Information Sciences and Systems

2014 Proceedings of the 29th

International Symposium on Computer
and Information Sciences 1st Edition
Tadeusz Czachórski
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/information-sciences-and-systems-2014-proceedings-
of-the-29th-international-symposium-on-computer-and-information-sciences-1st-editio
n-tadeusz-czachorski/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Information Sciences and Systems 2015: 30th

International Symposium on Computer and Information
Sciences (ISCIS 2015) 1st Edition Omer H. Abdelrahman

https://textbookfull.com/product/information-sciences-and-
systems-2015-30th-international-symposium-on-computer-and-
information-sciences-iscis-2015-1st-edition-omer-h-abdelrahman/

Computer and Information Sciences 31st International

Symposium ISCIS 2016 Kraków Poland October 27 28 2016
Proceedings 1st Edition Tadeusz Czachórski

https://textbookfull.com/product/computer-and-information-
sciences-31st-international-symposium-iscis-2016-krakow-poland-
october-27-28-2016-proceedings-1st-edition-tadeusz-czachorski/

Information and Decision Sciences, Proceedings of the

6th International Conference on FICTA Suresh Chandra
Satapathy

https://textbookfull.com/product/information-and-decision-
sciences-proceedings-of-the-6th-international-conference-on-
ficta-suresh-chandra-satapathy/

Security in Computer and Information Sciences Erol

Gelenbe

https://textbookfull.com/product/security-in-computer-and-
information-sciences-erol-gelenbe/
Modelling Computation and Optimization in Information
Systems and Management Sciences Proceedings of the 3rd
International Conference on Modelling Computation and
Optimization in Information Systems and Management
Sciences MCO 2015 Part I 1st Edition Hoai An Le Thi
https://textbookfull.com/product/modelling-computation-and-
optimization-in-information-systems-and-management-sciences-
proceedings-of-the-3rd-international-conference-on-modelling-
computation-and-optimization-in-information-systems-a/

Modelling Computation and Optimization in Information

Systems and Management Sciences Proceedings of the 3rd
International Conference on Modelling Computation and
Optimization in Information Systems and Management
Sciences MCO 2015 Part II 1st Edition Hoai An Le Thi
https://textbookfull.com/product/modelling-computation-and-
optimization-in-information-systems-and-management-sciences-
proceedings-of-the-3rd-international-conference-on-modelling-
computation-and-optimization-in-information-systems-2/

Natural Language Processing and Information Systems

19th International Conference on Applications of
Natural Language to Information Systems NLDB 2014
Montpellier France June 18 20 2014 Proceedings 1st
Edition Elisabeth Métais
https://textbookfull.com/product/natural-language-processing-and-
information-systems-19th-international-conference-on-
applications-of-natural-language-to-information-systems-
nldb-2014-montpellier-france-june-18-20-2014-proceedings-1s/

Mathematical Aspects of Computer and Information

Sciences: 7th International Conference, MACIS 2017,
Vienna, Austria, November 15-17, 2017, Proceedings 1st
Edition Johannes Blömer
https://textbookfull.com/product/mathematical-aspects-of-
computer-and-information-sciences-7th-international-conference-
macis-2017-vienna-austria-november-15-17-2017-proceedings-1st-
edition-johannes-blomer/

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on

Sciences of Electronics, Technologies of Information
and Telecommunications (SETIT’18), Vol.1 Med Salim
Bouhlel
https://textbookfull.com/product/proceedings-of-the-8th-
international-conference-on-sciences-of-electronics-technologies-
of-information-and-telecommunications-setit18-vol-1-med-salim-
Tadeusz Czachórski · Erol Gelenbe
Ricardo Lent Editors

Information
Sciences and
Systems 2014
ISCIS 29th Annual Symposium
Information Sciences and Systems 2014
Tadeusz Czachórski Erol Gelenbe
•

Ricardo Lent
Editors

Information Sciences
and Systems 2014
ISCIS 29th Annual Symposium

123
Editors
Tadeusz Czachórski Erol Gelenbe
Polish Academy of Sciences Ricardo Lent
Gliwice Imperial College London
Poland London
UK

ISBN 978-3-319-09464-9 ISBN 978-3-319-09465-6 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09465-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013947374

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief
excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the
purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the
work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of
the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must
always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the
Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for
any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

The 29th Annual Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences, held in

Krakow under the auspices of the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics
of the Polish Academy of Sciences, pursues the tradition of a broad-based sym-
posium presenting recent advances in scientific and technical aspects of Information
Technology.
Notable in this year’s event are the presence of new areas such as Quantum
Computing, and the greater emphasis on Network Security via a session (as last
year) that presents some of the results from the EU FP7 Project NEMESYS.
All papers included in the proceedings have undergone an evaluation by at least
two referees, and most of the papers have been examined by at least three referees.
Published by Springer, in the past 3 years each of these proceedings has had some
10,000 full paper downloads, which is equivalent to, on average, over 200 down-
loads per paper.
We therefore hope that this year’s ISCIS 2014 proceedings, the 29th Symposium
in a long series that started in Ankara, Turkey, in 1986, will continue to be useful to
the international scientific and technical community in Computer Science and
Engineering.

London, July 2014 Tadeusz Czachórski

Erol Gelenbe
Ricardo Lent

v
Program Committee

Ethem Alpaydin
Volkan Atalay
Cevdet Aykanat
Selim Balcisoy
Madalina Baltatu
Javier Barria
Olivier Beaumont
Leszek Borzemski
Jeremy Bradley
Manfred Broy
Wojciech Burakowski
Fazli Can
Sophie Chabridon
Ilyas Cicekli
Nihan Cicekli
Tadeusz Czachorski, IITiS PAN, Polish Academy of Sciences
Gokhan Dalkilic
Laurent Delosieres
Mariangiola Dezani
Nadia Erdogan
Engin Erzin
Taner Eskil
Jean-Michel Fourneau
Erol Gelenbe
Stephen Gilmore
Mariusz Glabowski
Krzysztof Grochla, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics of PAS
Adam Grzech
Lin Guan
Ugur Gudukbay
Attila Gursoy

vii
viii Program Committee

Ugur Halici
Peter Harrison
Yorgo Istefanopulos
Alain Jean-Marie
Sylwester Kaczmarek
Jacek Kitowski
Stefanos Kollias
Jerzy Konorski
Ibrahim Korpeoglu
Stanislaw Kozielski
Olcay Kursun
Ricardo Lent
Albert Levi
Aristidis Likas
George Limperopoulos
Peixiang Liu
Jozef Lubacz
Chris Mitchell
Marek Natkaniec
Christos Nikolaou
Sema Oktug
Ender Ozcan
Oznur Ozkasap
Zdzislaw Papir
Ferhan Pekergin
Nihal Pekergin
Michal Pioro
Yves Robert
Alexandre Romariz
Georgia Sakellari
Huseyin Seker
Ercan Solak
Andreas Stafylopatis
Maciej Stasiak
Halina Tarasiuk
Eleni Theodoropoulou
Dao Thi
Nigel Thomas
Hakki Toroslu
Salvatore Tucci
Dimitrios Tzovaras
Ozgur Ulusoy
Ozlem Uzuner
Krzysztof Walkowiak
Wei Wei
Program Committee ix

Jozef Wozniak
Zhiguang Xu
Adnan Yazici
Cemal Yilmaz
Arda Yurdakul
Thomas Zeugmann
Qi Zhu
Additional Reviewers

Bull, Peter
Cavagnino, Davide
Gelenbe, Erol
Gena, Cristina
Hanczewski, Slawomir
Liber, Arkadiusz
Quessette, Franck
Rhouma, Rhouma
Tüysüz Erman, Ayşegül
Weissenberg, Joanna
Zielinski, Bartlomiej

xi
Contents

Part I Wireless and Cognitive Networks

New Channel Access Approach for the IEEE 802.15.4 Devices

in 2.4 GHz ISM Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tolga Coplu and Sema F. Oktug

A Parametric Study of CPN’s Convergence Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Antoine Desmet and Erol Gelenbe

Multi-cell Resource Block Allocation Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Fan Huang, Véronique Veque and Joanna Tomasik

An Implementation of Voice Over IP in the Cognitive

Packet Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lan Wang and Erol Gelenbe

A Cooperative Emergency Navigation Framework Using

Mobile Cloud Computing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Huibo Bi and Erol Gelenbe

Part II Data and Image Analytics

Integer Linear Programming Solution for the Multiple

Query Optimization Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Tansel Dokeroglu, Murat Ali Bayır and Ahmet Cosar

