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SLB Cementing Integrity Evaluation
SLB Cementing Integrity Evaluation
Gehan S. Abdelkader
Well Integrity Product Champion
WLH
1
Outline
• Cementing
• Reasons to have a quality cementing job
• Cementing process
• Factors affecting the Cement Quality
• Cement Quality Evaluation
• Solutions
• Conclusion
• Strategy
2
Cementing
• Wellbore cement that provides complete zonal isolation
protects the environment, enhances drilling safety and
optimizes production. Without high-quality cement filling
the annulus between the casing and the formation,
freshwater aquifers above or below the reservoir might be
contaminated by fluid from other formations. Casing that
is not protected by cement might be prone to corrosion by
formation fluids.
Oilfield Review
Summer 2001
3
Cementing
• Reasons for quality cementing job:
• Support the pipe in place
• Further drilling
• Production
• Protect pipe in place
• Corrosive formation fluids
• Hydraulic isolation
• No communication between different formation fluids
• No migration of formation fluids to surface
• No loss of production to thief zones
4
Cementing Process
Pre-blend
SFM
WELLCLEAN II
CemCADE
CemCAT CBL/VDL
USIT
Sonicalc
5
Cementing Process
• Job design
• Data gathering
• Borehole geometry (bit size, caliper, % excess, depth, etc.)
• Well bore information (pore and frac pressures, lithologies)
• Temperature (gradient, BHST, BHCT)
• Problem zones (lost circulation, washouts, water flow, etc.)
• Casing data (size, type and placement of hardware, previous casing)
• Survey data (TVD, KOP, bearing, deviation, etc.)
• Drilling fluid Data (type, density, rheology)
• Lab verification
• Cement material is suitable for downhole condition
• Cement additives are suitable for downhole condition
• Cement system is reproducible
• Cement job simulation (CemCADE)
• For consistency and optimization of casing centering and mud
removal
• Cement placement
6
Cementing Process – Cont.
• Job execution
• Reproduce the cement system verified by the Lab
• Flow rate for effective well clean and mud removal
• Duration of cement placement (pumpable slurry)
• Enough slurry volume
• Solid Fraction Monitoring for constant density
• Job evaluation
• Hydraulic isolation and cement distribution
• Pipe condition
• Pipe support
7
Factors Affecting Cement Quality
• Borehole Geometry BHST at top of Annular gap
Minimum: 3/4-in.
Cement >BHCT
• It has a great effect on at TD Ideal: 1 1/2-in.
8
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
9
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
• Tubular centralization
• Effect on flow rate
18
RH
16
FLOW RATE RATIO
14
RC
12
10
W
8
6 % Stand-off = w X 100
RH - RC
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
API % STAND-OFF
10
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
Turbulent Flow
Velocity Profile
(Swirling motion)
Wide
Narrow
Vw
Wide
Vn
Narrow
12
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
13
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
• Example
% % % %
ft ft
75 100 25 50 75 100 75.0 100.0 25 50 75 100
10750
10750
1/1 1/1
11000
11000
11250
11250
11500
11500
2/1 2/1
Cement Coverage Pipe Standoff Well Cement Coverage Pipe Standoff Well
14
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
% %
ft
75.0 100.0 25 50 75 100
10750
Cement Coverage
1/1
11000
11250
11500
2/1
15
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
16
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
17
Factors Affecting Cement Quality – Cont.
Job #19
90 90 9
80 80
70 70 7
Solid Fraction (%)
60 60 6
50 50 5
40 40 4
30 30 3
20 20 2
10 10 1
0 0 0
10:35:02 10:49:26 11:03:50 11:18:14 11:32:38 1 0 :3 5 :011:47:02
2 1 0 :4 9 :212:01:26
6 1 1 :0 3 :5 0 1 1 :1 8 :1 4
Time S oli d F rac t ion
18
Cement Quality Evaluation
• “It is now admitted by the Industry that the primary use of
any Cement Evaluation Tool is not to decide when and
where to perform a cement remedial job but to try and
improve the primary cement job on the next well of the
same kind”
D. Rouillac in
“Cement Evaluation Logging
Handbook, 1994”
19
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Two major types of tools:
• Sonic tools (CBL/VDL)
• The CBL measurement is the
amplitude in millivolts of the No
first arrival E1 at the 3 –foot Cement
receiver. It is a function of
the attenuation due to the
shear coupling of the
cement sheath to the casing.
