter 3 Recycling of Filter Backwash Water and Alum Sludge from Water Utility for Reuse..... 49
Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and Milos Krofta
Chapter 4 Selection of Remedial Alternatives for Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals......... 75
Nazih K. Shammas
Chapter 5 Removal of Heavy Metals by Low-Cost Adsorption Materials................................ 127

Siew-Teng Ong, Sie-Tiong Ha, Pei-Sin Keng, Siew-Ling Lee, and Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 6 Sulfide Precipitation for Treatment of Metal Wastes................................................ 185

Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 7 Stabilization of Cadmium in Waste Incineration Residues by Aluminum/Iron-

Rich Materials........................................................................................................... 239
Kaimin Shih and Minhua Su
Chapter 8 Arsenic in the Environment: Source, Characteristics, and Technologies for

Pollution Elimination................................................................................................ 255
Yu-Ming Zheng, Jiaping Paul Chen, and Qing Liu
Chapter 9 Simultaneous Removal of Chromium and Arsenate: A Case Study Using

Ferrous Iron............................................................................................................... 289
Xiaohong Guan and Haoran Dong
Chapter 10 E-Waste Recycling: Environmental and Health Impacts.......................................... 339

Rajasekhar Balasubramanian and Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan
Chapter 11 Site Assessment and Cleanup Technologies of Metal Finishing Industry................ 365
Nazih K. Shammas
v
vi Contents
Chapter 12 Adsorptive Removal of Arsenic from Water Sources Using Novel

Nanocomposite Mixed Matrix Membranes.............................................................. 413
R. Jamshidi Gohari, Woei Jye Lau, Takeshi Matsuura, and Ahmad F. Ismail
Chapter 13 Treatment of Photographic Processing Waste........................................................... 439

Irvan Dahlan, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 14 Toxicity, Source, and Control of Barium in the Environment.................................. 463

Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Miskiah Fadzilah Ghazali, Yung-Tse Hung, and
Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 15 Toxicity, Sources, and Control of Selenium, Nickel, and Beryllium in the
Environment.............................................................................................................. 483
Joseph F. Hawumba, Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 16 Safety and Control for Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes.............................. 513
Chapter 17 Biological Treatment of Poultry Processing Wastewater.......................................... 539

Chapter 18 Treatment of Wastewater, Storm Runoff, and Combined Sewer Overflow by

Dissolved Air Flotation and Filtration...................................................................... 577
Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang, and Nazih K. Shammas
Chapter 19 Waste Treatment and Management in Chlor-Alkali Industries................................ 611

Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Miskiah Fadzilah Ghazali, Mohd. Suffian Yusoff, and
Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 20 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) for Wastewater Treatment....................................... 657

Puganeshwary Palaniandy, Hj. Mohd Nordin Adlan, Hamidi Abdul Aziz,
Mohamad Fared Murshed, and Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 21 Restaurant Waste Treatment and Management......................................................... 695

Jerry R. Taricska, Jaclyn M. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 22 Treatment of Textile Industry Waste......................................................................... 719

Siew-Teng Ong, Sie-Tiong Ha, Siew-Ling Lee, Pei-Sin Keng,
Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 23 BOD Determination, Cleaning Solution Preparation, and Waste Disposal in

Laboratories............................................................................................................... 797
Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Lawrence K. Wang, and Eugene De Michele
Contents vii
Chapter 24 Principles, Procedures, and Heavy Metal Management of Dichromate Reflux

Method for COD Determination in Laboratories......................................................809
Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Lawrence K. Wang, and Eugene De Michele
Chapter 25 Environment-Friendly Activated Carbon Processes for Water and Wastewater

Treatment................................................................................................................... 819
Wei-chi Ying, Wei Zhang, Juan Hu, Liuya Huang, Wenxin Jiang, and Bingjing Li
Chapter 26 Treatment of Wastes from the Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry............ 839
Debolina Basu, Sudhir Kumar Gupta, and Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 27 Toxicity and Sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Radionuclides in the
Environment.............................................................................................................. 855
Ghinwa M. Naja and Bohumil Volesky
Chapter 28 Environmental Behavior and Effects of Engineered Metal and Metal Oxide
Nanoparticles.............................................................................................................905
Bernd Nowack
Chapter 29 Heavy Metal Removal with Exopolysaccharide-Producing Cyanobacteria............. 931

Roberto De Philippis and Ernesto Micheletti
Chapter 30 Environmental Geochemistry of High-Arsenic Aquifer Systems............................ 965

Yanxin Wang and Yamin Deng
Chapter 31 Nanotechnology Application in Metal Ion Adsorption.............................................997

Xiangke Wang and Changlun Chen
Chapter 32 Biosorption of Metals onto Granular Sludge.......................................................... 1043

Shu Guang Wang, Xue Fei Sun, Wen Xin Gong, and Yue Ma
Chapter 33 Treatment of Metal-Bearing Effluents: Removal and Recovery............................. 1067

Ghinwa M. Naja and Bohumil Volesky
Chapter 34 Control, Management, and Treatment of Metal Emissions from Motor

Vehicles.......................................................................................................... 1113
Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, Jun He, and Lawrence K. Wang
Chapter 35 Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluents by Chemical Precipitation

and Chemical Coagulation................................................................................ 1129
Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and Mu-Hao Sung Wang

Index..............................................................................................................................................1141
Preface
Environmental managers, engineers, and scientists who have had experience with industrial and
hazardous waste management problems have noted the need for a handbook series that is compre-
hensive in its scope, directly applicable to daily waste management problems of specific industries,
and widely acceptable by practicing environmental professionals and educators.
Many standard industrial waste treatment and hazardous waste management texts adequately
cover a few major industries, for conventional in-plant pollution control strategies, but no one book,
or series of books, focuses on new developments in innovative and alternative environmental tech-
nology, design criteria, effluent standards, managerial decision methodology, and regional and
global environmental conservation.
In 2004, CRC Press published its First Handbook in the handbook series, Handbook of Industrial
and Hazardous Wastes Treatment. That First Handbook emphasized (1) in-depth presentation of
environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strate-
gies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future
trends for each industrial or commercial operation (such as pharmaceutical industry, oil refineries,
metal plating and finishing industry, photographic processing industry, soap and detergent industry,
textile industry, phosphate industry, pulp and paper mills, dairies, sea food processing factories,
meat processing plants, olive oil processing plants, potato production operations, pesticide industry,
livestock industry, soft drink factories, explosive chemical plants, rubber industry, timber indus-
try, and power industry) and (2) in-depth presentation of methodologies, technologies, alternatives,
regional effects, and global effects of each important industrial pollution control practice that may
be applied to all industries (such as industrial ecology, pollution prevention, in-plant hazardous
waste management, site remediation, groundwater decontamination, and stormwater management).
In 2010, CRC Press published its Second Handbook in the handbook series, Handbook of
Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Waste Treatment. That Second Handbook emphasized a differ-
ent in-depth presentation of waste minimization, cleaner production, legislation and regulations for
hazardous wastes, hazardous industrial wastes characteristics, soil remediation, brownfield sites res-
toration, bioremediation, enzymatic process, underground storage tank releases, biological treatment
processes, deep well injection, methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), fuel oxygenates, evapotranspira-
tion, landfill cover, hazardous leachate treatment, secondary flotation, solid waste treatment, etc. The
2010 Second Handbook also gives in-depth presentation of hazardous industrial treatment and man-
agement technologies used in many new industries or operations that are not covered in the previous
2004 First Handbook, such as, aluminum forming industry, coil coating industry, nickel-chromium
plating plants, porcelain enameling industry, pentachlorophenol processing facilities, pulp and paper
industry, and inorganic chemical industry. Many industries are covered for the very first time.
In a deliberate effort to complement both the 2004 First Handbook and the 2010 Second
Handbook as well as other industrial waste treatment and hazardous waste management texts,
this 2018 Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management (i.e., the Third
Handbook), covers many new advances in the field of industrial and hazardous waste treatment,
such as the toxicity, sources and/or control of various heavy metals (copper, zinc, molybdenum,
barium, arsenic, silver, selenium, nickel, beryllium, chromium, cadmium, mercury, lead, etc.) and
rare metals in the environment; applications of nanotechnology for bioremediation; remediation
of heavy metal-contaminated soil; removal of heavy metals by low-cost adsorbents; stabilization
of cadmium in waste incineration residues by aluminum/iron-rich materials; treatment of metal
wastes by sulfide precipitation; simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate; environmental
and health impacts of e-waste disposal and recycling; site assessment and cleanup technologies
of metal finishing industry; adsorptive removal of arsenic from water sources using novel nano-
composite mixed matrix membranes; treatment and management of photographic processing
ix
x Preface
wastes, poultry processing wastes, storm-runoff, combined sewer overflows, chlor-alkali industrial
wastes, restaurant wastes, textile wastes, organic chemicals manufacturing wastes, and laboratory
wastes; recycling of filter backwash water and alum sludge from water utility for reuse; safety and
control for toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes; industrial water and wastewater treatment using
dissolved air flotation, activated carbon adsorption, nanotechnology, granular sludge biosorption,
exopolysaccharide-producing cyano-bacterial process, etc.; and control, treatment, and manage-
ment of metal emissions from motor vehicles.
Special efforts were made to invite experts to contribute chapters in their own areas of expertise.
Since the field of industrial hazardous waste treatment is very broad, no one can claim to be an
expert in all industries; collective contributions are better than a single author’s presentation for a
handbook of this nature.
This 2018 Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management, is a collection
of the existing chapters from three small CRC Press books: (1) Heavy Metals in the Environment,
(2) Remediation of Heavy Metals in the Environment, and (3) Waste Treatment in the Service and
Utility Industries. The publisher prints this 2018 Handbook as well as its two accompanying hand-
books (the 2004 Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment, and the 2010 Handbook
of Advanced Industrial Hazardous Wastes Treatment) in very small quantities mainly for the uni-
versity library collection worldwide. Three handbooks together (2004, 2010, and 2018) form a
complete set of reference handbooks for the environmental professionals. They feature the major
industries and hazardous pollutants that have significant effects on the environment. Professors,
students, and researchers in environmental, civil, chemical, sanitary, mechanical, and public health
engineering and science will find valuable educational materials here. The extensive bibliographies
for each industrial waste treatment or management should be invaluable to environmental managers
or researchers who need to trace, follow, duplicate, or improve on a specific industrial hazardous
waste treatment practice.
A successful modern hazardous industrial waste treatment and management program for a par-
ticular industry will include not only traditional water pollution control but also air pollution con-
trol, noise control, soil conservation, site remediation, radiation protection, groundwater protection,
hazardous waste management, solid waste disposal, and combined industrial–municipal waste
treatment and management. In fact, it should be a total environmental control program. Another
intention of this handbook series is to provide technical and economical information on the
development of the most feasible total environmental control program that can benefit both industry
and local municipalities. Frequently, the most economically feasible methodology is a combined
industrial–municipal waste treatment and management.
Lawrence K. Wang
Newtonville, New York, USA
Mu-Hao Sung Wang