A Graphical Model Approach for Multi-Label Classification . . . . . . . . 61

Meltem Cetiner and Yusuf Sinan Akgul

xiii
xiv Contents

Ground Plane Detection Using an RGB-D Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Doğan Kırcalı and F. Boray Tek

An Iterated Local Search Platform for Transportation Logistics . . . . . 79

Takwa Tlili and Saoussen Krichen

On Fuzzy Extensions to Energy Ontologies for Text Processing

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Dilek Küçük, Doğan Küçük and Adnan Yazıcı

Evaluating Quality of Dispersion Based Fixation

Detection Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Katarzyna Hareżlak and Paweł Kasprowski

An Evaluation of Iris Detection Methods for Real-Time

Video Processing with Low-Cost Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Andrey Kuehlkamp, Cristiano Roberto Franco and Eros Comunello

Part III Traffic Measurement and Analysis

Principles of Pervasive Cloud Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Gokce Gorbil, David Garcia Perez and Eduardo Huedo Cuesta

Source Model of TCP Traffic in LTE Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Paweł Foremski, Michał Gorawski and Krzysztof Grochla

A Few Investigations of Long-Range Dependence

in Network Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Joanna Domańska, Adam Domańska and Tadeusz Czachórski

Open Architecture for Quality of Service Monitoring

at a National Research and Education Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Alexandre Santos, M. João Nicolau, Bruno Dias and Pedro Queiros

Part IV Security

Mitigating for Signalling Attacks in UMTS Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Mihajlo Pavloski and Erol Gelenbe

Cryptanalysis of a Cryptographic Algorithm that Utilizes

Chaotic Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Ke Qin and B.J. Oommen
Contents xv

DroidCollector: A Honeyclient for Collecting and Classifying

Android Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Laurent Delosières and Antonio Sánchez

Real Time Wireless Packet Monitoring with Raspberry Pi Sniffer . . . . 185

Yusuf Turk, Onur Demir and Sezer Gören

Visual Analytics for Enhancing Supervised Attack Attribution

in Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Stavros Papadopoulos, Vasilios Mavroudis, Anastasios Drosou
and Dimitrios Tzovaras

Part V Queuing Systems

Quantum Queuing Networks Throughput Optimisation. . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Dariusz Kurzyk and Piotr Gawron

A Queueing System with Probabilistic Inhomogeneous

Vacations for Modeling Power-Saving in Wireless
Systems with Retransmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Ioannis Dimitriou

Stability Criterion of a General Multiserver Multiclass

Queueing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Evsey Morozov

Performance Analysis of Cluster-Based Web System Using

the QPN Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Tomasz Rak

Traffic Engineering: Erlang and Engset Models Revisited

with Diffusion Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Tadeusz Czachórski, Tomasz Nycz, Monika Nycz and Ferhan Pekergin

Part VI Data Classification and Processing

CodeMagic: Semi-Automatic Assignment of ICD-10-AM

Codes to Patient Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Damla Arifoğlu, Onur Deniz, Kemal Aleçakır and Meltem Yöndem
xvi Contents

Utilizing Coverage Lists as a Pruning Mechanism

for Concept Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Alev Mutlu, Abdullah Dogan and Pinar Karagoz

Context Sensitive Search Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Remzi Düzağaç and Olcay Taner Yıldız

A Formal Framework for Hypergraph-Based User Profiles . . . . . . . . . 285

Hilal Tarakci and Nihan Kesim Cicekli

A Survey of Data Stream Processing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Marcin Gorawski, Anna Gorawska and Krzysztof Pasterak

Distributed RDFS Reasoning with MapReduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Yigit Cetin and Osman Abul

Part VII Performance Evaluation

On-Demand Prefetching Heuristic Policies: A Performance

Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Olivia Morad and Alain Jean-Marie

An Improved Upper Bound for the Length of Preset

Distinguishing Sequences of Distinguished Merging
Finite State Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Canan Güniçen, Kemal İnan, Uraz Cengiz Türker and Hüsnü Yenigün

Time Parallel Simulation for Dynamic Fault Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

T.H. Dao Thi, J.M. Fourneau, N. Pekergin and F. Quessette

On Performance Evaluation of Loss-Based Overload Control

Mechanism in Signaling System with SIP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Halina Tarasiuk and Jan Rogowski

Part VIII Analysis of Physical, Social and Biological Systems

Improving Event Recognition Using Sparse PCA

in the Context of London Twitter Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Theo Pavlakou, Arta Babaee and Moez Draief
Contents xvii

Modeling Structural Protein Interaction Networks

for Betweenness Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Deniz Demircioğlu, Özlem Keskin and Attila Gursoy

Three-Dimensional Haptic Manipulator Controlled Game

in the Treatment of Developmental Coordination Disorder . . . . . . . . . 377
Anna Wałach and Agnieszka Szczęsna

Parallel Biological In Silico Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Patrick Amar, Muriel Baillieul, Dominique Barth, Bertrand LeCun,
Franck Quessette and Sandrine Vial

An Analysis on Empirical Performance of SSD-Based RAID . . . . . . . . 395

Chanhyun Park, Seongjin Lee and Youjip Won

Evaluation of Fairness in Message Broker System

Using Clustered Architecture and Mirrored Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Maciej Rostanski, Krzysztof Grochla and Aleksander Seman

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

 Part I
Wireless and Cognitive Networks
New Channel Access Approach for the IEEE
802.15.4 Devices in 2.4 GHz ISM Band

Tolga Coplu and Sema F. Oktug

Abstract The number of indoor wireless communication devices and technologies

employing the ISM band is increasing day by day. As a consequence, co-existence is a
big challenge for tiny, IEEE 802.15.4-based and resource-constrained devices. In this
paper, 2.4 GHz ISM band aggregated traffic is analyzed and a novel channel access
approach is proposed based on the cognitive radio concepts in order to increase free
channel access performance. The performance is evaluated by using the real-world
RF signal strength measurements of an indoor IEEE 802.15.4 node with the presence
of many IEEE 802.11 interferers. The performance evaluation gives promising results
considering free channel access performance.

Keywords Co-existence · Cognitive radio · IEEE 802.15.4 · IEEE 802.11 · Channel

access

1 Introduction

We are facing a limited bandwidth when communicating indoor wirelessly. In the

2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band, the variety and the number
of devices have a huge impact on the efficient use of the available bandwidth. As a
result, co-existence raises a big challenge especially for the low power devices.
There are very valuable studies on the 2.4 GHz ISM band co-existence to mitigate
the interference [1–5]. These studies especially focus on the co-existence of IEEE
802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 technologies, because of their asymmetric interference

T. Coplu (B) · S.F. Oktug

Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
Istanbul, Turkey
e-mail: coplu@itu.edu.tr
S.F. Oktug
e-mail: oktug@itu.edu.tr

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 3

T. Czachórski et al. (eds.), Information Sciences and Systems 2014,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09465-6_1
4 T. Coplu and S.F. Oktug

patterns, as stated in [5, 6]. In all these techniques, the main principle is to decrease
the conflicting resources. Since 2.4 GHz ISM band communication technologies are
generally channel based, channel is one of the most important resources. Thus, many
of the schemes in the literature propose dynamic or adaptive channel selection for
better co-existence performance. Second, time is also a very valuable resource. In
wireless media, there is no effective and fully utilized communication under co-
existence. Therefore, determining free time slots has a key role for inner channel
interference avoidance. Finally, space is another resource. Unfortunately, it cannot
be effectively used since communicating devices do not have controlled mobility.
However, there are important transmit power control schemes in the literature for
interference mitigation.
In this work, we focus on boosting 2.4 GHz ISM band inner channel co-existence
performance by using the cognitive radio concepts. The authors consider the IEEE
802.15.4 devices as the secondary users in the cognitive radio networks and the IEEE
802.11 devices as the primary users and introduce a new scheme for the channel
access to be used by the IEEE 802.15.4 devices. The performance of the introduced
scheme is studied under various real-life IEEE 802.11 traffic traces and promising
results are obtained.
This paper is organized as follows: The analogy between ISM band co-existence
and the cognitive radio concepts is given in Sect. 2. Section 3 presents the impacts of
aggregated IEEE 802.11 traffic on the channel access performance of IEEE 802.15.4
devices. In Sect. 4, a new channel access scheme is explained in detail. Section 5
gives the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme using a testbed. Finally,
Sect. 6 concludes the paper by giving future directions.