The attenuation rate
depends on the cement
compressive strength, the
Good
casing diameter, the pipe Bond
thickness, and the
percentage of bonded
circumference
20
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Applications, Benefits & Features :
• Quantitative evaluation of casing to cement bond
• Qualitative evaluation of cement to formation bond
• HPHT Application
• Slim access application
• Microannulus detection (run with pressure)
• Best results when combined with USIT
21
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
22
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Variable density log
• 5 ft Receiver for VDL Analysis Tx
• Allows easy differentiation
between casing and
formation arrivals
R3
5 ft
R5
23
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Factors affecting CBL Free Pipe Signal
• Good cement – Stretch E1
Good Bond
T0 Threshold Signal
TTTT’
∆T
E2
24
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Basic interpretation
• Free pipe 5
E1
T0 Threshold
2
TT
25
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Free pipe amplitude
E1 Amplitude (MV) SFT 155 in Air
100
90
SFT 155 in Fluid
80
7 in CSG
70
9 5/8 in CSG
60
50
40
30
Casing ID (in)
20
2 4 6 8 10 12 14161820
26
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Good cement to casing
bond 5
27
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
Good casing to cement to formation bond
28
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Irregular Bond
• The more “free” pipe or 5
“contaminated” cement in an
interval, the poorer the bond
• If cement job is not perfect,
CBL amplitude increases. 3
29
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
Poor Bond w/ Casing
X
Medium
Transit Time
Strong
X Casing Arrivals
30
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
Poor Bond w/ Formation
No
X
Formation Arrivals
Transit Time
Low
with some
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
Cycle Skipping
No
X
Casing Arrivals
31
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Microannulus
• Gap between Casing and Cement
5
• Caused by contraction of casing after
cement sets if Casing Fluid is changed.
• E1 amplitude resembles a poorer
bond than actual.
• Only a pressure pass can be done to 3
eliminate the micro annulus.
32
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Tool Eccentering
• Causes for Eccentralization
5
• Improper Equipment selection
Centralizers ] for Casing Size
• Missing or Broken Centralizer(s)
• Weak Centralizers in deviated wells
3
• Tool Damaged and/or bent
• Damaged Casing
• Consequences 2
33
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
Short Path Waveform
Resulting Waveform Normal Waveform
T0 Threshold
TT
Result is a Bad Log not recoverable in Playback
Delayed Waveform
If the tool is eccentered:
34
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Fast Formation Arrivals
5
• In cases of good cement
andformation slowness < steel
slowness formation arrival arrives first
3
T Dolomite = 43.5 sec/ft
T Limestone = 47.5 sec/ft
T Anhydrate = 50.0 sec/ft
2
35
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Fast Formations
5
• In FF arrivals, CBL evaluation is not possible,
E1 amplitude reflects the formation signal
and not the casing signal. ( 3 & 5 ft Rx)
3
• Only in short spacing Tx-Rx (~ 1 ft) the
casing arrival will arrive earlier than FF
2
arrival.
36
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
High
<-----------------------------------------arrivals
37
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
38
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• CBL Quantitative
3
0 BI = 60 %
I
Interpretation. n
2
5
BI = 70 %
• ATTENUATION t 2
0
• Logarithm of E1 amplitude [first peak e
of CBL waveform] r 1
5
v 1 BI = 80 %
a 0
• BOND INDEX l
5
39
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Interpretation process for cement bond log:
• Log LQC
• Transit times correct for casing size (CBL Parameters)
• Amplitude correct in free pipe & 100% cement as predicted.
• Check for centralization
• Check for fast formation (TT decreasing)
• Conditions
• Cement type
• Borehole fluid
• Cement tops
• Hole size (OH Caliper)
• Well deviation
• Hydraulic isolation determination
• Determine 80% Bond Index
• Determine minimum cemented interval
• Check VDL for cement to formation bond
40
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Ultrasonic tools (USIT)
• Theory of measurement is based on
measuring the acoustic impedance (Z) of
the material in the annulus by sending an
ultrasonic pulse and measuring the decay
of the reflections using a single rotating
transducer.