Newtonville, New York, USA
Yung-Tse Hung
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Nazih K. Shammas
Pasadena, California, USA
Jiaping Paul Chen

Singapore
Editors
Lawrence K. Wang has over 28+ years of experience in facility design, environmental sustain-
ability, natural resources, resources recovery, global pollution control, construction, plant opera
tion, and management. He has expertise in water supply, air pollution control, solid waste disposal,
water resources, waste treatment, and hazardous waste management. He is a retired dean/direc-
tor/VP of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Krofta Engineering Corporation, and Zorex
Corporation, respectively, in the United States. Dr. Wang is the author of over 700 papers and 45
books, and is credited with 24 U.S. patents and 5 foreign patents. He earned his BSCE degree from
National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, ROC, his two MS degrees from the Missouri University
of Science and Technology and the University of Rhode Island, USA, and his PhD degree from
Rutgers University, USA. Currently he is the chief series editor of the Advances in Industrial and
Hazardous Wastes Treatment series (CRC Press of Taylor & Francis Group) and the Handbook of
Environmental Engineering series (Springer).
Mu-Hao Sung Wang has been an engineer, an editor, and a professor serving private firms,
governments, and universities in the United States and Taiwan for over 25 years. She is a licensed
professional engineer, and a diplomate of American Academy of Environmental Engineers. Her
publications have been in the areas of water quality, modeling, environmental sustainability, waste
management, NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System), flotation, and analytical
methods. Dr. Wang is the author of over 50 publications and an inventor of 14 US and foreign patents.
She earned her BSCE degree from National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC, her MSCE degree
from the University of Rhode Island, USA, and her PhD degree from Rutgers University, USA. She is
the co-series editor of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series (Springer), and a member
of American Water Works Association, New England Water Works Association, Water Environment
Federation, and Overseas Chinese Environmental Engineers and Scientists Association.
Yung-Tse Hung has been a professor of civil engineering at Cleveland State University since 1981.
He is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and has taught at 16 universities in 8
countries. His research interests and publications have been involved with biological processes and
industrial waste treatment. Dr. Hung is credited with over 470 publications and presentations on
water and wastewater treatment. He earned his BSCE and MSCE degrees from National Cheng-
Kung University, Taiwan, and his PhD degree from the University of Texas at Austin, USA. He is
the editor of International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, International Journal
of Environmental Engineering, and International Journal of Environmental Engineering Science.
Nazih K. Shammas is an environmental consultant and professor for over 45 years. He is an ex-
dean/director of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and an advisor to Krofta Engineering
Corporation, USA. Dr. Shammas is the author of over 250 publications and 15 books in the field
of environmental engineering. He has experience in environmental planning, curriculum develop-
ment, teaching, scholarly research, and expertise in water quality control, wastewater reclamation
and reuse, physicochemical and biological processes and water and wastewater systems. He earned
his BE degree from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, his MS degree from the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and his PhD degree from the University of Michigan, USA.
Jiaping Paul Chen has been a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
in the National University of Singapore (NUS) since 1998. His research interests are physicochemi-
cal treatment of water and wastewater and modeling. He has published three books, more than
150 journal papers and book chapters with citations of above 6000, and H-index of 43. He holds seven
xi
xii Editors
patents in the areas of adsorption and membrane technologies, and ballast water management sys-
tems. He has received various honors and awards, including the Sustainable Technology Award from
the IChemE, Guest Professor of the Huazhong University of Science & Technology and Shandong
University, China, and Distinguished Overseas Chinese Young Scholar of National Natural Science
Foundation, China. He has been recognized as an author of hot papers and highly cited papers (Web
of Science). Professor Chen earned his MEng degree from Tsinghua University and his PhD degree
from Georgia Tech., USA in 1991 and 1997, respectively. He is a chartered chemical engineer (UK).
Contributors
Hj. Mohd Nordin Adlan Roberto De Philippis
School of Civil Engineering Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
Universiti Sains Malaysia University of Florence
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Florence, Italy
A. Olanrewaju Alade Yamin Deng

Department of Chemical Engineering School of Environmental Studies and MOE
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Key Laboratory of Biogeology and
Ogbomoso, Nigeria Environmental Geology
China University of Geosciences
O. Sarafadeen Amuda
Beijing, China
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
Ogbomoso, Nigeria Haoran Dong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and
Hamidi Abdul Aziz Pollution Control
School of Civil Engineering Hunan University
Universiti Sains Malaysia Changsha, China
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Miskiah Fadzilah Ghazali
Rajasekhar Balasubramanian School of Civil Engineering
Division of Environmental Science and Universiti Sains Malaysia
Engineering Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
National University of Singapore
Singapore
R. Jamshidi Goharl
Debolina Basu Advanced Membrane Technology Research
Department of Civil Engineering Centre
Motilal Nehru National Institute of University Teknologi Malaysia
Technology Allahabad Johor, Malaysia
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India and
Changlun Chen Department of Chemical Engineering
Institute of Plasma Physics Islamic Azad University
Chinese Academy of Science Bardsir, Iran
Beijing, China
Wen Xin Gong
Jiaping Paul Chen
School of Environmental Science and
Division of Environmental Science and
Engineering
Engineering
Shandong University
National University of Singapore
Shandong, China
Singapore
Irvan Dahlan P. Gopinath

School of Chemical Engineering Centre for Nanotechnology
Universiti Sains Malaysia Indian Institute of Technology
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
xiii
xiv Contributors
Xiaohong Guan Wenxin Jiang

State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control State Environmental Protection Key
and Resources Reuse Laboratory of Environmental Risk
Tongji University Assessment and Control on Chemical
Shanghai, China Process
East China University of Science and
Sudhir Kumar Gupta Technology
Centre for Environmental Science and Shanghai, China
Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
Sie-Tiong Ha National University of Singapore
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Singapore
Perak, Malaysia
Joseph F. Hawumba Pei-Sin Keng

Biochemistry Department Department of Pharmaceutical
Makerere University Chemistry
Kampala, Uganda International Medical University
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Jun He
Division of Environmental Science and Milos Krofta
Engineering Lenox Institute of Water Technology
National University of Singapore Lenox, Massachusetts
Singapore
S. Raj Kumar
Juan Hu Centre for Nanotechnology
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory Indian Institute of Technology
of Environmental Risk Assessment and Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Control on Chemical Process
East China University of Science and Technology
Woei Jye Lau
Shanghai, China
Advanced Membrane Technology Research
Liuya Huang Centre
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory University Teknologi Malaysia
of Environmental Risk Assessment and Johor, Malaysia
East China University of Science and Technology Siew-Ling Lee
Shanghai, China Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial
Research
Yung-Tse Hung Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Civil and Environmental Engineering Johor, Malaysia
Department
Cleveland State University Bingjing Li
Cleveland, Ohio State Environmental Protection Key
Laboratory of Environmental Risk
Ahmad F. Ismail Assessment and Control on Chemical
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Process
Centre East China University of Science and
University Teknologi Malaysia Technology
Johor, Malaysia Shanghai, China
Contributors xv
Qing Liu Puganeshwary Palaniandy

Institute of Urban Environment School of Civil Engineering
Chinese Academy of Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia
Xiamen, Fujian, China Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Yue Ma Nazih K. Shammas

School of Environmental Science and Lenox Institute of Water Technology
Engineering Pasadena, California
Shandong University
Shandong, China and
Takeshi Matsuura Krofta Engineering Corporation

Advanced Membrane Technology Research Lenox, Massachusetts
Centre
University Teknologi Malaysia Kaimin Shih
Johor, Malaysia Department of Civil Engineering
University of Hong Kong
and Hong Kong, China
Department of Chemical and Biological
Minhua Su
Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Ottawa
University of Hong Kong
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Hong Kong, China
Eugene De Michele
Technical Services and Committee Liaison Xue Fei Sun
Water Environment Federation School of Environmental Science and
Alexandria, Virginia Engineering
Shandong University
Ernesto Micheletti Shandong, China
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
University of Florence Jaclyn M. Taricska
Florence, Italy JEA
Jacksonville, Florida
Mohamad Fared Murshed
School of Civil Engineering Jerry R. Taricska
Universiti Sains Malaysia Hole Montes, Inc
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Naples, Florida
Ghinwa M. Naja Bohumil Volesky

Research Associate and Environmental Consultant and President of BV. Sorbex Inc.
Engineering Consultant McGill University
McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lawrence K. Wang
Bernd Nowack Lenox Institute of Water Technology
Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for and
Materials Testing and Research Zorex Corporation
Dübendorf, Switzerland Newtonville, New York
and
Siew-Teng Ong
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Krofta Engineering Corporation
Perak, Malaysia Lenox, Massachusetts
xvi Contributors
Mu-Hao Sung Wang Wei-chi Ying