2 Motivation

In cognitive radio, the users are classified as primary and secondary users [7, 8].
Primary users have higher priority over secondary users in terms of communication
due to a license mechanism. Unlike in the cognitive radio communications, there is
no defined priority access mechanism in license-free ISM bands but a spontaneously
occurring privileged access due to different output power of devices. For example, an
IEEE 802.11 device interferes with a nearby IEEE 802.15.4 device communication
and prevents its channel access or successful transmission whereas the IEEE 802.15.4
device has no such effect on the IEEE 802.11 communication [6].
At this point, it is practical to make an analogy with cognitive radio and adapt its
priority-based user differentiation concept in the ISM band co-existence problem.
Within the scope of this paper, the nodes suppressing the communication of the
neighboring nodes are going to be called as ISM Primary Users (ISM-PU) and
the aggregated heterogeneous traffic generated by these ISM-PUs is going to be
called as Aggregated ISM-PU Traffic. On the other hand, the nodes affected by the
aggregated ISM-PU traffic are going to be called as ISM Secondary Users (ISM-
A New Channel Access Approach for the IEEE 802.15.4 Devices … 5

SU). However, there are some domain specific differences between these two cases.
Unlike in cognitive radio:
• The number of ISM-PUs is not restricted to one,
• ISM-PUs are not static. They may lose their ISM-PU characteristics in time
because of mobility or change in Radio Frequency (RF) output power (vice versa),
• Devices using the same or different kinds of communication protocols can be the
ISM-PU of the device that is of interest. For example, either an IEEE 802.11 or an
IEEE 802.15.4 device can be the ISM-PU of an IEEE 802.15.4 device interested,
• Primary and secondary terms are not global. A node may not be the ISM-PU of
all its neighbors.

Evaluating all the items above, it is hard to fully adapt cognitive radio concepts to
the ISM band. However, primary and secondary user concepts have been motivating
and also convenient for the proposed scheme in this paper.

3 The Analysis of Aggregated ISM-PU Traffic

In this work, a testbed is designed to analyze the interaction between ISM-PU

and ISM-SU nodes. It is well known that the IEEE 802.11 devices are the major
interferers in the 2.4 GHz ISM band [9–11]. Therefore, as ISM-PUs, we use IEEE
802.11g wireless access points and laptops connected to these access points. As ISM-
SUs, the 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4-compliant hardware is used. Then, the RF Signal
Strength (RFSS) measurements of the communication channel, which is the main
factor for both Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) and Received Signal Strength Indi-
cator (RSSI) values, were recorded by using the 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4-compliant
products in different RF channels.
In our test scenario, two IEEE 802.15.4-compliant products, one of which config-
ured as a transmitter node and the other as a receiver node, communicate periodically
at an interval of 10 ms. In this setup, the transmitter node measures two consecutive
CCA values, and then transmits these measurements to the receiver node with a
unique packet ID. The transmitter node logs the same packet on a computer via
serial wired communication. If the packet is received seamlessly, the receiver node
inserts calculated RSSI value to the packet and sends the packet to a computer via
serial wired communication. Note that, packet loss rate can be obtained by compar-
ing the packet ID logs of the transmitter and the receiver nodes. The measurements
were done for two different scenarios: with an ISM-PU idle (no IEEE 802.11 inter-
ference) communication channel and with an ISM-PU busy communication channel,
respectively. A schematic representation of the testbed is shown in Fig. 1.
The logged CCA and RSSI measurements are presented in Fig. 2. The results show
that when the channel is ISM-PU idle, the mean of CCA measurements is −85 dBm
and the variance is 5 dBm. Since the RSSI measurements are about −55 dBm, the
calculated SIR value is approximately 30 dBm. For such SIR values, packet loss is
6 T. Coplu and S.F. Oktug

Fig. 1 A schematic representation of the testbed

Fig. 2 500-sample snapshot of CCA and RSSI measurements for the ISM-PU idle scenario

not anticipated except for some particular environments. As expected, no packet loss
is observed in the first scenario.
In the second scenario, called the ISM-PU busy scenario, the same testbed is
used as in the first scenario. However, at this time, the ISM-PU devices around the
laboratory are enabled. In this environment, neither the number of ISM-PUs nor the
traffic pattern generated by them was manipulated. The traffic of the ISM-PU devices
was a result of daily user activities in the offices around. Here, our goal is to examine
the impact of real-world aggregated background IEEE 802.11 traffic on the IEEE
A New Channel Access Approach for the IEEE 802.15.4 Devices … 7

Fig. 3 500-sample snapshot of CCA and RSSI measurements for the ISM-PU busy scenario

802.15.4-compliant nodes. The CCA and RSSI measurements of the ISM-SU nodes
are shown in Fig. 3. In these tests, the following points are observed:
• The CCA measurements, in the ISM-PU busy scenario, have high variance as seen
in Fig. 3, which is due to the presence of ISM-PU traffic,
• Variations in the CCA values for different samples observed in the measurements
is reasonable, since there are multiple ISM-PUs,
• A detailed analysis of the CCA and RSSI measurements reveal that only in 7.20 %
of the observation period, there is ISM-PU traffic which forces SIR values to be
below 10 dB and this causes a packet loss value of 6.94 %. Note that 10 dB threshold
is selected because in the literature it is shown that 10 dB is a critical value for the
IEEE 802.15.4 standard to have a successful communication [12].
Considering the fact that the communication channel is already ISM-PU idle for
92.8 % of the time, the high packet loss rate of 6.94 % indicates that the periodic
channel access used in the testbed is not efficient enough.

4 Using High Autocorrelation Lag Values for Predicting

the Aggregated ISM-PU Traffic Signals

In the previous chapter, the impact of co-existing Aggregated ISM-PU Traffic on

ISM-SU is investigated using real-world RFSS traces. The testbed results showed
that, in the environment, the ISM-SU packet loss ratio is close to the busy channel
to free channel ratio. The main cause of such a result is that the channel access
scheme cannot detect the co-existing interference literally. With this motivation, the
8 T. Coplu and S.F. Oktug

Fig. 4 Autocorrelation coefficients calculated for various lag values for ISM-PU busy scenario

CCA measurements gathered from the testbed are studied and then, a heuristic-based
channel access scheme is proposed.
The periodic patterns of the co-existing traffic will be investigated in order to locate
free channel access instants. In this approach, first, autocorrelation coefficients for
varying lag values are calculated from CCA traces to detect the repeated patterns of
the ISM-PU communication. The autocorrelation coefficients for the ISM-PU busy
scenario are depicted in Fig. 4. This figure shows that the autocorrelation coefficients
of some lag values are rather higher than the others. This is the cyclostationary feature
effect of the ISM-PU communication. The proposed scheme assumes that for these
high autocorrelation lag values, it is highly probable that there is co-existing ISM-PU
traffic in the environment. At these instants, channel access of the ISM-SU should
not be allowed.
It should be noted that there is more tha one ISM-PU in the environment. Thus,
clustering these ISM-PUs according to the lag values would be beneficial for ISM-
SUs to utilize the free bandwidth. However, as explained in the previous section, the
ISM-SUs cannot measure the signal strength values of the ISM-PU communication
properly which makes such a clustering impossible. Therefore, we propose to design
a filter by using weighted autocorrelation lag values. This filter is going to be used
by ISM-SU in order to predict the future ISM-PU interference.
In the proposed scheme the autocorrelation values, ck , for different lags, k, are
calculated as given in (1) whereas the maximum and the minimum signal strength
values of the whole trace are given in (2) and (3), respectively.
 N −k
t=1 (qt − q)(qt+k − q)
Ck = N K = 1, . . . , K (1)
t=1 (qt − q)(qt − q)
CMAX = |max(ck )| K = 1, . . . , N (2)
CMIN = |min(ck )| K = 1, . . . , N (3)
A New Channel Access Approach for the IEEE 802.15.4 Devices … 9

where qt is the measured CCA value at index t, N is the total number of CCA
samples and K representing the maximum lag value used in the algorithm. In order
to determine the channel access instant for an ISM-SU, a simple filter, f i , is designed
as given in (4).
ci − cMIN
fi = i = 1, . . . , K (4)
ciMAX − cMIN

This filter value is applied to (5). For those values exceeding the control parameter
TTHR , there is a probable ISM-PU traffic in the channel. At these instants where (5)
returns busy channel, ISM-SU access to the channel should be prevented.

free, f i ≤ TTHR
ChannelAcess(n + (i × f s−1 )) = , i = 1, . . . , N (5)
busy, f i > TTHR

where n indicates the current instant, f s is the sampling frequency of the CCA mea-
surements and TTHR is the decision threshold of the proposed scheme. For those
values exceeding the control parameter TTHR , there is probable ISM_PU communi-
cation in the channel. Consequently, TTHR has a direct impact on the aggressiveness
of the predictions made.

