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Textbook Mexicans in Alaska An Ethnography of Mobility Place and Transnational Life Sara Komarnisky Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Mexicans in Alaska An Ethnography of Mobility Place and Transnational Life Sara Komarnisky Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Mexicans in Alaska
Anthropology of Contemporary North America
series editors
James Bielo, Miami University
Carrie Lane, California State University, Fullerton
advisory board
Peter Benson, Washington University in St. Louis
John L. Caughey, University of Maryland
Alyshia Gálvez, Lehman College
Carol Greenhouse, Princeton University
John Hartigan, University of Texas
John Jackson Jr., University of Pennsylvania
Ellen Lewin, University of Iowa
Bonnie McElhinny, University of Toronto
Shalini Shankar, Northwestern University
Carol Stack, University of California, Berkeley
Mexicans
in Alaska
An Ethnography of Mobility,
Place, and Transnational Life
Sara V. Komarnisky
List of Illustrations xi
List of Tables xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Acuitzences in Alaska xix
Notes 215
Bibliography 241
Index 251
Illustrations
figures
1. Air crossroads of the world, 2013 50
2. Canadian-U.S. border along the Alaska Highway, 2011 60
3. Road between Tiripetio and Acuitzio, 1967 67
4. The Bravo family, 2012 78
5. “Oscar” and his rooster, 2012 136
6. Xochiquetzal-Tiqun at the Anchorage Museum, 2011 174
7. Chichén Itzá—Chugach 184
8. Chichén Itzá—North Slope 184
9. Zitácuaro—Chugach 184
maps
1. Interior Michoacán, Mexico 29
2. Alaska 36
3. Routes between Mexico and Anchorage, Alaska 49
Tables
xv
Bloch, Juanita Sundberg, Pilar Riaño-Alcalá, Jon Beasley-Murray, and
Lynn Stephen for their invaluable insights and suggestions. Thank you
all. Felice Wyndham also contributed important ideas to the develop-
ment of this project. As I struggled with writing, I read Shaylih Muehl-
mann’s book When I Wear My Alligator Boots, which encouraged me to
try to write like the ethnographies I love to read. For reading and engag-
ing with earlier drafts of this work, thank you especially to Marlee
McGuire, Natalie Baloy, Ana Vivaldi, Solen Roth, Tamar Scoggin-McKee,
and Molly Malone. Thank you to Wade Tymchak and Tony Calvillo for
your help with table 2. This work has also benefited immensely from
conversations with my friends and colleagues who work in the Canadian
North: thank you to Zoe Todd, Crystal Fraser, and Lindsay Bell. I also
acknowledge Julie Cruikshank for her encouragement and interest in
my work and Raymond Wiest for taking me on as a student and intro-
ducing me to Acuitzio, and for his support and mentorship since then.
I completed the book manuscript while a postdoctoral fellow at the
University of Alberta. This has been an incredibly supportive environ-
ment in which to write and start new research, especially thanks to my
mentor, Beverly Lemire, the whole Object Lives and Global Histories of
Northern North America research group, and my colleagues in the
Department of History and Classics—Sarah Carter, Crystal Fraser, Jay-
mie Heilman, Liza Piper, Susan Smith, and Shannon Stunden-Bower.
Thank you to Colleen Skidmore for publishing advice!
Carrie Lane and James Bielo, editors for the Anthropology of Con-
temporary North America series, were enthusiastic about this project
from start to finish. Thanks to you both! I also thank Alicia Christensen,
American studies editor at the University of Nebraska Press, who has
been a patient and supportive guide through the process. Thank you to
reviewers Ruth Gomberg-Muñoz and Leigh Binford: your insightful cri-
tiques, comments, and suggestions have made this a better book.
Research for this project was funded by the Vanier Canada Graduate
Scholarships program, the University of British Columbia, and the Liu
Institute for Global Issues at ubc. For institutional support during field-
work, I would like to extend my sincere thank-you to the Colegio de
Michoacán and Dra. Gail Mummert Fulmer for arranging an alumna
visitante position for me during fieldwork in Mexico, and to the Institute
xvi acknowledgments
for Social and Economic Research (iser) and Dr. Marie Lowe for a vis-
iting student position at the University of Alaska, Anchorage.