Lenox Institute of Water Technology State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory
Newtonville, New York of Environmental Risk Assessment and
Shu Guang Wang
Shanghai, China
School of Environmental Science and
Engineering Mohd. Suffian Yusoff
Shandong University School of Civil Engineering
Shandong, China Universiti Sains Malaysia
Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Xiangke Wang
Institute of Plasma Physics Wei Zhang
Chinese Academy of Sciences State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory
Beijing, China of Environmental Risk Assessment and
Yanxin Wang Shanghai, China
School of Environmental Studies and MOE
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Yu-Ming Zheng
Environmental Geology Institute of Urban Environment
China University of Geosciences Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, China Xiamen, Fujian, China
1 Toxicity, Sources, and Control
of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),
Molybdenum (Mo), Silver
(Ag), and Rare Earth Elements
in the Environment
O. Sarafadeen Amuda, A. Olanrewaju Alade, Yung-Tse Hung,
Lawrence K. Wang, and Mu-Hao Sung Wang
CONTENTS
Abstract...............................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................2
1.2 Copper.......................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Copper and Its Compounds...........................................................................................3
1.2.2 Characteristics of Copper..............................................................................................3
1.2.3 Industrial Production of Copper.................................................................................... 3
1.2.4 Industrial Applications of Copper................................................................................. 3
1.2.5 Toxicity and Related Hazards........................................................................................4
1.2.5.1 Route of Exposure...........................................................................................4
1.2.5.2 Toxicity of Copper..........................................................................................4
1.2.6 Interaction of Copper with Other Elements................................................................... 5
1.3 Zinc............................................................................................................................................5
1.3.1 Zinc and Its Compounds................................................................................................5
1.3.2 Characteristics of Zinc...................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Production of Zinc.........................................................................................................6
1.3.4 Application of Zinc........................................................................................................6
1.3.5 Toxicity and Related Hazard.........................................................................................7
1.3.5.1 Route of Exposure...........................................................................................7
1.3.5.2 Toxicity...........................................................................................................7
1.3.6 Interaction of Zinc with Other Elements.......................................................................7
1.4 Silver..........................................................................................................................................9
1.4.1 Silver and Its Compounds..............................................................................................9
1.4.2 Characteristics of Silver............................................................................................... 10
1.4.3 Production of Silver..................................................................................................... 10
1.4.4 Application of Silver.................................................................................................... 11
1.4.5 Toxicity and Related Hazards...................................................................................... 11
1.4.5.1 Route of Exposures....................................................................................... 11
1.4.5.2 Toxicity of Silver........................................................................................... 11
1.4.6 Interactions of Silver with Other Elements.................................................................. 12
1
2 Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management
1.5 Molybdenum............................................................................................................................ 12
1.5.1 Molybdenum and Its Compound................................................................................. 12
1.5.2 Characteristics of Molybdenum................................................................................... 14
1.5.3 Production of Molybdenum......................................................................................... 14
1.5.4 Application of Molybdenum........................................................................................ 14
1.5.5 Toxicity and Related Hazards...................................................................................... 14
1.5.5.1 Route of Exposure......................................................................................... 14
1.5.5.2 Toxicity of Molybdenum............................................................................... 15
1.5.6 Interactions of Molybdenum with Other Elements..................................................... 15
1.6 Rare Earth Elements................................................................................................................ 15
1.6.1 Characteristics of REEs............................................................................................... 15
1.6.2 Production of REEs..................................................................................................... 16
1.6.3 Application of REEs.................................................................................................... 16
1.6.4 Toxicity and Related Hazards Caused by REEs.......................................................... 16
1.6.4.1 Exposure Route............................................................................................. 16
1.6.4.2 Toxicity REEs............................................................................................... 17
1.6.4.3 Interaction of REEs with Other Elements.................................................... 17
1.7 Control of Selected Heavy Metals and REEs.......................................................................... 17
1.7.1 Control of Solid Metal Containing Wastes in the Environment.................................. 17
1.7.2 Control of Liquid Metal Containing Wastes in the Environment............................... 18
1.8 Summary................................................................................................................................. 19
References......................................................................................................................................... 19
ABSTRACT
There are more than 20 heavy metal toxins contributing to a variety of adverse health effects in
humans. Exposed individuals experience different behavioral, physiological, and cognitive changes
depending on the type of the toxin and the degree of exposure by the individual. This chapter pres-
ents the sources of exposure, toxicity, and control technologies of Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, and rare earth
elements in the environment.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Toxic substances are generally poisonous and cause adverse health effects in both man and animals.
Some chemical substances can be of use at certain concentrations, beyond which they become toxic.
The toxicity of a substance is based on the type of effect it causes and its potency. Exposure to such
toxic substance is via inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact. Both long-term exposure (chronic)
and short-term exposure (acute) may cause health effects that manifest immediately or later in life.
The concentration of trace metals is increasing as a result of releases into the air and water as well
as their heavy use in products for human consumption. The impact of these heavy metals at toxic
concentration produces behavioral, physiological, and cognitive changes in an exposed individual.
These impacts are well documented based on reports of accidental human exposure and animal
studies (1–120). Most agencies that specialize in the study of toxicity of substances, which are either
consumed or not consumed by human, terrestrial, and aquatic animals as well as plants, have set
lower and upper allowable concentrations of the substances. Concentrations above the upper limit
and beyond exposure time are toxic and exhibit health effects ranging from intestinal and neurotic
to death.
In this chapter, the toxicity, sources, environmental issues (121–134), and specific control tech-
nologies (121–141) of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ag, and Mo) and rare earth elements (REEs)
are discussed.
Toxicity, Sources, and Control of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo), Silver (Ag) 3
1.2 COPPER
1.2.1 Copper and Its Compounds
Copper is a malleable light reddish-brown metallic element. It is represented by the symbol “Cu”
and assigned with atomic number of 29 and atomic weight of 64 on the periodic table of elements
(1,2). Copper occurs naturally in rock as a wide range of mineral deposits either in its pure or com-
pound form. It has also been found in soils, water, and sediments (3,4). It can also be found in areas
designated for municipal incineration, metal smelting sites (4), foundries, and power plants as a
result human activities (1).
Copper sulfate and copper oxide are the most widely distributed naturally form of copper com-
pound, Table 1.1, however, it combines with other metals like zinc and tin to form alloys such as
brass and bronze, respectively (1,2).
1.2.2 Characteristics of Copper

Copper is a solid metal at room temperature and possesses good electrical and thermal conductivity.
It does not react with water but reacts slowly with oxygen present in the air to form a thin film of
dark-brown copper oxide. It does not react in sulfide, ammonia, and chloride media. There are 29
identified isotopes of copper ranging from 52 to 80. Only two of these, 63Cu and 65Cu, are stable and
occur naturally. 63Cu shows a predominant existence (69%).
1.2.3 Industrial Production of Copper

About 35% of world’s copper is produced in Chile, while 11% is produced in the United States and
the remaining percentage comes from Indonesia, the former Soviet Union, Peru, Zambia, China,
Poland, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (1). Copper ore is often extracted from large open
pit mines as copper sulfides.
1.2.4 Industrial Applications of Copper

Copper is widely used in pure form or as an alloy, in the production of electrical conductors and
wires, sheet metals, pipe and plumbing fixtures, coins, cooking utensils, and other metal products
(3,5). Copper compounds have received wide application in the agricultural sector where they are
being used as fungicides. It is also used in the treatment of water, particularly, to eliminate algae.
Other applications include production of preservative lumbering, tannery, and textiles. Copper also
TABLE 1.1
Concentration and Distribution of Copper in Environment
Distribution Concentration (ppm)
Earth’s crust 50
Soil 2–250
Copper production
Facilities 7,000
Plants (dry weight basis) 10
Source: US EPA. Environmental Technology Verification Report Environmental

Bio-detection Products Inc. Toxi-chromotest. Washington DC: US
Environmental Protection Agency, June, 2006. EPA/600/R-06/071 and
NTIS PB2006-113524
form an essential component in ceramic, glaze, and glass works. In the form of Fehling’s solution,
copper compounds have application in chemistry for the determination of reducing sugars.
1.2.5 Toxicity and Related Hazards

Copper is an essential micronutrient that is required by plants and animals for growth and other
body metabolisms. Higher concentrations of copper in both animals and plants are toxic and result
in adverse health effects and stunted growth, respectively (7).
1.2.5.1 Route of Exposure

Environmental pollution due to copper is mostly anthropogenic ranging from mining, smelting,
incineration, and water treatment processes, while pollution through natural origin is as a result of
wind and rain erosion and through eruption of volcanoes (2), animals are expose to copper through
inhalation of contaminated air, ingestion of contaminated water and food, and through skin contact
with soil that is contaminated with copper (5). Exposure to copper can occur in plant through depo-
sition on leaves and stem and through absorption of contaminated water in the soil.
1.2.5.2 Toxicity of Copper

The toxicity of copper can be traced to its ability to accept and donate single electrons while under-
going the change of oxidation state (8). The health effects of the acute ingestion of copper or copper
compounds by man and animals include gastrointestinal ulcerations and bleeding, acute hemoly-
sis and hemoglobinuria, hepatic necrosis, nephropathy, cardiotoxicity, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
Other effects include dizziness, headache, convulsions, lethargy, stupor, and coma, all of which are
central nervous system related effects.
Recent cases of accident and research-based studies of copper toxicity are reported in Table 1.2,
based on the effect experienced by the victims.
Copper bioavailability in water is always higher than in other environmental media particularly
in diets where it is a function of its solubility as well as the types of complexes in which it is present.
These complexes often inhibit copper absorption (12). Chronic toxicity in human often results in
liver and liver related diseases (Table 1.3), such as Wilson, hepatic, and renal diseases (13). Wilson
disease impacts cases of acute toxicity of copper leading to liver disease (14).
Information on the studies of toxicity of copper in animals is sparsely available and these cover
mainly physiological, biochemical, and pathological aspects of copper metabolism or chronic toxic-
ity of copper in comparison to the copper concentration standard in human diets. As such the level
of acute copper toxicity demonstrated in these animals cannot be adopted as standard for humans.
The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for copper is given as 1.3 mg/L (21,22); this con-
centration indicates gastro intestinal symptoms. The International Programme on Chemical Safety,
(IPCS) (23), stipulated 2–3 mg Cu per day as the upper limit of acceptable range of copper intake
and these values have received World Health Organization (WHO) acceptance (24) (Table 1.4).
TABLE 1.2
Health Effects of Chronic Toxicity of Copper in Humans and Animals
Health Effect Victims References
Acute hemolytic anemia Humans; sheep (13)
Cessation of menstruation and osteoarthritis Humans (14)
Neurological abnormalities Rats (15,16)
Prevention of embryogenesis Women (17,18)
Enhancement of endogenous
Oxidative reaction leading to DNA damage Humans (19,20)
TABLE 1.3
Acute Copper Toxicosis Resulting from Oral Exposure (Ingestion)
Copper Exposure
Exposure Cases Health Effect Measurement (mg/L) References
43 individuals in single point source contact in hotel Acute illness 4.0–70 (9)
5 drank water with over night build up of copper Abdominal symptoms >1.3 (10)
60 adult women of low socio-economics status Gastrointestinal effect ≥3
No symptoms >5 (11)
TABLE 1.4
Maximum Limits of Copper for Environmental Releases and Human Exposure
Medium Individual Concentration Body Responsible
Lakes and streams Aquatic organisms 1.0 ppm US EPA
Drinking water Humans 1.3 ppm US EPA
Workroom air Humans (workers) 0.2 mg/m3 (copper fume) OSHA
1.0 mg/m3 (copper dust) OSHA
Workplace air Workers 0.1 mg/m3 (copper fumes) NIOSH
1.0 mg/m3 (copper mist) NIOSH
Dietary (RDA) Adult 0.9 mg/day NAIM
Dietary (RDA) Lactating women 1.3 mg/day NAIM
Dietary (RDA) Children (0–3 years) 0.34 mg/day NAIM
Dietary (RDA) Children (4–8 years) 0.44 mg/day NAIM
Source: The facts on copper, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, http://www.dartmouth.edu/, 2015.
Note: US EPA—US Environmental Protection Agency; OSHA—Occupational Safety and Health
Administration; NIOSH—National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; and NAIM—
National Academics Institute of Medicine.
1.2.6 Interaction of Copper with Other Elements