*Z = Density x Velocity
Transducer
Casing Cement Formation
Mud
Echo
Thickness
amplitude
Transit time
(Internal casing Cement Impedance
condition)
Internal radius
41
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
Z (MRayl)
Ultra Heavy Weight Cement
8.0
Heavy Weight Cement
6.0
Cement 15.8 ppg
4.0 LiteCRETE
Foam Cement
2.0
1.5 Water
0.1 Gas
42
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
8
Standard
Standard
Light
Light
Z – 0 8 MRayl
4 Maximum
impedance
Completion fluids
Solid/liquid
+/- 0.5 threshold
Slurry
2
Liquid
Gas/liquid
0 threshold
43
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Sonicalc
• Stand-alone acoustic log calculator
Supports the user for the QA/QC process
• Cross-segment product
Used by both, Cementing and Wireline engineers
Will contribute to increase the quality of cement evaluation services
as it provides log setup before the job
• Forward simulation tool
Predicts more accurately the expected responses (Z, amplitude) of
different cements
Assures that tools (CBL/VDL & USIT) were operated correctly
Assures that results are presented with the appropriate parameters
44
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Input • Outputs
• Well • Scenarios
• Survey, temperature, casing • Only data you need!
• Logging Fluid • CBL/USIT QA/QC (and evaluation)
• p, T logging fluid & • Log file
transducers
• Slurries
• Defaults
• Surface T, vertical well, water,
G neat
• Import data
• CemCADE
45
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
USIT Theory of Measurement & Processing
46
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Standard Presentation
Client Log
Channel
48
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Good Cement Example
Strong formation arrival
49
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Light Cement Top
Example
• Light cement has low
impedance
• 0-4 MRayl scale shows
contrast between light
cement and liquid
• Liquid/solid threshold
set low (2.1) for light
cement
• CBL agrees with USI
50
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Channel Example
Weak formation arrival
CBL variable, high
Strong casing arrival
Channel
Low-Z cement
51
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Deformed casing can cause lost echoes and tool
eccentering. Even the eccentering curve becomes false.
The log must be repeated with a wider acquisition
window.
Eccentering Lost echoes
QC Casing Cement
52
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Third Interface
• No centralizers, 4.5 in. liner inside 7 in. casing
53
Cement Quality Evaluation –
Cont.
• Microdebonding algorithm
• If all 4 standard deviations are Vertical
higher than set thresholds, the Deviation
Liquid
< Thresh
OR
> Thresh
Micro-D
Gas
<Thresh
OR
> Thresh
Micro-D
54
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
Micro-debond Formation
presentation Conventional arrivals
Low
CBL
55
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
CBL
56
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
• Environmental Challenges
• Heavy Weight Mud
• Signal attenuation – Sonic / Ultrasonic
• Motor stalling – Ultrasonic
• Hydrostatic pressure – Ultrasonic
• Heavy Casing
• Database not available for modeling – Ultrasonic
• Uncalibrated response – Sonic / Ultrasonic
57
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
CEMENT USIT CBL
Standard cement good bond
Accuracy
Standard cement free pipe
Very light cement
Microdebonded
Dry microannulus
Free pipe Well bonded
Liquid microannulus
Channel (gas/liquid)
Good interpretation
Contaminated Ambiguous
Very ambiguous or not detectable
58
Cement Quality Evaluation – Cont.
Gas zone
Cement
Cement
Poor Mudcake
Micro annular Cement Integrity
Removal
Mud
Channel
Mud Cake
59
Solutions
• Upon the diagnosis of the
hydraulic isolation problem,
Schlumberger Well Services offer
a wide range of solutions for:
• Cement job enhancements
CemSTONE
• Remedy
DuraSTONE
FlexSTONE
60
Solutions
• CemCRETE
More solids = improved mechanical properties
8 - 28 lbm/gal CemCRETE
Extended
12.5 lbm/gal
lightweight
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Solids Fraction
61
Solutions
CemCRETE WORLDWIDE
2701 Jobs
1200
921
Jobs Count
Jobs Count
350 276
CemCRETE is a Proven 186
Technology
0
1998 1999 2000 2001
62
Solutions
• Problem: Weak formation and lost circulation applications
• Solution: LiteCRETE – LiteCRETE UL
63
Solutions
Enter well geometry data
• Problem: Start
and wellbore conditions
• Cracking (tension)
• Failure (compression) Simulate
64
Solutions
• Problem: High pore pressure
• Solution: DensCRETE up to 28 ppg
65
Conclusion
• In gauge hole, casing centering and mud removal are the keys for good
cementing job.
• Even if there will not be a remedy consideration, cement evaluation helps in
improving the next cementing job of the same kind
• The USI provides the most detailed view of the distribution of cement in the
annulus available today.
• The USI combination with CBL/VDL is always recommended. Data from both
services complement each other for more accurate interpretation, especially
in the presence of microannulus and nonstandard conditions.
• Acoustic logs have limitations.
• Cement evaluation must combine cement job analysis and acoustic logs
• Schlumberger Solutions = Integrated “Cementing and Evaluation”.
66
Strategy
67