Finally, thank you to Chris Shapka, the very best person I can imagine
to travel through life with. As I prepared the final draft of this manu-
script we welcomed our sweet daughter, Ingrid. I wish her, too, deep
roots and the freedom to move.
acknowledgments xvii
Acuitzences in Alaska
xix
Table 1. Acuitzences in Alaska as of 2011–12
xx
main
pseudonym age alaska connection residence “papers” relationships work
Bravo family
Ana Bravo 42 Moved to Alaska in 1992 after Anchorage Dual citizen (-) Married to Miguel Bravo. Industrial food
marrying Miguel Bravo. Araceli Bravo is their daughter. preparation
Ana’s brother Tomás also lives
and works in Anchorage. Her
sister Rosa lives in Acuitzio.
acuitzences in alaska
Araceli Bravo 18 Born in Alaska. Anchorage U.S. citizen Miguel and Ana’s daughter, Restaurant
and Luis Sr.’s granddaughter. hostess
Gloria Bravo 48 Visited Anchorage from July Anchorage Dual citizen Luis Sr.’s daughter and Industrial food
to September 1980, and moved (1998) Renata’s mother. Her siblings, preparation
there with her husband in 1995. Luis Jr. and Miguel also live in
Anchorage.
Juana Bravo* 44 Moved to Anchorage with her Anchorage Dual citizen Married to Luis Bravo Jr. Industrial food
husband and children in 1996. (2005) They have three children: preparation
Toño, Verónica, and Sophia.
Lupe’s cousin Eduardo also
works in Anchorage.
Luis Bravo Sr. 78 Worked in Alaska for twenty- Acuitzio Mexican citizen All of his children except for Retired
five years, from 1960 to 1985. one currently live and work
in Anchorage.
Luis Bravo Jr. 46 Came to Anchorage to work Anchorage Dual citizen Luis Sr.’s son, married to Restaurant
in 1983. (1995) Juana Bravo. They have cook
three children: Toño,
Verónica, and Sophia.
Luis Antonio 20 Born in Mexico and moved Anchorage Dual citizen Luis and Juana’s son, and Luis Restaurant
(Toño) Bravo to Anchorage with his family (2004) Sr.’s grandson. His sisters are dishwasher
as a small child in 1996. Verónica and Sophia Bravo.
Miguel Bravo 43 Went to Anchorage to work Anchorage Dual citizen Luis Sr.’s son, married to Restaurant
in 1986. (1990) Ana Bravo. Araceli Bravo owner
is their daughter.
Renata Bravo 19 Born in Mexico but moved to Anchorage Dual citizen Gloria’s daughter and Luis Waitress
Anchorage with her parents (1999) Sr.’s granddaughter.
as a small child in 1995.
Sophia Bravo 16 Born in Mexico and moved Anchorage Dual citizen Luis and Juana’s youngest Restaurant
to Anchorage with her family (2004) daughter, and Luis Sr.’s office adminis-
as a small child in 1996. granddaughter. Her siblings tration
are Toño and Verónica Bravo.
acuitzences in alaska
Verónica Bravo 18 Born in Mexico and moved to Anchorage Dual citizen Luis and Juana’s daughter, Restaurant
Anchorage with her family as (2004) and Luis Sr.’s granddaughter. hostess
xxi
a small child in 1996. Her siblings are Toño and
Sophia Bravo.
main
pseudonym age alaska connection residence “papers” relationships work
xxii
Cárdenas family
Alina Cárdenas* 50 Lived in Anchorage from 1989 Anchorage Mexican citizen; Married to Ernesto Sr. Claudia Restaurant
to 1991 and then moved back to U.S. permanent is their second-oldest kitchen
Acuitzio with her children while resident daughter. manager
Ernesto kept working in Alaska.
The family moved back to
Anchorage in 2000.
acuitzences in alaska
Cárdenas He co-owns a restaurant with owner
Miguel Bravo.
Claudia 30 Born in Mexico and lived in Anchorage Dual citizen Ernesto Sr.’s granddaughter Tax
Cárdenas* Alaska as a child from 1989 to (2007) and Ernesto Jr. and Alina’s preparation
1991. Moved back to Acuitzio daughter. Married to Iván.
with her family. Spent a short
time in Anchorage from May
to October 2001 and moved
to Anchorage again in 2002.