Many divalent cations such as copper, cadmium, cobalt, lead, and zinc influence the synthesis of
metallothionein as a result of their binding properties. However, this competition often leads to the
physiological regulation of these elements in relation to the presence and concentration of the other
(25). The effects of interaction of copper with other elements are as shown in Table 1.5.
1.3 ZINC
1.3.1 Zinc and Its Compounds
Zinc, one of the most common elements in the Earth’s crust, is found in the air, soil, and water and
is present in all foods. Zinc in its pure elemental (or metallic) form is a bluish-white, shiny metal.
Zinc is commonly used in the industry to coat steel and iron as well as other metals to prevent rust
and corrosion; this process is called galvanization. Metallic zinc, when mixed with other metals
forms alloys such as brass and bronze. A zinc and copper alloy is used to make pennies in the United
States. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries (33).
Zinc can combine with other elements, such as chlorine, oxygen, and sulfur, to form zinc com-
pounds such as zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, and zinc sulfide. Most zinc ore found naturally
TABLE 1.5
Effect of Interaction of Copper with Other Essential Elements
Combination Effects References
Zinc and copper Induction of intestinal metallothionein synthesis leading to poor systemic (26)
absorption of copper
Reductions in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in women (27)
Molybdenum and copper Decrease in copper uptake leading to copper utilization and toxicity (28,14)
Ferrous iron and copper Decrease in copper absorption in intestine (12,29)
Stannous tin and copper Decrease in copper absorption in the intestine (12,30)
Selenium and copper No significant hepatic and histological alterations in rats subjected to study (31,32)
in the environment is present in the form of zinc sulfide. Zinc sulfide and zinc oxide are used to
make white paints, ceramics, and other products. Zinc enters the air, water, and soil as a result of
both natural processes and human activities. Zinc, in most cases enters the environment through
mining, purifying of zinc, lead, and cadmium ores, steel production, coal burning, and burning of
wastes. These activities can increase zinc levels in the environment. Waste streams from zinc and
other metal manufacturing and zinc chemical industries, domestic waste water, and run off from
soil containing zinc can discharge zinc into waterways. The level of zinc soil increases mainly from
disposal of zinc wastes from metal manufacturing industries and coal ash from electric utilities (33).
Zinc is present in the air mostly as fine dust particles, which eventually settles over land and water.
Zinc in lakes or rivers may settle on the bottom, dissolve in water, or remain as fine suspended
particles. Fish can ingest zinc in from the water and from their feeding habits. Depending on the
type of soil, some zinc from hazardous waste sites may percolate into the soil and thus cause con-
tamination of groundwater. Zinc may be ingested by animals through feeding or drinking of water
containing zinc.
1.3.2 Characteristics of Zinc

Zinc is not found in its free state in nature but can be processed from its ore. This bluish-white
element has melting and boiling points of 419.5°C and 908°C, respectively (34). It tends to form a
covalent bond with sulfide and oxides (35) and show amphoteric characteristics (36). On exposure
to air, it forms a coat of zinc oxide, which covers the underlying metal and gives it anti-corrosion
properties. In anaerobic condition, it may form zinc sulfide. Zinc influences membrane stability in
humans and plants and plays a role in the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids (37).
1.3.3 Production of Zinc
Zinc is essentially produced from its ore excavated from both underground and open pits through
an electrolytic process involving the leaching of zinc oxide, from calcined ore, with sulfuric acid,
leading to the formation of zinc sulfate solution. The solution is then subjected to electrolysis after
which zinc deposits are collected on cathode electrodes (38). About 90% of the zinc production
comes from zinc sulfide, ZnS (sphalerite) (35). In 2001, world production of zinc was 8,850,000
metric tons and the United States contributed about 799,000 metric tons (39).
1.3.4 Application of Zinc
Industrially, zinc is widely used as protective coating on metals such as iron and steel that are highly
susceptible to corrosion. It is also used in the production of zinc-based alloys involving other metals
such as aluminum, copper, titanium, and magnesium. In 2002, over 50% of the zinc produced in the
United States was used for galvanizing, while about 20% was used for zinc-based alloys, and the
remaining specifically went for the production of bronze and brass (40). Other applications of zinc
include production of campaigned zinc which is used in a wide range of industries as an essential
material for production (35,37,38).
1.3.5 Toxicity and Related Hazard

Zinc has been reported to play important roles in plants and humans, particularly in the metabolism
of proteins and nucleic acids (37). It, however, affects human and animals when taken in higher
concentration and for a prolonged time thus resulting in adverse health effects (33).
1.3.5.1 Route of Exposure

Principal human activities leading to the release of zinc and zinc compounds into the environment
are zinc mining, purification, and decomposition. Run off from ore, production, and waste sites
distribute zinc into water ways and over soil. Leaching of waste sites and other areas contaminated
with zinc eventually contaminate underground water. Fine dust particles from the production sites
are often bound to aerosols (41) and are later washed down by rain, snow, or wind onto land, water,
and vegetation. In water, zinc is present in suspended form, dissolved form or bound to suspended
matter (42). Human and animals are exposed to zinc and its compound through ingestion of food,
water, and soil. Use of zinc-plated and zinc-based products such as paints and batteries are other
sources of exposure in addition to occupation exposure which involves inhalation, food consump-
tion, and skin contact. Zinc accumulates in aquatic organisms which invariably form human diets
(33). Plant species, soil pH, and the composition of the soil greatly influence the accumulation of
zinc in plants (43).
1.3.5.2 Toxicity
The exposure of animals and humans to acute concentration of zinc and its compounds often results
in adverse health effects. The inhalation of a high concentration of zinc dust for a prolonged periods
of time results in flu like symptoms, fever, sweating, headache, and subsequent weakness (44). Oral
exposure to zinc often interferes with the essential body metabolism of copper and this may result in
hematological and gastrointestinal effects as well as decrease in cholesterol levels in the body. Zinc
is often absorbed in the small intestine and its uptake from a normal diet ranges from 26% to 33%
when taken with food (45,46). Zinc in animal blood does not undergo metabolism, but interacts with
protein or forms soluble chelating complexes. Recent cases of accident and research-based studies
of zinc toxicity are reported in Table 1.6.
Generally ingestion of zinc at a high concentration causes decrease in cholesterol levels and cop-
per metalloenzyme activity (51,52) and other health effects such as hematological gastrointestinal
and immunotoxicity (53) (Table 1.7).
Inhalation of zinc, in the form of zinc oxide fumes or zinc chloride from the smoke of bombs,
shows different adverse health effects including dryness and irritation of the throat, and other
effects, which manifest after hours when exposure persists for 1 or 2 days (35) (Table 1.8).
Zinc is essentially needed in human nutrition; the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is
given in Table 1.9.
1.3.6 Interaction of Zinc with Other Elements

Metabolism leading to toxicity is often activated or deactivated by the presence of other elements
in both plant and animal. For a particular element under study, many studies have shown the
interaction between zinc and other metals to be of significant reaction. Few of these studies are
summarized in Table 1.10.
TABLE 1.6
Zinc Toxicity Resulting from Oral Exposure
Zinc Exposure
Exposure Cases Health Effect (mg/day) References
21 men and 26 woman fed Abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting 2–15 (47,48)
with zinc for 6 weeks
31 men and 38 women fed Lower mean serum certainties, lower total serum 20–150 (49)
with zinc for 1 year protein, lower serum curare acid and higher mean
corpuscular hemoglobin (Hb)
9 men and 11 women fed Increase in plasma zinc concentration and decrease in 45 (50)
with zinc for 8 weeks DNA oxidation
TABLE 1.7
Health Effect of Chronic Toxicity of Zinc in Animals
Health Effects Species References
Decrease in erythrocytes and Hb levels; total and differential 13 males and 16 females and (62)
leukocyte levels. Percentage increase in reticulocytes and Wistar rats
polychromatophilic erythrocytes
Decrease in Hb level and serum capper. Increase in serum and tissue 7–8 male New Zealand white (63)
rabbits
Negative effect on retention of learned behavioral response A group of 9–12 male and female (64)
Swiss mice
Increase in lavage fluid parameters Hartley Guinea pigs and 344 (57)
Fischer rats
Distortion of chromosome structure of sperm 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats (65)
TABLE 1.8
Zinc Toxicity Resulting from Inhalation Exposure
Concentration
Exposure Case Health Effect of Zinc References
Shipyard workers who sprayed zinc onto steel Aches and pains, dyspnea, dry – (54)
surfaces cough, lethargy, and fever
Workers exposed to zinc oxide fumes Impaired lung function – (55,56)
4 adults exposed to zinc oxide fumes for 2 h Chills, muscle/joint pain, chest 5 mg/m3 (57)
tightness, dry throat, and headache
A group of 13 healthy nonsmoking individuals Fatigue, muscle ache, and cough 0–5 mg/m3 (58)
exposed to zinc oxide fumes for 2 h
20 Chinese workers exposed to zinc oxide over No significant health effect detected 0–36.3 mg/m3 (59)
a single 8 h workday or reported
13 soldiers exposed to zinc chloride smoke Decrease in lung diffusion capacity, Unknown (60)
during combat exercise plasma level of fibrinogen elevated
at 1–8 weeks postexposure
3 patients exposed to zinc chloride for 1–5 min Two died of edema, pulmonary Unknown (61)
sepsis, emphysematic changes, and
necrosis. The third revealed severe
restrictive pulmonary dysfunction
TABLE 1.9
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Requirement of Zinc at Various Life
Stages and Gender
RDA (mg/day)
Life Stage
Group Male Female
0–12 months ≤3 ≤3
1–3 years 3 3
4–8 years 5 5
9–13 years 8 8
14–18 years 11 9
19–50 years 11 8
Above 50 years 11 8
Pregnant women – 11
Lactating women – 12
Source: US EPA. Toxicological Review of Zinc and