5 Performance Evaluation of the Scheme Proposed

The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with two other channel access
schemes and results are given in Table. 1. In Scheme 1, every 10th sample on the
test trace is selected. If the CCA value of this sample is below −75 dBm, this is
recognized as a free channel access. Scheme 2 differs from Scheme 1 in terms of
sample selection where the sample is selected according to uniform distribution
within every 10-sample interval. Finally, in the proposed scheme, the channel access
is scheduled to the instant with the lowest weight value.
It is obvious that the proposed scheme is highly capable of detecting ISM-PU
traffic in the environment. However, we should keep in mind that there are instants
where we predict ISM-PU traffic although the channel is free. This is the False
Positive (FP) situation for our scheme. On the other hand, False Negative (FN) occurs

Table 1 Comparative free channel access performance of the proposed scheme

Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Proposed scheme
# of free channel access 1851 1846 1979
# of busy channel access 149 154 21
% of free channel access 92.55 % 92.3 % 98.95 %
% of busy channel access 7.45 % 7.7 % 1.05 %
10 T. Coplu and S.F. Oktug

Fig. 5 The percentage of FNs and FPs for varying TTHR values

at the instants when the channel access is allowed although the channel is busy. In
Fig. 5, the performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated based on the FN and FP
rates of the channel access predictions for varying TTHR values where N = 5000,
K = 120 and the ISM-PU traffic in the environment is occupying approximately
0.074 erlang (E). Figure 5 proves that free channel access prediction probability is
inversely proportional to TTHR .

6 Conclusions

In this paper, 2.4 GHz ISM band aggregated traffic is analyzed, by using the adapted
cognitive radio concepts. Then, a novel channel access scheme for the IEEE 802.15.4
devices is proposed. The performance of the introduced scheme is studied under
various real-life IEEE 802.11 traffic logs. It is observed that the technique introduced
gives promising results under the real world test traces, which motivates us to decrease
the complexity of the scheme proposed and embed it to the IEEE 802.25.4 nodes as
a future work.

References

1. J. Yun, B. Lee, J. Li, K. Han, A channel switching scheme for avoiding interference of between
IEEE 802.15.4 and other networks, in Proceedings 3rd International Multi-Symposiums on
Computer and Computational Sciences (IMSCCS), pp. 136–139 (2008)
2. R. Musaloiu, A. Terzis, Minimising the effect of WiFi interference in 802.15.4 wireless sensor
networks. Int. J. Sens. Netw. 2(1), 43–54 (2008)
A New Channel Access Approach for the IEEE 802.15.4 Devices … 11

3. B.H. Jung, J.O.W. Chong, C.Y. Jung, S.U.M. Kim, D.K. Sung, Interference mediation for coex-
istence of WLAN and ZigBee networks, in Proceedings 19th IEEE International Symposium
on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (2008)
4. S. Myers, S. Megerian, S. Banerjee, M. Potkonjak, Experimental investigation of IEEE 802.15.4
transmission power control and interference minimization, in Proceedings of the 4th Annual
IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and
Networks (SECON), pp. 294–303 (2007)
5. S. Pollin et al., Distributed Cognitive Coexistence of 802.15.4 With 802.11, in Proceedings of
IEEE CrownCom, pp. 1–5 (2006)
6. L. Angrisani, M. Bertocco, D. Fortin, A. Sona, Experimental study of coexistence issues
between IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.
57(8), 1514–1523 (2008)
7. W.Y. Lee, I.F. Akyildiz, Optimal spectrum sensing framework for cognitive radio networks.
IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 7, 3845–3857 (2008)
8. I.F. Akyildiz, W.Y. Lee, M.C. Vuran, S. Mohanty, Next generation/dynamic spectrum
access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey. Elsevier Comput. Netw. 50(13), 2127–
2159 (2006)
9. A. Sikora, V.F. Gora, Coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 with Other Systems in the 2.4 GHz ISM
Band, in Proceedings of the IMTC Instrumentation and Measurement Tech. Conf, vol. 3, pp.
1786–1891 (2005)
10. S.Y. Shin, H.S. Park, S. Choi, W.H. Kwon, Packet error rate analysis of zigbee under WLAN
and bluetooth interferences. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 6(8), 2825–2830 (2007)
11. S. Pollin, I. Tan, B. Hodge, C. Chun, A. Bahai, Harmful coexistence between 802.15.4 and
802.11: A measurement-based study, in Proceedings of CrownCom, p. 1–6 (2008)
12. IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs): Coexistence
analysis of IEEE Std 802.15.4 with other IEEE standards and proposed standards, white paper
(2010)
A Parametric Study of CPN’s Convergence
Process

Antoine Desmet and Erol Gelenbe

1 Introduction

The Cognitive Packet network [1–4] is a QOS-oriented packet routing protocol,

which is decentralised, distributed and adaptive. The CPN concept emerged in 1999,
and has been applied to several network types: energy-constrained sensor networks
[5], integration with IP networks [6], building graphs [7], etc., and to solve different
problems access control [8], attack defense mechanisms [9], congestion management
[10], emergency management [11] and more. A comprehensive overview of the work
on CPN can be found in [12].
CPN has the particularity of being based on search techniques [13, 14] using
dedicated exploratory packets, the “Smart Packets” (SPs), which explore various
paths and let CPN maintain a current knowledge of the network. SPs can be issued
by any node, and their next direction is chosen independently by each node they visit.
A variety of algorithms exist to guide incoming SPs, and of particular interest for
this paper, Random Neural Networks (RNNs) [15, 16]. RNNs “learn” which areas
of the network are most worth exploring and direct SPs there. RNNs are hosted on
each node and learn through reinforcement learning, with feedback provided by SPs
which backtrack once they have identified a valid path.
This constant network exploration allows CPN to respond to changes in network
conditions with low latency, yet without conducting extensive or systematic network
searches, thanks to the intelligence provided by the RNNs. The performance and
overhead-efficiency of CPN with RNNs is subject to several parameters. Of interest
in this paper, is the influence of the “drift parameter”, which controls the ratio of SPs
forwarded according to the RNN, as opposed to randomly. To the best of our knowl-
edge, all of the literature on CPN reports on trials of CPN for particular applications,
but provide little to no information on how parameters are set [17, 18]. Our paper

A. Desmet (B) · E. Gelenbe

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Intelligent Systems
and Networks Group, Imperial College, London, UK
e-mail: a.desmet10@imperial.ac.uk
E. Gelenbe
e-mail: e.gelenbe@imperial.ac.uk

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 13

T. Czachórski et al. (eds.), Information Sciences and Systems 2014,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09465-6_2
14 A. Desmet and E. Gelenbe

aims at addressing the gaps in the literature regarding the role played by each CPN
parameter on the algorithm’s performance.
In the following section, we present the CPN algorithm and RNNs in further
detail. These concepts have been extensively covered in the literature, therefore we
limit this introduction to the parts which are strictly relevant to our experiments. The
third section analyses the effect of the drift parameter on CPN’s performance during
the initial knowledge buildup phase (convergence), using a bench-test setup. Finally,
we draw conclusions on the overall influence of each metric and propose directions
for future work.

2 CPN and RNN Operation

CPN relies on a small but constant flow of “Smart Packets” (SP) dedicated to network
condition monitoring and new route discovery. SPs are routed on a hop-by-hop basis,
where each node visited independently decides of their next direction. While a variety
of algorithms can be used to guide SPs, the aim is to focus the stream of SPs in the most
worthwhile areas of the network, while limiting random or complete graph searches.
To prevent “lost” SPs from wasting resources, they are also given an upper limit on
the number of nodes they can visit. Once a SP reaches its intended destination, it
backtracks along its original path (with loops removed) and shares the information
gathered along the way with every node. By gathering information from returning
SPs, every node is able to build a “source-routing” route table, which is used to guide
regular payload-carrying packets.

