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I M AG E S OF H I S TOR Y
I M AG E S OF H I STORY
Richard Eldridge
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
To my teachers, and in memory of Ted Cohen
Austin, in a seminar discussion at Harvard in 1955, once com-
pared the role of intending with the role of headlights (on a min-
er’s helmet? on an automobile?) … An implication he may have
had in mind is that driving somewhere (getting something done
intentionally) does not on the whole happen by hanging a pair of
headlights from your shoulders, sitting in an armchair, picking up
an unattached steering wheel, and imagining a destination… .
Much else has to be in place—f urther mechanisms and systems
(transmission, fuel, electrical), roads, the industries that produce
and are produced by each, and so on––in order for headlights and
a steering wheel to do their work, even to be what they are. Even
if some theorists speak as though intention were everything there
is to meaning, is that a sensible reason for opposite theorists to
assert that intention is nothing, counts for nothing in meaning? Is
W. C. Fields our only alternative to Humpty Dumpty?
—Stanley Cavell, In Quest of the Ordinary
CON TEN TS
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Notes 193
Bibliography 221
Index 233
vii
PR EFACE
Like many philosophy books, this is a book about how to think about
ourselves and our commitments—how to get a grip on ourselves—
in a new way, both in engagement with current circumstances of life
and with some critical distance on them. At this level of generality
and ambition, philosophers often seem compelled to begin again if
their work is to count for anything at all in a distinctively philosoph-
ical way, so that they are driven to reinvent or rediscover methods
for articulating what has gone essentially wrong, both in philoso-
phy and in life, and for how it might be addressed. As Nietzsche put
it in one memorable passage in which he undertook to re-found the
subject and to separate himself from other philosophers,
ix
Pr efac e
hands alive. They kill things and stuff them, these servants of
conceptual idols, when they worship—t hey become a mortal
danger to everything when they worship.1
x
Pr efac e
xi
ACK NOW LEDGM EN TS
xiii
Ack now ledgm en ts
xiv
Ack now ledgm en ts
xv
Ack now ledgm en ts
xvi
I M AG E S OF H I S TOR Y
C ha pt e r 1
Introduction
1
I m ages of History
2
Histor ica l U n der sta n di ng a n d Hu m a n Action
3
I m ages of History
4
Histor ica l U n der sta n di ng a n d Hu m a n Action
5
I m ages of History
6
Histor ica l U n der sta n di ng a n d Hu m a n Action
7
I m ages of History
8
Histor ica l U n der sta n di ng a n d Hu m a n Action
class and power. It is, moreover, neither possible nor desirable that
all economic exchanges be freely agreed to by all parties bilaterally
in conditions of equal information and opportunity in the absence
of any central political authority responsible for such things as
adjudication, punishment for criminal wrongdoing, public works
of various kinds, education, taxation, and so on. Economic life
within larger settled societies exists only within political settings
and differentiations of class.8
These five significant qualifications—legitimate variability of
historical subject matters and narrative forms; restriction to large
normative, political questions about settled modern societies; and
leaving sheer accidents, biological-environmental influences, and
technological developments out of account as less than fully dis-
positive for the large shape of social life—may seem at first glance
to omit everything important and interesting about how human
societies develop. Given, however, the variations just mentioned,
there is in fact enormous room left for political ideals and histori-
cal understanding to inform each other in a variety of ways, as we
seek both to take our bearings in political imaginings from what has
been done and experienced and to understand and assess what has
been done and experienced in terms of political ideals. The focus
is then on long-term tendencies and possibilities of development
within modern, politically organized settled societies, which form,
for interesting reasons not having to do only with bombs and guns,
an increasing part of the world. How might we best understand the
development of that settled, modern, political life, as it is both influ-
enced by and influences political ideals? How might we best think
about ourselves and our prospects of fruitful development, against
the background of what has been done and imagined politically
within the framework of this life, and how might we understand
that background fruitfully in relation to our sense of what is politi-
cally possible and desirable?
9
I m ages of History
10
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Saatuaan ne sileiksi hän taittoi ne kokoon, pisti taskuunsa ja lähti
Katerina Ivanovnan luo tekemään selkoa siitä, miten hänen oli
onnistunut suorittaa tämän antama tehtävä.
Viides kirja
Pro ja contra
1.
Kihlaus
— Siksi, Lise, että jos hän ei olisi näitä rahoja polkenut jalkoihinsa,
vaan ottanut ne, niin hän kotiin tultuaan ehkä jo tunnin kuluttua olisi
alkanut itkeä omaa alennustaan, — niin olisi ehdottomasti käynyt.
Hän olisi itkenyt ja kenties huomenna heti päivän koittaessa tullut
luokseni ja kenties paiskannut minulle setelit ja polkenut ne
jalkojensa alle kuten äsken. Mutta nyt hän poistui hirveän ylpeänä ja
voitonriemuisena, vaikka tietääkin, että »syöksi itsensä turmioon».
Nyt siis ei mikään ole helpompaa kuin saada hänet ottamaan
vastaan nämä kaksisataa ruplaa jo huomenna, sillä hän on jo
osoittanut olevansa kunnian mies, hän on paiskannut rahat
menemään, polkenut niitä jaloillaan… Eihän hän voinut niitä
polkiessaan tietää, että minä tuon ne hänelle taas huomenna.
Toiselta puolen taas nämä rahat ovat hänelle hirveän tarpeelliset.
Vaikka hän nyt onkin ylpeä, niin kuitenkin hän tänäänkin ajattelee,
millaisen avun hän on menettänyt. Yöllä hän ajattelee sitä vielä
enemmän, näkee sen unissaan, ja huomisaamuna hän kenties on jo
valmis juoksemaan luokseni ja pyytämään anteeksi. Mutta silloinpa
juuri minä saavunkin: »Niin, te olette ylpeä mies, te olette sen
osoittanut, no niin, ottakaa nyt vastaan, antakaa meille anteeksi.»
Silloin hän ottaa!
— Mitä tämä vielä oli? Mikä teidän on? — huudahti Lise. Aljoša
joutui aivan ymmälle.
— Ei, en uskonut.
— Hyvä on, Lise, minä katson, mutta eikö olisi parempi olla
katsomatta, vai mitä? Miksi epäilisimme äitiänne semmoisesta
alhaisesta menettelystä?
— Ah, Herra Jumala, mikä siinä olisi alhaista? Jos olisi jokin
tavallinen keskustelu seuraelämässä ja minä asettuisin sitä salaa
kuuntelemaan, niin se olisi alhainen teko, mutta tässähän on oma
tytär kahden kesken eri huoneessa nuoren miehen kanssa…
Kuulkaa, Aljoša, tietäkää, että minä rupean pitämään silmällä myös
teitä heti, kun meidät on vihitty, ja tietäkää sekin, että minä avaan ja
luen kaikki teidän kirjeenne… Tämän te siis tiedätte nyt etukäteen…
— Niin, tietysti, jos kerran… — mutisi Aljoša, mutta se ei ole
hyvä…
— Niin sanoin.
— Mutta minäpä kenties en usko Jumalaankaan.
2.
Smerdjakov kitaran kera