Compound. Washington, DC: US Environmental
Protection Agency, 2005. EPA/635/R-05/002.
TABLE 1.10
Effects of Interaction of Zinc with Other Essential Elements
Combination Effect References
Copper and zinc Induction of intestinal metallothionein synthesis leading to poor systemic absorption (67)
of copper
Calcium and zinc No significant interference with absorption of zinc nor changes in hair or serum zinc (68,69)
Iron and zinc Significant lower percentage zinc absorption particularly in pregnant women (70)
Increased dietary iron intake result in diminished absorption of zinc (71)
Cadmium and zinc Likely decrease of toxicity and carcinogenicity of cadmium (72,73)
Inhibition of zinc absorption toxic at level of cadmium is possible (44,68)
Lead and zinc No significant evidence of possible interference of absorption of zinc by lead and (74,75)
vice versa
Cobalt and zinc Study animals (rats) demonstrated protection against the testicular toxicity of cobalt (76)
in the presence of zinc
1.4 SILVER
1.4.1 Silver and Its Compounds
Silver is a ductile and white metallic element represented by the symbol Ag and assigned with
atomic number 47 and atomic weight 247.8014 on the periodic table of the element. It is found in
the environment mostly as silver sulfide (AgS) or in combination with other metals (77). Its primary
source is the ore while other sources include new scrap generated in the manufacturing of silver-
containing products (Table 1.1). The anthropogenic sources of silver in the environment include
smelting operations, coal combustion, production and disposal of silver-based photographic and
TABLE 1.11
Maximum Concentration of Silver Distribution in the
United States
Destination Concentration Sites References
Air near smelter 36.5 ng/m 3 Idaho (78)
Seawater 8.9 μg/L Galveston (79)
Soil 31 mg/kg Idaho (78)
Liver of marine mammals 1.5 mg/kg – (80)
Mushrooms 110 mg/kg – (81)
electrical materials, and cloud seeding (78). The larger percentage of the lost silver is immobilized
in the form of minerals, metals, or alloys in the terrestrial ecosystem which serve as their destination
(Table 1.11). About half of the emitted silver into the environment is precipitated some kilometers
away from its point source (77).
1.4.2 Characteristics of Silver

Silver is a solid metal at room temperature but occurs naturally in several oxidation states, which
include Ag0, Ag+, Ag2+, and Ag3+ (77) and forms compounds with sulfide, bicarbonate, and sulfate
(77). Ag2+ and Ag3+ are more effective oxidizing agents than Ag0 and Ag+ but are relatively unstable
in an aqueous environment with a temperature close to 100°C. Silver exists as silver sulfhydrate
(AgSH) or as a polymer HS─Ag─S─Ag─SH at the lowest concentration in the aqueous phase.
However, at higher concentration, it exists as colloidal silver sulfide or polysulfide complexes (82).
Only two isotopes of silver, 107Ag and 109Ag are stable and exist naturally, the other 20 isotopes do
not exist naturally. Some compounds of silver, like silver oxalate (AgC2O4), silver acetylide (Ag2C2)
and silver azide (Ag N3) are potential explosives.
1.4.3 Production of Silver
The current world estimate of mine production of silver is given as 15.5 million kg (83) and their
distribution is given in Table 1.12.
TABLE 1.12
World Major Mine Producers of Silver
Country Percentage Production (%)
Mexico 17
USA 14
Peru 12
USSR (former) 10
Canada 9
Others 38
Source: Eisler R. Silver Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A

Synoptic Review. Washington, DC: US Department of the
Interior, National Biological Service, 44pp. (Biological Report
32 and Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 32), 1997.
The open pit or underground mining methods are the predominantly used methods for the min-
ing of silver. The excavated ore is upgraded through floatation, smelting, and a series of other pro-
cesses; the pure silver is extracted using an electrolytic process (electrolysis) (77).
1.4.4 Application of Silver
The use of silver has been dated back to the historical period of man’s civilization where it was used
in ornamental materials, utensils, coinage, and even as basis of wealth. It has, however, been used
in recent times as raw material for the production of a variety of other products. The industrial use
of silver in the United States is summarized in Table 1.13.
Silver is also used in the water purification process because of its bacteriostatic property; it has
equally been employed in food and drugs processing (77). Silver is used medically for the treatment
of burns and as an antibacterial agent. It is also used as catalyst in the industrial production of some
chemicals such as formaldehyde and ethylene oxide.
1.4.5 Toxicity and Related Hazards

Silver has been reportedly used in food and for medical purposes by man (77); however, its release
and eventual contact with both plants and animals in the environment in toxic concentrations results
with adverse health consequences.
1.4.5.1 Route of Exposures

Silver from anthropogenic sources is often transported over a long range and reaches the soil through
wet and dry deposition and eventual sorption to soils and sediments. Silver reaches underground
water through leaching which is influenced mostly by the decreasing pH of the soil (77). The pres-
ence of silver in marine environments is also influenced by salinity, as a result of its strong affinity
for chloride ions (84). The presence of silver in some aquatic organisms varies considerably with
the ability of such organisms to bioaccumulate silver (85). Animals and humans can be exposed to
varying concentrations of silver as a result of occupation, skin contact, ingestion, and inhalation.
Skin contact and inhalation are generally occupational exposure; however, further contact occurs
through the use of ornaments and other domestic products made of silver, and the use of silver uten-
sils leads to ingestion (77).
1.4.5.2 Toxicity of Silver

Exposure to a high concentration of silver through different routes resulted in adverse health effects
in people. Inhalation of dust containing a high concentration of silver compound, like AgNO3 or
TABLE 1.13
Use of 50% of Refined Silver Produced in the United States (1990)
Product Percentage Used
Photographic and x-ray 50
Electrical and electronic 25
Electroplated ware, sterling ware, and jewelry 10
Brazed alloys 5
Others use (products) 10
Source: ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Silver. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health
and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (TP-90-24), 1990.
TABLE 1.14
Acute Silver Toxicosis Resulting from Exposure
Exposure Cases Health Effect Exposure Level
112 workers exposure to work place Rise in blood silver 0.6 μg silver/100 mL blood 0.039–0.378 mg silver/m3
silver nitrate and silver oxide
Workers at photographic facility Presence of silver in blood, urine, and fecal samples 0.001–0.1 mg/m3
Source: ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Silver. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (TP-90-24), 1990.
TABLE 1.15
Effect of Toxicity of Silver on Terrestrial Plants
Plant Species Effect Exposure Level References
Lettuce Adverse effect on germination 0.7 mg silver/L (88)
Rye grass Adverse effect on germination 7.5 mg silver/L (88)
Seeds of corn, oat, turnip, soybean, No adverse effect on germination 106 mg silver/kg dry soil (89,90)
spinach in silver rich soil
Seed of Chinese cabbage and lettuce Adverse effect on germination 106 mg silver/kg dry soil (89,90)
AgO, may cause trachea-related problems like lung and throat irritation as well as stomach pain.
Skin contact with silver demonstrates rashes, swelling, and inflammation (77). Silver demonstrates
high level of toxicity to aquatic plants and animals particularly in its ionic state (86,87). Recent
cases of accident and research-based studies of silver toxicity are reported in Table 1.14.
Generally, the accumulation of silver is higher in aquatic media than in soils and thus, aquatic
animals are expected to be more affected by the toxicity of silver than terrestrial animals (87,88).
Most aquatic organisms demonstrate a high accumulation of silver at nominal concentration of
0.5–4.5 μg/L and corresponding health effects include stunted growth, muting, and histopathol-
ogy (78). Studies have shown that silver accumulations in aquatic organisms such as marine algae
are due mainly to adsorption rather than uptake (88). Accumulation of silver by terrestrial plants is
relatively slow and only affects the plant growth but higher concentration may eventually lead to the
plant’s death. Tables 1.15 through 1.17 report cases of toxicity of silver in terrestrial plants.
1.4.6 Interactions of Silver with Other Elements