2.1 SP Routing

Smart Packets are routed on a hop-by-hop basis independently by each node. A va-
riety of algorithms exist to determine the SP’s next hop: they can be forwarded in
randomly-chosen directions, and will perform a random walk of the network. The
“Bang-Bang” [19] algorithm assumes an a priori knowledge of the network, which
allows nodes to determine an “acceptable” range of route performance. If the known
route falls within the “acceptable” range, SPs follow the best-known route; other-
wise, the node promotes exploration by forwarding SPs at random. This approach
is limited as it relies on a priori knowledge of the graph. Another approach is the
Sensible routing policy [20] which forwards SPs probabilistically, based on the last
path performance returned by each neighbouring node. The main challenge with
this approach is to determine a mapping between path quality and corresponding SP
forwarding probabilities. Approaches based on Genetic Algorithms have also been
presented in the literature [21]. Another approach consists of running a Random
Neural Network (RNN) [15, 16] in each node, and let it “learn” the areas most worth
exploring and directs SPs there.
A Parametric Study of CPN’s Convergence Process 15

2.2 RNNs

Random Neural Networks [15, 16] are a form of neural networks inspired from bio-
physical neural networks, where, instead of having neuron activity defined as binary
or continuous variable, it is defined as a potential, and nodes send “spikes” at random
intervals to one another. RNNs have been applied to various problems, including task
assignment [22], video and image compressing [23], and more. Each CPN node on
the network runs an RNN, and a neuron is associated to each outgoing link. The
node forwards incoming SPs to the node associated with the neuron with the highest
level of excitation. Therefore, the global aim is to “train” the RNN so that the most
excited neurons correspond to the neighbour nodes, which are most worth visiting.
Training is done through reinforcement learning, using the information provided by
successful SPs backtracking along their original path. An in-depth presentation of
the RNN model and training process can be found in [15, 16]. CPN nodes occasion-
ally disregard the RNN’s advice and forward incoming SPs in a random direction to
promote network exploration. This occurs when the RNN is in its initial state, before
any feedback is provided by successful SPs. Past this initial phase, the CPN nodes
also probabilistically forward SPs at random to prevent the RNNs from becoming
overtrained (by sending the SPs on the same paths over and over). Forwarding a SP at
random is referred as “drifting”, and we define the drift parameter as the probability
that an incoming SP will be forwarded according to the RNN’s advice.

3 Experiments

In this section, we present a bench-test of the CPN algorithm, with an aim to reveal
how the drift parameter influences CPN’s performance. Our bench-test focusses on
CPN’s initial knowledge gathering phase: the “convergence” process. This experi-
ment was conducted as part of a project where CPN was used as a routing algorithm
for emergency building evacuations. The graph we use in this bench-test represents
a three-storey building and consists of 240 nodes and 400 edges. Thus, CPN’s aim is
to identify a path from each node towards the nearest “sink”: one of two exits located
on the first floor. Our experimental protocol consists of letting all node send one SP
(we refer this as a “batch” of SPs), and after each batch, we consult the routing table
of each node: a score of Q P = 0 is assigned if the node has not resolved a path yet.
Otherwise, the score correspond to the ratio (expressed as percentage) of the shortest
path’s length (found using Dijkstra’s algorithm) over the length of the path identified
by CPN—so that the score is 100 % if CPN identifies the shortest path.
16 A. Desmet and E. Gelenbe

4 Results

Let us consider two trivial case-studies using the extreme values of the drift parameter
to explore its expected influence on CPN’s performance:
DriftParameter = 0. In this configuration, the nodes systematically disregard
the RNN’s advice and forward SPs at random. SPs effectively perform a random
walk of the network, and thus any finite path has a non-zero probability of being
visited through random walk. However, a path involving more nodes, or nodes with
a higher degree is less likely to be visited.
DriftParameter = 1. Let us recall that a newly-initialised RNN which has not
received any feedback has all its neurons in a “tie”. This tie is broken by choosing
one direction at random, thus SPs explore the network at random while searching
for a valid path. As soon as a SP discovers a valid path, all neurons along that path
receive positive reinforcement and become the most excited neurons. Because of
the drift parameter setting, subsequent SPs will not drift and will follow the path of
the most excited neurons (which corresponds to the path of the first successful SP),
and further reinforce them indefinitely. This means CPN will only resolve one single
path per departure node, and there are no guarantees on its optimality, since it was
discovered through a random walk and is never further optimised through random
exploration.
From these two case studies, we can infer that a low drift parameter guarantees
that, given time, the optimal path will eventually be found, however the process
might be extremely slow since the knowledge gathered by the RNN is disregarded.
On the other hand, higher drift parameter values ensure a solution will be reached
rapidly as information gathered by previous SPs is systematically re-used to guide
the subsequent ones. However, this initial solution may be sub-optimal, and further
improvement may be slow or limited because of an over-training phenomenon: the
same sub-optimal path is reinforced over and over.

4.1 Overall Route Quality

Figure 1 illustrates the path resolution process for three representative values of drift
parameter. The top graph illustrates the “slow-but-steady” learning process asso-
ciated with low drift parameter values (i.e. mostly random SP movement): over a
quarter of the departure nodes have no valid path by the second SP batch. At the end
of the experiment, some nodes still have no path resolved, yet it is clear that CPN
continues making small but continuous improvements at each step, as the box-plot
gradually shrinks towards 100 %. On the other hand, the bottom graph associated to
a high use of the RNNs exhibits the quickest initial path resolution process: CPN
has resolved a path for most departure nodes after sending only one batch of SP.
However, compared with the middle graph (drift parameter = 0.5), the median takes
longer to reach 100 % in the long-term, and the box plots remain wider at the end
A Parametric Study of CPN’s Convergence Process 17

Fig. 1 Box-Plot showing the evolution in route quality based on the number of SPs sent. One
sample for each 240 departure node. The top graph shows the “slow but steady” learning associated
to low drift parameters, while the bottom one shows the “quick but approximate” discovery with
high drift parameter

of the experiment. Past a fast learning phase, high drift parameter values lead to
stagnation with sub-optimal values. Finally, the graph in the middle of Fig. 1 shows
a “middle ground” where some of the initial resolution speed is “traded off” for a
sustained higher improvement rate: while it takes five batches of SP for every node
to acquire a path, the quality of the routes by the eighth SP batch is highest across
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
armies were in the field, and the quick and signal triumph of
its forces on land and sea bore equal tribute to the courage
of American soldiers and sailors and to the skill and
foresight of Republican statesmanship. To ten millions of the
human race there was given 'a new birth of freedom,' and to
the American people a new and noble responsibility.

"'We indorse the Administration of William McKinley. Its acts

have been established in wisdom and in patriotism, and at home
and abroad it has distinctly elevated and extended the
influence of the American nation. Walking untried paths and
facing unforeseen responsibilities, President McKinley has
been in every situation the true American patriot and the
upright statesman, clear in vision, strong in judgment, firm
in action, always inspiring and deserving the confidence of
his countrymen. In asking the American people to indorse this
Republican record and to renew their commission to the
Republican party, we remind them of the fact that the menace
to their prosperity has always resided in Democratic
principles, and no less in the general incapacity of the
Democratic party to conduct public affairs. The prime
essential of business prosperity is public confidence in the
good sense of the Government, and in its ability to deal
intelligently with each new problem of administration and
legislation. That confidence the Democratic party has never
earned. It is hopelessly inadequate, and the country's
prosperity when Democratic success at the polls is announced
halts and ceases in mere anticipation of Democratic blunders
and failures.

"We renew our allegiance to the principle of the gold

standard, and declare our confidence in the wisdom of the
legislation of the Fifty-sixth Congress by which the parity of
all our money and the stability of our currency upon a gold
basis has been secured.

"We recognize that interest rates are potent factors in

production and business activity, and for the purpose of
further equalizing and of further lowering the rates of
interest, we favor such monetary legislation as will enable
the varying needs of the seasons and of all sections to be
promptly met in order that trade may be evenly sustained,
labor steadily employed, and commerce enlarged. The volume of
money in circulation was never so great per capita as it is
to-day.

"We declare our steadfast opposition to the free and unlimited

coinage of silver. No measure to that end could be considered
which was without the support of the leading commercial
countries of the world. However firmly Republican legislation
may seem to have secured the country against the peril of base
and discredited currency, the election of a Democratic
President could not fail to impair the country's credit and to
bring once more into question the intention of the American
people to maintain upon the gold standard the parity of their
money circulation. The Democratic party must be convinced that
the American people will never tolerate the Chicago platform.

"We recognize the necessity and propriety of the honest

cooperation of capital to meet new business conditions, and
especially to extend our rapidly increasing foreign trade, but
we condemn all conspiracies and combinations intended to
restrict business, to create monopolies, to limit production,
or to control prices, and favor such legislation as will
effectively restrain and prevent all such abuses, protect and
promote competition, and secure the rights of producers,
laborers, and all who are engaged in industry and commerce.

"We renew our faith in the policy of protection to American

labor. In that policy our industries have been established,
diversified, and maintained. By protecting the home market
competition has been stimulated and production cheapened.
Opportunity to the inventive genius of our people has been
secured and wages in every department of labor maintained at
high rates, higher now than ever before, and always
distinguishing our working people in their better conditions
of life from those of any competing country. Enjoying the
blessings of the American common school, secure in the right
of self-government, and protected in the occupancy of their
own markets, their constantly increasing knowledge and skill
have enabled them finally to enter the markets of the world.

"We favor the associated policy of reciprocity so directed as

to open our markets on favorable terms for what we do not
ourselves produce in return for free foreign markets.