Interaction of silver and other metals usually influences absorption, distribution, and excretion of one
or more of the metals (77). Though silver demonstrates good dissociation in water media, its interac-
tion with other elements is sparsely documented in the literature. However, studies show interaction
between silver and selenium increases deposition of insoluble silver salt in body tissue (77).
1.5 MOLYBDENUM
1.5.1 Molybdenum and Its Compound
Molybdenum is a transition metallic element existing in five oxidation states (II–VI). It has a silvery
white color in its pure metal form and is more ductile than tungsten (101). It has a melting point of
2623°C (102) but boils at a temperature above 600°C (103). Molybdenum largely exists in associa-
tion with other elements and molybdate anion (MoO42−) is its predominant form found in soil and
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“It must be because Di has such a vivid imagination,” continued her
sister musingly. “She sees what he might have been, what he probably was
meant to be——”
“And what he would still be,” put in Jellaby, “if only he would allow his
nice wife to influence him a little.”
“But John,” thought I, “in that is right. Let us be fair and admit his good
sides. A wife should never, under any circumstances, be allowed allowed
——”
Then, suddenly struck by the point of view, by the feminine idea
(Socialists have the minds of women) of a man’s being restored to what he
was primarily intended to be when he issued newly-made (as poets and
parsons would say) from the hands of his Maker through the manipulations
of Mrs. Menzies-Legh, my sense of humour played me a nasty trick (for I
would have liked to have heard more) and I found myself bursting into a
loud chuckle.
“What’s that?” exclaimed Jellaby, jumping up.
He soon saw what it was, for I immediately put my head round the edge
of the pillar.
They both stared at me in a strange alarm.
“Pray do not suppose,” I said, smiling reassuringly, “that I am a ghost.”
They stared without a word.
“You look as though I might be.”
They went on staring.
“I could not help, as I sat here, hearing what you were saying.”
They stared as speechless as though they had been caught killing
somebody.
“I really am not a spirit,” said I, getting up. “Look—do I look like one?”
And striking a match I playfully passed it backward and forward across
my features.
But its light at the same time showed me a flush of the most attractive
and vivid crimson on Frau von Eckthum’s face, colouring it from her hair to
her throat. She looked so beautiful like that, she who was ordinarily white,
that immediately lighting another I gazed at her in undisguised admiration.
“Pardon me,” I said, holding it very near her while her eyes, fixed on
mine, still seemed full of superstitious terror, “pardon me, but I must as a
man and a judge look at you.”
Jellaby, however, unforgivably ill-bred as ever, knocked the match out of
my hand and stamped on it. “Look here, Baron,” he said with unusual heat,
“I am very sorry—as sorry as you like, but you really mustn’t hold matches
in front of somebody’s face.”
“Why sorry, Jellaby?” I inquired mildly, for I was not going to have a
scene. “I do not mind about the match. I have more.”
“Sorry, of course, that you should have heard——”
“Every word, Jellaby,” said I.
“I tell you I’m frightfully sorry—I can’t tell you how sorry——”
“You may be assured,” said I, “that I will be discreet.”
He stared, with a face of stupid surprise.
“Discreet?” said he.
“Discreet, Jellaby. And it may be a relief to you to know,” I continued,
“that I heartily endorse your opinion.”
Jellaby’s mouth dropped open.
“Every word of it.”
Jellaby’s mouth remained open.
“Even the word bounder, which I did not understand but which, I
gathered from your previous remarks, is a very suitable expression.”
Jellaby’s mouth remained open.
I waited a moment, then seeing that it would not shut and that I had
really apparently shattered their nerves beyond readjustment by so suddenly
popping round on them in that ghostly place, I thought it best to change the
subject, promising myself to return to it another time.
So I picked up my hat and stick from the chair I had vacated—Jellaby
peered round the pillar at this piece of furniture with his unshut mouth still
denoting unaccountable shock—bowed, and offered my arm to Frau von
Eckthum.
“It is late,” said I with tender courtliness, “and I observe an official
approaching us with keys. If we do not return to the camp we shall have
your sister setting out, probably on angelic wings”—she started—“in search
of you. Let me, dear lady, conduct you back to her. Nay, nay, you need have
no fears—I really can keep a secret.”
With her eyes fixed on mine, and that strange look of perfect fright in
them, she got up slowly and put her hand on my proffered arm.
I led her away with careful tenderness.
Jellaby, I believe, followed in the distance.
CHAPTER XX
L IFE is a strange thing, and full of surprises. The day before, you think
you know what will happen on the morrow, and on the morrow you find
you did not. Light as you may the candle of your common sense, and
peer as you may by its shining into the future, if you see anything at all it
turns out to have been, after all, something else. We are surrounded by
tricks, by illusions, by fluidities. Even when the natural world behaves
pretty much as experience has led us to expect, the unnatural world, by
which I mean (and I say it is a fair description) human beings, does nothing
of the sort. My ripe conclusion, carefully weighed and unattackably mellow,
is that all one’s study, all one’s thought, all one’s experience, all one’s
philosophy, lead to this: that you cannot account for anything. Do you, my
friends, interrupt me here with a query? My answer to it is: Wait.
The morning after the occurrences just described I overslept myself, and
on emerging about ten o’clock in search of what I hoped would still be
breakfast I found the table tidily set out, the stove alight, and keeping coffee
warm, ham in slices on a dish, three eggs waiting to be transferred to an
expectant saucepan, and not a single caravaner in sight except Menzies-
Legh.
Him, of course, I now pitied. For to have a treacherous friend, and a
sister-in law of whom you are fond but who in her heart cannot endure you,
to be under the delusion that the one is sincere and the other loving, is to
become a fit object for pity; and since no one can at the same time both pity
and hate, I was not nearly so much annoyed as I otherwise would have been
at finding my glum-faced friend was to keep me company. Annoyed, did I
say? Why, I was not annoyed at all. For though I might pity I was also
secretly amused, and further, the feeling that I now had a little private
understanding with Frau von Eckthum exhilarated me into more than my
usual share of good humour.
He was sitting smoking; and when I appeared, fresh, and rested, and
cheery, round the corner of the Elsa, he not only immediately said good
morning, but added an inquiry as to whether I did not think it a beautiful
day; then he got up, went across to the stove, put the eggs in the saucepan,
and fetched the coffee-pot.
This was very surprising. I tell you, my friends, the moods of persons
who caravan are as many and as incalculable as the grains of sand on the
seashore. If you doubt it, go and do it. But you cannot reasonably doubt it
after listening to the narrative. Have I not told you in the course of it how
the party’s spirits were up in the skies one hour, and down on the ground the
next; how their gaiety some days at breakfast was childish in its folly, and
their silence on others depressing; how they quoted poetry and played at
Blind Man’s Buff in the morning, and in the afternoon dragged their feet
without speaking through the mud; how they talked far too much
sometimes, and then, when I wished to, would not talk at all; how they were
suddenly polite and attentive, and then as suddenly forgot I could possibly
want anything; how the wet did not damp their hilarity one day, and no
amount of sunshine coax it forth the next? But of all their moods this of
Menzies-Legh’s in the field above Canterbury was the one that surprised me
most.
You see, he was naturally so very glum. True at the beginning there had
been gleams of light but they soon became extinguished. True, also, at
Frogs’ Hole Farm, when demonstrating truths by means of tea in glasses, he
had been for a short while pleasant—only, however, to plunge immediately
and all the deeper into gloom and ill-temper. Gloom and ill-temper was his
normal state; and to see him attending to my wants, doing it with
unmistakable assiduity, actively courteous, was astonishing. I was
astonished. But my breeding enabled me to behave as though it were the
most ordinary thing in the world, and I accepted sugar from him and
allowed him to cut my bread with the blank expression on my face of him
who sees nothing unusual or interesting anywhere, which is, I take it, the
expression of the perfect gentleman. When at length my plate was
surrounded by specimens of all the comforts available, and I had begun to
eat, he sat down again, and leaning his elbow on the table and fixing his
eyes on the city already sweltering in heat and vapour below, resumed his
pipe.
A train puffed out of the station along the line at the bottom of our field,
jerking up slow masses of white steam into the hot, motionless air.
“There goes Jellaby’s train,” said Menzies-Legh.
“Jellaby’s what?” said I, cracking an egg.
“Train,” said he.
“Why, what has he got to do with trains?” I asked, supposing with the
vagueness of want of interest, that Jellaby, as well as being a Socialist, was
a railway director and kept a particular train as another person would keep a
pet.
“He’s in it,” said Menzies-Legh.
I looked up from my egg at Menzies-Legh’s profile.
“What?” said I.
“In it,” said he. “Obliged to go.”
“What—Jellaby gone? First Lord Sidge, and now Jellaby?”
Naturally I was surprised, for I had heard and noticed nothing of this.
Also the way one after the other left without saying good-bye seemed to me
inconsiderate—at least that: probably more.
“Yes,” said Menzies-Legh. “We are—we are very sorry.”
I could not, however, honestly join in any sorrow over Jellaby, so merely
remarked that the party was shrinking.
“Yes,” said Menzies-Legh, “that’s rather our feeling too.”
“But why has Jellaby——?”
“Oh, well, you know, public man. Parliament. And all that.”
“Does your Parliament reassemble so shortly?”
“Oh, well, soon enough. You have to prepare, you know. Collect your
wits, and that sort of thing.”
“Ah, yes. Jellaby should not leave that to the last minute. But he might,”
I added with a slight frown, “have taken leave of me according to the
customs of good society. Manners are manners, after all is said and done.”
“He was in a great hurry,” said Menzies-Legh.
There was a silence, during which Menzies-Legh smoked and I
breakfasted. Once or twice he cleared his throat as though about to say
something, but when I looked up prepared to listen he continued his pipe
and his staring at the city in the sun below.
“Where are the ladies?” I inquired, when the first edge of my appetite
had been blunted and I had leisure to look about me.
Menzies-Legh shifted his legs, which had been crossed.
“They went to the station with Jellaby to see the last of him,” said he.
“Indeed. All of them?”
“I believe so.”
Jellaby then, though he could not have the courtesy to say good-bye to
me, could take a prolonged farewell of my wife and of the other members
of our party.
“He is not what we in our country would call a gentleman,” I said, after a
silence during which I finished the third egg and regretted there were no
more.
“Who is not?” asked Menzies-Legh.
“Jellaby. No doubt the term bounder would apply to him quite as well as
to other people.”
Menzies-Legh turned his sallow visage to me. “He’s a great friend of
mine,” he said, the familiar scowl weighing down his eyebrows.
I could not help smiling and shaking my head at that, all I had heard the
night before so very fresh in my memory.
“Ah, my dear sir,” I said, “be careful how you trust your great friends.
Do not give way too lavishly to confidence. Belief in them is all very well,
but it should not go beyond the limits of reason.”
“He’s a great friend of mine,” repeated Menzies-Legh, raising his voice.
“I wish then,” said I, “you would tell me what a bounder is.”
He glowered at me a moment from beneath black brows. Then he said
more quietly:
“I’m not a slang dictionary. Suppose we talk seriously.”
“Certainly,” said I, reaching out for the jam.
He cleared his throat. “I got a lot of letters and telegrams last night,” he
said.
“How did you manage that?” I asked.
“They were waiting for me at the post-office here. I had telegraphed for
them to be forwarded. And I’m afraid—I’m sorry, but it’s inevitable—we
shall have to be off.”
“Off what?” said I, for a few of the more intimate English idioms still
remained for me to master.
“Off,” said he. “Go. Leave this.”
“Oh,” said I. “Well, we are used to that. This tour, my dear sir, is surely
the very essence of what you call being off. Where do we go next? I trust to
a place with trees in it.”
“You don’t understand, Baron. We don’t go anywhere next as far as the
caravans are concerned. My wife and I are obliged to go home.”
I was, of course, surprised. “We are, indeed,” said I, after a moment,
“shrinking rapidly.”
Then the thought of being rid of Mrs. Menzies-Legh and her John and
Jellaby at, so to speak, one swoop, and continuing the tour purged of these
baser elements with the tender lady entirely in our charge, made me unable
to repress a smile of satisfaction.
Menzies-Legh looked in his turn surprised. “I am glad,” he said, “that
you don’t mind.”
“My dear sir,” I said courteously, “of course I mind, and we shall miss
you and your—er—er—” it was difficult on the spur of the moment to find
an adjective, but Frau von Eckthum’s praises of her sister the night before
coming into my mind I popped in the word suggested suggested—“angelic
wife——”
He stared—ungratefully I thought, considering the effort it had been.
“But,” I continued, “you may be very sure we shall take every care of
your sister-in-law, and return her safe and well into your hands on
September the first, which is the date my contract with the owner of the
Elsa expires.”
“I’m afraid,” said he, “I wasn’t clear. We all go. Betti included, and
Jumps and Jane too. I’m very sorry,” he interrupted, as I opened my mouth,
“very sorry indeed that things should have turned out so unexpectedly, but it
is absolutely impossible for us to go on. Out of the question.”
And he set his jaws, and shut his mouth into a mere line of opposition
and finality.
Well, my friends, what do you say to that? What do you think of this
example of the surprises life has in store for one? And, incidentally, what do
you think of human nature? Especially of human nature when it caravans?
And still more especially of human nature that is also English? Not without
reason do our neighbours label the accursèd island perfide Albion. It is true
I am not clear about the Albion, but I am very clear about the perfide.
“Do you mean to tell me,” I said, leaning toward him across the table
and forcing him to meet my gaze, “that your sister-in-law wishes to go with
you?”
“She does,” said he.
“Then, sir——” I began, amazement and indignation struggling together
within me.
“I tell you, Baron,” he interrupted, “we are very sorry things have turned
out like this. My wife is most genuinely distressed. But she too sees the
impossibility—unforeseen complications demand we should go home.”
“Sir——” I again began.
“My dear Baron,” he again interrupted, “it needn’t in the least interfere
with you. Old James will stay with you if you and the Baroness would like
to go on.”
“Sir, I have paid for a month, and have only had a week.”
“Well, go on and finish your month. Nobody is preventing you.”
“But I was persuaded to join the tour on the understanding that it was a
party—that we were all to be together—four weeks together——”
“My dear fellow,” said he (never had I been addressed as that before),
“you talk as if it were a business arrangement, a buying and selling, as if we
were bound by a contract, under agreement——”
“Your sister-in-law inveigled me into it,” I exclaimed, emphasizing what
I said by regular beats on the table with my forefinger, “on the definite
understanding that it was to be a party and she—was—to be—a—member
of it.”
“Pooh, my dear Baron—Betti’s definite understandings. She’s in love,
and when a woman’s that it’s no earthly use——”
“What?” said I, startled for a moment out of all self-possession.
“Well?” he said, looking at me in surprise. “Why not? She’s young. Or
do you consider it improper for widows——”
“Improper? Natural, sir—natural. How long——?”
“Oh, before the tour even started. And propinquity, seeing each other
every day—well,” he finished suddenly, “one mustn’t talk about it, you
know.”
But you, my friends, what do you say to that? What do you think of this
second example of the surprises life has in store for us? I have been in two
minds as to whether I would tell you this one at all, but to a law-abiding
man, calm and objective as I know myself to be and as you by now must
know me too, such an incident though pleasurable could not in any way
affect or alter my conduct. Strictly Menzies-Legh was to be censured for
mentioning it; however that, I suppose, was what Jellaby called the bounder
coming out in him, and I perceived that whatever they exactly may be
bounders have their uses. I repeat, I make no attempt to deny that it was a
pleasurable incident, and although I am aware Storchwerder never liked her
(chiefly, I firmly believe, because she would not ask it to her dinners) I am
convinced that not one of you, my friends, and I say it straight in your
faces, but would have been glad to stand at that moment in my shoes. I did
not forget I was a husband, but you can be a husband and yet remain a man.
I think I behaved very creditably. Only for an instant was there the least
little lapse from complete self-possession. Immediately I became and
remained perfectly calm. Edelgard; duty; my position in life; my beliefs; I
remembered them all. It also occurred to me (but I could not well tell
Menzies-Legh) that having regard to the behaviour throughout the tour of
his wife it was evident these things ran in families. I could not tell him, but
I felt myself inwardly in every way tickled. All I could do, indeed all I did
do, was to say “Strange, strange world,” and get up from my chair because I
found myself unable to continue sitting in it.
“But what do you propose to do?” Menzies-Legh asked, after he had
watched me taking a hasty turn or two up and down in the sun.
“Behave,” said I, stopping in front of him, “as an officer and a
gentleman.”
He stared. Then he got up and said with a touch of impatience—a most
unreliable person as regards temper: “Yes, yes—no doubt. But what shall I
tell old James about your caravan? Are you going on or not? If not, he’ll
pilot it home for you. I’m afraid I must know soon. I haven’t much time. I
must get away to-day.”
“What? To-day?”
“I must. I’m very sorry. Obliged to, you know——”
“And the Ailsa?”
“Oh, that’s all arranged. I telegraphed last night for one of the grooms.
He’ll be down in an hour or two and take charge of it back to Panthers.”
“And the Ilsa?”
“He’ll take that too.”
“No, my dear sir,” said I firmly. “You leave the Ilsa in our charge—it and
its contents.”
“Eh?” said he.
“It and its contents—human and otherwise.”
“Nonsense, Baron. What on earth would you do with Jane and Jumps?
They’re going up to town with me by train. And my wife and Betti—oh,
yes, by the way, my wife gave me instructions to tell you how very sorry
she was not to be able to say good-bye to you. I assure you she was really
greatly distressed, but she and Betti are motoring up to London and felt they
ought to start as early as possible——”
“But—motoring? You said they had gone to the sta——”
“So they did. They saw Jellaby off, and then were picked up by a motor I
ordered for them last night in the town, and went straight from there——”
I heard no more. He went on speaking, but I heard no more. The series
of surprises had done their work, and I could attend to nothing further. I
believe he continued to express regret and offer advice, but what he said fell
on my ear with the indifferent trickling of water when one is not thirsty. At
first anger, keen resentment, and disappointment surged within me, for why,
I asked myself, did she not say good-bye? I walked up and down on the hot
stubble, my hands deep in my pockets and myself deep in conflicting
emotions, while Menzies-Legh supposing I was listening regretted and
advised, asking myself why she did not say good-bye. Then, gradually, I
could not but see that here was tact, here was delicacy, the right feeling of
the truly feminine woman, and began to admire her all the more because
she had not said it. By degrees composure stole upon me. Reason returned
to my assistance. I could think, arrange, decide. And before Edelgard came
back with the two children, mere heated débris of that which had lately
been so complete, what I had decided with the clear-headed rapidity of the
practical and sensible man was to give up the Elsa, lose my money, and go
home. Home after all is the best place when life begins to wobble; and
home in this case was very near the Eckthum property—I only had to
borrow a vehicle, or even in extremity take a droschke, and there I was.
There too the delightful lady must sooner or later be, and I would at least
see her from time to time, whereas in England among her English relations
she was entirely and hopelessly cut off.
Thus it was, my friends, that I did not see Frau von Eckthum again. Thus
it was our caravaning came to an untimely end.
You can figure to yourselves what kind of reflections a man inclined to
philosophize would reflect as the reduced party hastily packed, in the heat
and glare of the summer morning, that which they had unpacked a week
previously amid howling winds and hail showers in the yard at Panthers.
Nature then had frowned, but vainly, on our merriment. Nature now was
smiling, equally vainly on our fragments. One brief week; and what had
happened? Rather, I should say, what had not happened?
On the stubble I walked up and down lost in reflection, while Edelgard,
helped (officiously I thought, but I did not care enough to mind) by
Menzies-Legh, stuffed our belongings into bags. She had asked no
questions. If she had I would not have answered them, being little in the
mood as you can imagine to put up with wives. I just told her, on her return
from seeing Jellaby off, of my decision to cross by that night’s boat, and
bade her get our things together. She said nothing, but at once began to
pack. She did not even inquire why we were not going to look at London
first, as we had originally planned. London? Who cared for London? My
mood was not one in which a man bothers about London. With reference to
that city it can best be described by the single monosyllable Tcha.
I will not linger over the packing, or relate how when it was finished
Edelgard indulged in a prolonged farewell (with embraces, if you please) of
the two uninteresting fledglings, in a fervent shaking of both Menzies-
Legh’s hands combined with an invitation—I heard it—to stay with us in
Storchwerder, and the pressing upon old James in a remote corner of
something that looked suspiciously like a portion of her dress-allowance; or
how she then set out by my side for the station steeped in that which we call
Abschiedsstimmung, old James preceding us with our luggage while the
others took care for the last time of the camp; or with what abandonment of
apparent affectionate regret she hung herself out of the train window as we
presently passed along the bottom of the field and waved her handkerchief.
Such rankness of sentiment could only make me shrug my shoulders, filled
as I was by my own absorbing thoughts.
I did glance up, though, and there on the stubble, surrounded by every
sort of litter, stood the three familiar brown vehicles blistering in the sun,
with Menzies-Legh and the fledglings knee-deep in straw and saucepans
and bags and other forlorn discomforts, watching us depart.
Strange how alien the whole thing seemed, how little connection it
seemed to have with me now that the sparkling bubbles (if I may refer to
Frau von Eckthum as bubbles) had disappeared and only the dregs were
left. I could not help feeling glad, as I raised my hat in courteous
acknowledgment of the frantic wavings of the fledglings, that I was finally
out of all the mess.
Menzies-Legh gravely returned my salute; our train rounded a curve;
and camp and caravaners disappeared at once and forever into the
unrecallable past.
CHAPTER XXI
T HUS our caravaning came to an end.

I could hardly believe it when I thought how at that hour of the day
before I was lying beneath the hop-poles of Frogs’ Hole Farm with the
greater part, as I supposed, of the tour before me; I could hardly believe that
here we were again, Edelgard and I, tête-à-tête in a railway carriage and
with a future of, if I may coin a word, tête-à-têteness stretching
uninterruptedly ahead as far as imagination could be induced to look. And
not only just ordinary tête-à-têteness, but with the complication of one of
the têtes, so to speak, being rankly rebellious and unwifely. How long
would it take, I wondered, glancing at her as she sat in the corner opposite
me, to bring her back to the reason in which she used before we came to
England to take delight?
I glanced at her, and I found she was looking at me; and immediately on
catching my eye she leaned forward and said:
“Otto, what was it you did?”
They were the first words she had spoken to me that day, and very
naturally failing to see any point in them I requested her not to be subtle,
which is courteous for senseless.
“Why,” said she, not heeding this warning, “did the party break up?
What was it you did?”
Were there ever such questions? But I recollected she could not dream
how things really were, and therefore was not as much put out as I would
otherwise have been at the characteristically wifely fashion of at once when
anything seemed to be going wrong attributing it to her husband.
I therefore good-humouredly applied the Aunt Bockhügel remedy to her,
and was willing to leave it at that if she had let me. She, however, preferred
to quarrel. Without the least attempt to change the Bockhügel face she said,
“My dear Otto—poor Aunt Bockhügel. Won’t we leave her in peace? But
tell me what it was you did.”
Then I became vexed, for really the assumption of superiority, of the
right to criticize and blame, went further than a reasonable man can permit.
What I said as we journeyed up to London I will not here repeat; it has been
said before and will be said often enough again so long as husbands have to
have wives: but how about the responsibility resting on the wives? I
remembered the cheerful mood I had been in on getting up, and felt no
small degree of resentment at the manner in which my wife was trying to
wipe it out. Give me a chance, and I am the kindest of men; take away my
chance, and what can I do?
And so, my friends, as it were with a wrangle ended our sojourn on
British soil. I lay down my pen, and become lost in many reflections as I
think of all these things. Long ago have we settled down again to our
ordinary Storchwerder life, with an Emilie instead of a Clothilde in the
kitchen. Long ago we paid our calls announcing to our large circle that we
were back. We have taken up the threads of duty, we have resumed
regulated existence; and gradually as the weeks melt into months and the
influence of Storchwerder presses more heavily upon her, I have observed
that my wife shows an increasing tendency once more to find her level. I
need not have worried; I need not have wondered how I could bring her to
reason. Storchwerder is doing it. Its atmosphere and associations are very
potent. They are being, I am thankful to say, too strong for Edelgard. After
a few preliminary convulsions she began to cook my meals and look after
my welfare as dutifully as before, and other effects no doubt will follow. At
present she is more silent than before the tour, and does not laugh as readily
as she used when I chance to be in a jesting mood; also at times a British
microbe that has escaped the vigilance of those beneficent little creatures
Science tells us are in our blood on the alert to devour intrusive foreigners
crops up and causes her to comment on my sayings and doings rather à la
Mrs. Menzies-Legh, but I frown her down or apply the Aunt Bockhügel,
and in another few months I trust all will be exactly as it used to be. I
myself am exactly as I used to be—a plain, outspoken, patriotic, Christian
gentleman, going steadily along the path of duty, neither looking to the right
nor to the left (if I did I should not see Frau von Eckthum for she is still in
England), and using my humble abilities to do what I can for the glory of
my country and my Emperor.
And now having finished the narrative there is nothing more to do but to
buy a red pencil and put marks on it. Many, I fear, will be those marks.
Unfortunate is the fact that you cannot be sincere without at the same time
being indiscreet. But I trust that what remains will be treated by my hearers
with the indulgence due to a man who has only been desirous of telling the
whole truth, or in other words (and which amount, I take it, to precisely the
same thing) of concealing nothing.
POST SCRIPTUM
A TERRIBLE thing has happened.