"In the further interest of American workmen we favor a more

effective restriction of the immigration of cheap labor from
foreign lands, the extension of opportunities of education for
working children, the raising of the age limit for child
labor, the protection of free labor as against contract
convict labor, and an effective system of labor insurance.

"Our present dependence upon foreign shipping for nine-tenths

of our foreign carrying is a great loss to the industry of
this country. It is also a serious danger to our trade, for
its sudden withdrawal in the event of European war would
seriously cripple our expanding foreign commerce. The National
defence and naval efficiency of this country, moreover, supply
a compelling reason for legislation which will enable us to
recover our former place among the trade carrying fleets of
the world.

"The nation owes a debt of profound gratitude to the soldiers

and sailors who have fought its battles, and it is the
Government's duty to provide for the survivors and for the
widows and orphans of those who have fallen in the country's
wars. The pension laws, founded in this just sentiment, should
be liberal, and should be liberally administered, and
preference should be given wherever practicable with respect
to employment in the public service to soldiers and sailors
 and to their widows and orphans.

"We commend the policy of the Republican party in maintaining

the efficiency of the Civil Service. The Administration has
acted wisely in its effort to secure for public service in
Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippine Islands only those
whose fitness has been determined by training and experience.
We believe that employment in the public service in these
territories should be confined as far as practicable to their
inhabitants.

"It was the plain purpose of the Fifteenth Amendment to the

Constitution to prevent discrimination on account of race or
color in regulating the elective franchise. Devices of State
governments, whether by statutory or constitutional enactment
to avoid the purpose of this amendment are revolutionary and
should be condemned.

{651}

"Public movements looking to a permanent improvement of the

roads and highways of the country meet with our cordial
approval and we recommend this subject to the earnest
consideration of the people and of the Legislatures of the
several States. We favor the extension of the rural free
delivery service wherever its extension may be justified.

"In further pursuance of the constant policy of the Republican

party to provide free homes on the public domain, we recommend
adequate National legislation to reclaim the arid lands of the
United States, reserving control of the distribution of water for
irrigation to the respective States and Territories.

"We favor home rule for and the early admission to Statehood
of the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma.

"The Dingley act, amended to provide sufficient revenue for

the conduct of the war, has so well performed its work that it
has been possible to reduce the war debt in the sum of
$40,000,000. So ample are the Government's revenues and so
great is the public confidence in the integrity of its
obligations that its newly funded 2 per cent bonds sell at a
premium. The country is now justified in expecting, and it
will be the policy of the Republican party to bring about, a
reduction of the war taxes.

"We favor the construction, ownership, control and protection

of an isthmian canal by the Government of the United States.

"New markets are necessary for the increasing surplus of our

farm products. Every effort should be made to open and obtain
new markets, especially in the Orient, and the Administration
is warmly to be commended for its successful effort to commit
all trading and colonizing nations to the policy of the open
door in China.

"In the interest of our expanding commerce we recommend that

Congress create a department of commerce and industries in the
charge of a secretary with a seat in the Cabinet. The United
States consular system should be reorganized under the
supervision of this new department, upon such a basis of
appointment and tenure as will render it still more
serviceable to the Nation's increasing trade. The American
Government must protect the person and property of every
citizen wherever they are wrongfully violated or placed in
peril.

"We congratulate the women of America upon their splendid

record of public service in the volunteer aid association, and
as nurses in camp and hospital during the recent campaigns of
our armies in the Eastern and Western Indies, and we
appreciate their faithful co-operation in all works of
education and industry.
"President McKinley has conducted the foreign affairs of the
United States with distinguished credit to the American
people. In releasing us from the vexatious conditions of a
European alliance for the government of Samoa his course is
especially to be commended. By securing to our undivided
control the most important island of the Samoan group and the
best harbor in the Southern Pacific, every American interest
has been safeguarded. We approve the annexation of the
Hawaiian Islands to the United States. We commend the part
taken by our Government in the Peace Conference at The Hague.
We assert our steadfast adherence to the policy announced in
the Monroe Doctrine. The provisions of The Hague Convention
were wisely regarded when President McKinley tendered his
friendly offices in the interest of peace between Great
Britain and the South African republics. While the American
Government must continue the policy prescribed by Washington,
affirmed by every succeeding President and imposed upon us by
The Hague Treaty, of non-intervention in European
controversies, the American people earnestly hope that a way
may soon be found, honorable alike to both contending parties,
to terminate the strife between them.

"In accepting by the Treaty of Paris the just responsibility

of our victories in the Spanish war the President and the
Senate won the undoubted approval of the American people. No
other course was possible than to destroy Spain's sovereignty
throughout the West Indies and in the Philippine Islands. That
course created our responsibility before the world, and with
the unorganized population whom our intervention had freed
from Spain, to provide for the maintenance of law and order,
and for the establishment of good government and for the
performance of international obligations. Our authority could
not be less than our responsibility, and wherever sovereign
rights were extended it became the high duty of the Government
to maintain its authority, to put down armed insurrection and
to confer the blessings of liberty and civilization upon all
the rescued peoples. The largest measure of self-government
 consistent with their welfare and our duties shall be secured
to them by law.

"To Cuba independence and self-government were assured in the

same voice by which war was declared, and to the letter this
pledge will be performed.

"The Republican party upon its history, and upon this

declaration of its principles and policies, confidently
invokes the considerate and approving judgment of the American
people."

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900

Prohibition Party Platform and Nominations.

In the next week after the meeting of the Republican national

convention, that of the Prohibition Party was held at Chicago,
opening on the 27th of June. It chose Mr. John G. Woolley, of
Chicago (already named by the United Christian Party for Vice
President—see above) to be its candidate for President, with
Mr. Henry B. Metcalfe, of Rhode Island, for Vice President.
Setting aside all political issues save those connected with
the liquor traffic, its declarations were confined to that
subject alone, and were as follows:

"The National Prohibition party, in convention represented at

Chicago, June 27 and 28, 1900, acknowledged Almighty God as
the supreme source of all just government. Realizing that this
Republic was founded upon Christian principles, and can endure
only as it embodies justice and righteousness, and asserting
that all authority should seek the best good of all the
governed, to this end wisely prohibiting what is wrong and
permitting only what is right, hereby records and proclaims:

{652}

"First.—We accept and assert the definition given by Edward

Burke, that a party is 'a body of men joined together for the
purpose of protecting by their joint endeavor the National
interest upon some particular principle upon which they are
all agreed.'

"We declare that there is no principle now advocated, by any

other party, which could be made a fact in government with
such beneficent moral and material results as the principle of
prohibition applied to the beverage liquor traffic; that the
National interest could be promoted in no other way so surely
and widely as by its adoption and assertion through a National
policy and a cooperation therein by every State, forbidding
the manufacture, sale, exportation, importation, and
transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes;
that we stand for this as the only principle proposed by any
party anywhere for the settlement of a question greater and
graver than any other before the American people, and
involving more profoundly than any other their moral future
and financial welfare; and that all the patriotic citizenship
of this country agreed upon this principle, however much
disagreement there may be as to minor considerations and
issues, should stand together at the ballot-box from this time
forward until prohibition is the established policy of the
United States, with a party in power to enforce it and to
insure its moral and material benefits.

"We insist that such a party agreed upon this principle and
policy, having sober leadership, without any obligation for
success to the saloon vote and to those demoralizing political
combinations, can successfully cope with all other and lesser
problems of government, in legislative halls and in the
executive chair, and that it is useless for any party to make
declarations in its platform as to any questions concerning
which there may be serious differences of opinion in its own
membership and as to which, because of such differences, the
party could legislate only on a basis of mutual concessions
when coming into power.
"We submit that the Democratic and Republican parties are
alike insincere in their assumed hostility to trusts and
monopolies. They dare not and do not attack the most dangerous
of them all, the liquor power. So long as the saloon debauches
the citizen and breeds the purchasable voter, money will
continue to buy its way to power. Break down this traffic,
elevate manhood, and a sober citizenship will find a way to
control dangerous combinations of capital. We purpose, as a
first step in the financial problem of the nation, to save
more than a billion of dollars every year, now annually
expended to support the liquor traffic and to demoralize our
people. When that is accomplished, conditions will have so
improved that with a clearer atmosphere the country can
address itself to the questions as to the kind and quantity of
currency needed.

"Second.—We reaffirm as true indisputably the declaration of

William Windom, when Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinet
of President Arthur, that 'considered socially, financially,
politically, or morally, the licensed liquor traffic is or
ought to be the overwhelming issue in American politics, and
that the destruction of this iniquity stands next on the
calendar of the world's progress.' We hold that the existence
of our party presents this issue squarely to the American
people, and lays upon them the responsibility of choice
between liquor parties, dominated by distillers and brewers,
with their policy of saloon perpetuation breeding waste,
wickedness, woe, pauperism, taxation, corruption, and crime,
and our one party of patriotic and moral principle, with a
policy which defends it from domination by corrupt bosses, and
which insures it forever against the blighting control of
saloon politics.