Finished a week ago and the invitations to come and listen already
in the post, with the flat being cleaned in preparation and beer and
sandwiches almost, as it were, on the threshold, I have been obliged to take
my manuscript once more out of the locked drawer which conceals it from
Edelgard’s eyes in order to record a most lamentable occurrence.
My wife received a letter this morning from Mrs. Menzies-Legh
informing her that Frau von Eckthum is about to be married to Jellaby.
No words can express the shock this has given me. No words can
express my horror at such a union. Left to herself, helpless in the clutches
of her English relatives, the gentle creature’s very virtues—her pliability,
her tender womanliness—have become the means of bringing about the
catastrophe. She was influenced, persuaded, a prey. It is six months since
she was handed over entirely to the Menzies-Leghs, six months of no doubt
steady resistance, ending probably in her health breaking down and in her
giving in. It hardly bears thinking of. A Briton. A Socialist. A man in
flannel. No family. No money. And the most terrible opinions. My shock
and horror are so great, so profound, that I have cancelled the invitations
and will lock this up perhaps forever, certainly for some weeks; for how
could I possibly read aloud the story of our harmonious and delightful
intercourse with the tragic sequel public knowledge?
And my wife, when she read the letter at breakfast, clapped her hands
and cried, “Isn’t it splendid—oh, Otto, aren’t you glad?”
THE END
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

It it had not been=> If it had not been {pg 7}
though her concience=> though her conscience {pg 133}
the Menzies-Leigh couple=> the Menzies-Legh couple {pg
176}
all enioying themselves=> all enjoying themselves {pg 198}
Mrs. Menzies-Leigh=> Mrs. Menzies-Legh {pg 213}
devasting microbe=> devastating microbe {pg 340}
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE
CARAVANERS ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

Textbook Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management 1St Edition Chen Ebook All Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Textbook Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management 1St Edition Chen Ebook All Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Handbook of Advanced Industrial and

Hazardous Wastes Management 1st

Biohydrometallurgical Recycling of Metals from

Hazardous waste management an introduction Vanguilder

Handbook of Antenna Technologies 1st Edition Zhi Ning

Sustainable Technologies for the Management of

Lactic Acid Bacteria Bioengineering and Industrial

Bioremediation Technology: Hazardous Waste Management

High Integrity Systems and Safety Management in

Management of complex cardiovascular problems 4th

Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment

Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment

Handbook of Advanced Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Management

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-1341-9 (Hardback)

Chapter 2 Nano-Bioremediation: Applications of Nanotechnology for Bioremediation............. 27

Chapter 5 Removal of Heavy Metals by Low-Cost Adsorption Materials................................ 127

Chapter 6 Sulfide Precipitation for Treatment of Metal Wastes................................................ 185

Chapter 7 Stabilization of Cadmium in Waste Incineration Residues by Aluminum/Iron-

Chapter 8 Arsenic in the Environment: Source, Characteristics, and Technologies for

Chapter 9 Simultaneous Removal of Chromium and Arsenate: A Case Study Using

Chapter 10 E-Waste Recycling: Environmental and Health Impacts.......................................... 339

Chapter 12 Adsorptive Removal of Arsenic from Water Sources Using Novel

Chapter 13 Treatment of Photographic Processing Waste........................................................... 439

Chapter 14 Toxicity, Source, and Control of Barium in the Environment.................................. 463

Chapter 17 Biological Treatment of Poultry Processing Wastewater.......................................... 539

Chapter 18 Treatment of Wastewater, Storm Runoff, and Combined Sewer Overflow by

Chapter 19 Waste Treatment and Management in Chlor-Alkali Industries................................ 611

Chapter 20 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) for Wastewater Treatment....................................... 657

Chapter 21 Restaurant Waste Treatment and Management......................................................... 695

Chapter 22 Treatment of Textile Industry Waste......................................................................... 719

Chapter 23 BOD Determination, Cleaning Solution Preparation, and Waste Disposal in

Chapter 24 Principles, Procedures, and Heavy Metal Management of Dichromate Reflux

Chapter 25 Environment-Friendly Activated Carbon Processes for Water and Wastewater

Chapter 29 Heavy Metal Removal with Exopolysaccharide-Producing Cyanobacteria............. 931

Chapter 30 Environmental Geochemistry of High-Arsenic Aquifer Systems............................ 965

Chapter 31 Nanotechnology Application in Metal Ion Adsorption.............................................997

Chapter 32 Biosorption of Metals onto Granular Sludge.......................................................... 1043

Chapter 33 Treatment of Metal-Bearing Effluents: Removal and Recovery............................. 1067

Chapter 34 Control, Management, and Treatment of Metal Emissions from Motor

Chapter 35 Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluents by Chemical Precipitation

Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and Mu-Hao Sung Wang

Mu-Hao Sung Wang

Jiaping Paul Chen

A. Olanrewaju Alade Yamin Deng

Irvan Dahlan P. Gopinath

Xiaohong Guan Wenxin Jiang

Joseph F. Hawumba Pei-Sin Keng

Qing Liu Puganeshwary Palaniandy

Yue Ma Nazih K. Shammas

Takeshi Matsuura Krofta Engineering Corporation

Ghinwa M. Naja Bohumil Volesky

Mu-Hao Sung Wang Wei-chi Ying

1.2.2 Characteristics of Copper

1.2.3 Industrial Production of Copper

1.2.4 Industrial Applications of Copper

Source: US EPA. Environmental Technology Verification Report Environmental

1.2.5 Toxicity and Related Hazards

1.2.5.1 Route of Exposure

1.2.5.2 Toxicity of Copper

1.2.6 Interaction of Copper with Other Elements