"We face with sorrow, shame, and fear the awful fact that this
liquor traffic has a grip on our Government, municipal, State,
and National, through the revenue system and a saloon
sovereignty, which no other party dare to dispute; a grip
which dominates the party now in power, from caucus to
Congress, from policemen to President, from the rum shop to
the White House; a grip which compels the Executive to consent
that law shall be nullified in behalf of the brewer, that the
canteen shall curse our army and spread intemperance across
the seas, and that our flag shall wave as the symbol of
partnership, at home and abroad, between this Government and
the men who defy and defile it for their unholy gain.

"Third.—We charge upon President McKinley, who was elected to

his high office by appeal to Christian sentiment and
patriotism almost unprecedented and by a combination of moral
influences never before seen in this country, that by his
conspicuous example as a wine-drinker at public banquets and
as a wine-serving host in the White House, he has done more to
encourage the liquor business, to demoralize the temperance
habits of young men, and to bring Christian practices and
requirements into disrepute than any other President this
Republic has had. "We further charge upon President McKinley
responsibility for the Army canteen, with all its dire brood
of disease, immorality, sin and death, in this country, in
Cuba, in Porto Rico and the Philippines; and we insist that by
his attitude concerning the canteen, and his apparent contempt
for the vast number of petitions and petitioners protesting
against it, he has outraged and insulted the moral sentiment
of this country in such a manner and to such a degree as calls
for its righteous uprising and his indignant and effective
rebuke. We challenge denial of the fact that our Chief
Executive, as commander in chief of the military forces of the
United States, at any time prior to or since March 2, 1899,
could have closed every Army saloon, called a canteen, by
executive order, as President Hayes in effect did before him,
and should have closed them, for the same reason that actuated
President Hayes; we assert that the act of Congress passed
March 2, 1899, forbidding the sale of liquor, 'in any post
exchange or canteen,' by any 'officer or private soldier' or
 by 'any other person on any premises used for military
purposes in the United States,' was and is as explicit an act
of prohibition as the English language can frame; we declare
our solemn belief that the Attorney-General of the United
States in his interpretation of that law, and the Secretary of
War in his acceptance of that interpretation and his refusal
to enforce the law, were and are guilty of treasonable
nullification thereof, and that President McKinley, through
his assent to and indorsement of such interpretation and
refusal on the part of officials appointed by and responsible
to him, shares responsibility in their guilt; and we record
our conviction that a new and serious peril confronts our
country, in the fact that its President, at the behest of the
beer power, dare and does abrogate a law of Congress, through
subordinates removable at will by him and whose acts become
his, and thus virtually confesses that laws are to be
administered or to be nullified in the interest of a
law-defying business, by an Administration under mortgage to
such business for support.

{653}

"Fourth.-We deplore the fact that an Administration of this

Republic claiming the right and power to carry our flag across
seas, and to conquer and annex new territory, should admit its
lack of power to prohibit the American saloon on subjugated
soil, or should openly confess itself subject to liquor
sovereignty under that flag. We are humiliated, exasperated
and grieved by the evidence painfully abundant that this
Administration's policy of expansion is bearing so rapidly its
first fruits of drunkenness, insanity and crime under the
hothouse sun of the tropics; and when the president of the
first Philippine Commission says 'It was unfortunate that we
introduced and established the saloon there, to corrupt the
natives and to exhibit the vices of our race,' we charge the
inhumanity and un-Christianity of this act upon the
Administration of William McKinley and upon the party which
elected and would perpetuate the same.

"Fifth.—We declare that the only policy which the Government

of the United States can of right uphold as to the liquor
traffic under the National Constitution upon any territory
under the military or civil control of that Government is the
policy of prohibition; that 'to establish justice, insure
domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote
the general welfare, and insure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity,' as the Constitution provides,
the liquor traffic must neither be sanctioned nor tolerated,
and that the revenue policy, which makes our Government a
partner with distillers and brewers and barkeepers, is a
disgrace to our civilization, an outrage upon humanity, and a
crime against God.

"We condemn the present Administration at Washington because

it has repealed the prohibitory law in Alaska, and has given
over the partly civilized tribes there to be the prey of the
American grogshop, and because it has entered upon a license
policy in our new possessions by incorporating the same in the
revenue act of Congress in the code of laws for the government
of the Hawaiian Islands.

"We call general attention to the fearful fact that

exportation of liquors from the United States to the
Philippine Islands increased from $337 in 1898 to $167,198 in
the first ten months of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900;
and that while our exportations of liquor to Cuba never
reached $30,000 a year previous to American occupation of that
island, our exports of such liquors to Cuba during the fiscal
year of 1899 reached the sum of $629,655.

"Sixth.—One great religious body (the Baptist) having truly

declared of the liquor traffic 'that it has no defensible
right to exist, that it can never be reformed, that it stands
condemned by its unrighteous fruits as a thing unchristian,
un-American, and perilous utterly to every interest in life';
another great religious body (the Methodist) having as truly
asserted and reiterated that 'no political party has the right
to expect, nor should it receive, the votes of Christian men
so long as it stands committed to the license system or
refuses to put itself on record in an attitude of open
hostility to the saloons'; other great religious bodies having
made similar deliverances, in language plain and unequivocal,
as to the liquor traffic and the duty of Christian citizenship
in opposition thereto, and the fact being plain and undeniable
that the Democratic party stands for license, the saloon, and
the canteen, while the Republican party, in policy and
administration, stands for the canteen, the saloon, and
revenue therefrom, we declare ourselves justified in expecting
that Christian voters everywhere shall cease their complicity
with the liquor curse by refusing to uphold a liquor party,
and shall unite themselves with the only party which upholds
the prohibition policy, and which for nearly thirty years has
been the faithful defender of the church, the State, the home,
and the school against the saloon, its expanders and
perpetuators, their actual and persistent foes.

"We insist that no differences of belief, as to any other

question or concern of government, should stand in the way of
such a union of moral and Christian citizenship as we hereby
invite for the speedy settlement of this paramount moral,
industrial, financial, and political issue which our party
presents; and we refrain from declaring ourselves upon all
minor matters as to which differences of opinion may exist
that hereby we may offer to the American people a platform so
broad that all can stand upon it who desire to see sober
citizenship actually sovereign over the allied hosts of evil,
sin, and crime in a government of the people, by the people,
and for the people.

"We declare that there are but two real parties to-day
concerning the liquor traffic—Perpetuationists and
 Prohibitionists—and that patriotism, Christianity, and every
interest of genuine republicanism and of pure democracy,
besides the loyal demands of our common humanity, require the
speedy union, in one solid phalanx at the ballot-box, of all
who oppose the liquor traffic's perpetuation, and who covet
endurance for this Republic."

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900.

Democratic Party Platform and Nominations.

The delegates of the Democratic Party met in national

convention at Kansas City, on the Fourth of July. By unanimous
vote, on the following day, they again nominated William J.
Bryan, of Nebraska, for President, and subsequently associated
with him ex-Vice President Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois,
for Vice President. The platform, adopted on the same day,
reiterating the demand of 1896 for a free and unlimited
coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1, but emphasizing the
question of colonial expansion as the "paramount issue of the
campaign," was as follows: "'We, the representatives of the
Democratic party of the United States, assembled in national
convention on the anniversary of the adoption of the
Declaration of Independence, do reaffirm our faith in that
immortal proclamation of the inalienable rights of man, and
our allegiance to the constitution framed in harmony therewith
by the fathers of the Republic. We hold with the United States
Supreme Court that the Declaration of Independence is the spirit
of our government, of which the constitution is the form and
letter.
{654}
We declare again that all governments instituted among men
derive their just powers from the consent of the governed;
that any government not based upon the consent of the governed
is a tyranny; and that to impose upon any people a government
of force is to substitute the methods of imperialism for those
of a republic. We hold that the constitution follows the flag
and denounce the doctrine that an executive or congress,
deriving their existence and their powers from the
constitution, can exercise lawful authority beyond it, or in
violation of it. We assert that no nation can long endure half
republic and half empire, and we warn the American people that
imperialism abroad will lead quickly and inevitably to
despotism at home.

"Believing in these fundamental principles, we denounce the

Porto Rico law, enacted by a Republican Congress against the
protest and opposition of the Democratic minority, as a bold
and open violation of the Nation's organic law and a flagrant
breach of National good faith. It imposes upon the people of
Porto Rico a government without their consent, and taxation
without representation. It dishonors the American people by
repudiating a solemn pledge made in their behalf by the
commanding general of our Army, which the Porto Ricans
welcomed to a peaceful and unresisted occupation of their
land. It dooms to poverty and distress a people whose
helplessness appeals with peculiar force to our justice and
magnanimity. In this, the first act of its imperialistic
programme, the Republican party seeks to commit the United
States to a colonial policy inconsistent with republican
institutions and condemned by the Supreme Court in numerous
decisions.

"We demand the prompt and honest fulfilment of our pledge to

the Cuban people and the world, that the United States has no
disposition nor intention to exercise sovereignty,
jurisdiction, or control over the island of Cuba, except for
its pacification. The war ended nearly two years ago, profound
peace reigns over all the island, and still the Administration
keeps the government of the island from its people, while
Republican carpetbag officials plunder its revenue and exploit
the colonial theory to the disgrace of the American people.

"We condemn and denounce the Philippine policy of the present

Administration. It has embroiled the Republic in an
unnecessary war, sacrificed the lives of many of its noblest
sons, and placed the United States, previously known and
applauded throughout the world as the champion of freedom, in
the false and un-American position of crushing with military
force the efforts of our former allies to achieve liberty and
self-government. The Filipinos cannot be citizens without
endangering our civilization; they cannot be subjects without
imperilling our form of government; and as we are not willing
to surrender our civilization, or to convert the Republic into
an empire, we favor an immediate declaration of the Nation's
purpose to give to the Filipinos, first, a stable form of
government; second, independence; and third, protection from
outside interference such as has been given for nearly a
century to the republics of Central and South America. The
greedy commercialism which dictated the Philippine policy of
the Republican Administration attempts to justify it with the
plea that it will pay, but even this sordid and unworthy plea
fails when brought to the test of facts. The war of 'criminal
aggression' against the Filipinos, entailing an annual expense
of many millions, has already cost more than any possible
profit that could accrue from the entire Philippine trade for
years to come. Furthermore, when trade is extended at the
expense of liberty the price is always too high.

"We are not opposed to territorial expansion, when it takes in

desirable territory which can be erected into States in the
Union, and whose people are willing and fit to become American
citizens. We favor trade expansion by every peaceful and
legitimate means. But we are unalterably opposed to the
seizing or purchasing of distant islands to be governed
outside the Constitution and whose people can never become
citizens. We are in favor of extending the Republic's
influence among the nations, but believe that influence should
be extended not by force and violence, but through the
persuasive power of a high and honorable example.

"The importance of other questions now pending before the

American people is in nowise diminished and the Democratic
party takes no backward step from its position on them; but
the burning issue of imperialism, growing out of the Spanish
war, involving the very existence of the Republic and the
destruction of our free institutions, we regard as the
paramount issue of the campaign.

"The declaration of the Republican platform adopted at the

Philadelphia Convention, held in June, 1900, that the
Republican party 'steadfastly adheres to the policy announced
in the Monroe Doctrine,' is manifestly insincere and
deceptive. This profession is contradicted by the avowed
policy of that party, in opposition to the spirit of the
Monroe Doctrine, to acquire and hold sovereignty over large
areas of territory and large numbers of people in the Eastern
Hemisphere. We insist on the strict maintenance of the Monroe
Doctrine in all its integrity, both in letter and in spirit,
as necessary to prevent the extension of European authority on
these continents and as essential to our supremacy in American
affairs. At the same time we declare that no American people
shall ever be held by force in unwilling subjection to
European authority.

"We oppose militarism. It means conquest abroad and

intimidation and oppression at home. It means the strong arm
which has ever been fatal to free institutions. It is what
millions of our citizens have fled from in Europe. It will
impose upon our peace loving people a large standing army, an
unnecessary burden of taxation, and would be a constant menace
to their liberties. A small standing army and a well
disciplined State militia are amply sufficient in time of
peace. This Republic has no place for a vast military
establishment, a sure forerunner of compulsory military
service and conscription. When the Nation is in danger the
volunteer soldier is his country's best defender. The National
Guard of the United States should ever be cherished in the
patriotic hearts of a free people. Such organizations are ever
 an element of strength and safety. For the first time in our
history and coeval with the Philippine conquest has there been
a wholesale departure from our time honored and approved
system of volunteer organization. We denounce it as
un-American, undemocratic and unrepublican and as a subversion
of the ancient and fixed principles of a free people.

{655}

"Private monopolies are indefensible and intolerable. They

destroy competition, control the price of raw material and of
the finished product, thus robbing both producer and consumer.
They lessen the employment of labor and arbitrarily fix the terms
and conditions thereof; and deprive individual energy and
small capital of their opportunity for betterment. They are
the most efficient means yet devised for appropriating the
fruits of industry to the benefit of the few at the expense of
the many, and, unless their insatiate greed is checked, all
wealth will be aggregated in a few hands and the Republic
destroyed. The dishonest paltering with the trust evil by the
Republican party in its State and National platforms is
conclusive proof of the truth of the charge that trusts are
the legitimate product of Republican policies, that they are
fostered by Republican laws, and that they are protected by
the Republican Administration in return for campaign
subscriptions and political support. We pledge the Democratic
party to an unceasing warfare in Nation, State and city
against private monopoly in every form. Existing laws against
trusts must be enforced and more stringent ones must be
enacted providing for publicity as to the affairs of
corporations engaged in interstate commerce and requiring all
corporations to show, before doing business outside of the
State of their origin, that they have no water in their stock,
and that they have not attempted and are not attempting to
monopolize any branch of business or the production of any
articles of merchandise; and the whole constitutional power of
Congress over interstate commerce, the mails and all modes of
interstate communication shall be exercised by the enactment
of comprehensive laws upon the subject of trusts.

"Tariff laws should be amended by putting the products of

trusts upon the free list, to prevent monopoly under the plea
of protection. The failure of the present Republican
Administration, with an absolute control over all the branches
of the National Government, to enact any legislation designed
to prevent or even curtail the absorbing power of trusts and
illegal combinations, or to enforce the anti-trust laws
already on the statute books, proves the insincerity of the
high sounding phrases of the Republican platform. Corporations
should be protected in all their rights and their legitimate
interests should be respected, but any attempt by corporations
to interfere with the public affairs of the people or to
control the sovereignty which creates them should be forbidden
under such penalties as will make such attempts impossible. We
condemn the Dingley tariff law as a trust breeding measure
skilfully devised to give to the few favors which they do not
deserve, and to place upon the many burdens which they should
not bear. We favor such an enlargement of the scope of the
Interstate Commerce law as will enable the Commission to
protect individuals and communities from discrimination and
the public from unjust and unfair transportation rates.

"We reaffirm and indorse the principles of the National

Democratic platform adopted at Chicago in 1896 and we
reiterate the demand of that platform for an American
financial system made by the American people for themselves,
which shall restore and maintain a bimetallic price level, and
as part of such system the immediate restoration of the free
and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal
ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of
any other nation.

"We denounce the currency bill enacted at the last session of

Congress as a step forward in the Republican policy which aims
to discredit the sovereign right of the National Government to
issue all money, whether coin or paper, and to bestow upon
National banks the power to issue and control the volume of
paper money for their own benefit. A permanent National bank
currency, secured by Government bonds, must have a permanent
debt to rest upon, and, if the bank currency is to increase
with population and business, the debt must also increase. The
Republican currency scheme is, therefore, a scheme for
fastening upon the taxpayers a perpetual and growing debt for
the benefit of the banks. We are opposed to this private
corporation paper circulated as money, but without legal
tender qualities, and demand the retirement of National bank
notes as fast as Government paper or silver certificates can
be substituted for them. We favor an amendment to the Federal
Constitution providing for the election of United States
Senators by direct vote of the people, and we favor direct
legislation wherever practicable. We are opposed to government
by injunction; we denounce the blacklist, and favor
arbitration as a means of settling disputes between
corporations and their employés.

"In the interest of American labor and the upbuilding of the

workingman as the cornerstone of the prosperity of our
country, we recommend that Congress create a Department of
Labor, in charge of a Secretary, with a seat in the Cabinet,
believing that the elevation of the American laborer will
bring with it increased production and increased prosperity to
our country at home and to our commerce abroad. We are proud
of the courage and fidelity of the American soldiers and
sailors in all our wars; we favor liberal pensions to them and
their dependents; and we reiterate the position taken in the
Chicago platform in 1896, that the fact of enlistment and
service shall be deemed conclusive evidence against disease
and disability before enlistment.

"We favor the immediate construction, ownership and control of

the Nicaraguan canal by the United States, and we denounce the