Ernesto 78 Lived and worked in Alaska for Morelia - All of his children and most Retired
Cárdenas Sr. eleven years from 1966 to 1977. of his grandchildren live and
work in Alaska. His wife was
born in the United States
but not in Alaska.
Ernesto 54 Went to Alaska to work Anchorage Dual citizen Ernesto Sr.’s son. Married Costco
Cárdenas Jr. in 1987. (1999 or 2000) to Alina. Claudia is their
second-oldest daughter.
Iván Cárdenas 30 Has lived and worked in Anchorage Mexican citizen; Married to Claudia. His Merchant
Alaska since 2001. U.S. permanent uncle worked in Alaska (buy/sell)
resident from the 1950s to 1970s.
Adán 28 Has never been to Alaska but Acuitzio Mexican citizen Luis Jr., Miguel, and -
would like to work there Gloria Bravo are his
someday. Has worked elsewhere tios (uncle/aunt).
in the United States.
César* 49 Has been in Anchorage off Anchorage Mexican citizen César’s wife and children Restaurant
and on since 1996. Said he was live in Acuitzio. sous-chef
there from 1996 to 1997; 2002
to 2003; 2003 to present, a total
of nine years.
Diego 28 In Alaska from 2002 to 2009. Acuitzio Mexican citizen Has a child who still lives Store owner
Left because he feared in Anchorage.
deportation.
acuitzences in alaska
Eduardo* 64 Has worked in the United Acuitzio Mexican citizen; Wife, children, and Costco
States for most of his adult U.S. permanent grandchildren all live in or
xxiii
life, and in Alaska since 2003. resident (1992) near Acuitzio. His cousin is
Juana Bravo. His sister and her
family also live in Anchorage.
main
pseudonym age alaska connection residence “papers” relationships work
xxiv
Efrén 39 Born in the United States, and Anchorage U.S. citizen Married to Soledad. Efrén Janitorial
has lived and worked in Alaska and Serefina’s husband services
since 1990. Started out working are brothers. manager and
in a remote fish cannery. business owner
Esteban 53 First went to Anchorage in Anchorage Dual citizen Married to Laura. Went Costco
1989. Stayed until 1991 and (1996) to school with many of the
then went back to Mexico. men from Acuitzio in his age
Went back to Anchorage in group and works with many
acuitzences in alaska
1992 and has been there since. Acuitenzes at Costco.
Fernando - Went to Alaska in 1992 por Anchorage Dual citizen Married to Ivonne; they met in Costco
buscar trabajo, to find work. Alaska. Salvador is his brother.
Gonzalo 80 One of the first Acuitzences to Long Beach Dual citizen None of Gonzalo’s close family Retired
Calderon go to Alaska. Lived and worked (1959?) members live in Alaska. Some
there from 1952 to 1973, with of his extended family does,
visits back to Acuitzio. including a nephew.
Inés 39 Has lived in Anchorage Anchorage Mexican citizen; Married to Salvador. Fast food
since 2008. U.S. permanent restaurant
resident employee
Ivonne - Born in the United States Anchorage U.S. citizen Married to Fernando. Office
but not in Anchorage. Went administration
to Anchorage to join her
parents there in 1992.
Jaime 75 Lived and worked in Alaska Acuitzio Mexican citizen None of his close family Retired
from 1960 to 1968. Was lives in Alaska.
deported in 1968. Never
went back to work in the
United States.
Laura 43 Has lived in Anchorage Anchorage Dual citizen Married to Esteban. Library
since 1996. (2001) employee
Leonardo 46 Has lived in Anchorage since Anchorage Dual citizen President of the Construction
1989. Before that, worked (2000) Migrant Club. worker
elsewhere in the United States.
Lola 41 Lived in Anchorage for eleven Acuitzio - Married to Gilberto’s brother. Councilor of
years from 1990 to 2001. Both Gilberto and Lola’s migrant issues
husband work in restaurants.
acuitzences in alaska
Mónica* - Has lived in Anchorage Anchorage - Married to Gilberto. They met Fast food
since 1994. and got married in Alaska. restaurant
xxv
employee
main
pseudonym age alaska connection residence “papers” relationships work
xxvi
Octavio 66 Has lived and worked in Anchorage Dual citizen Uncle to Luis Jr., Miguel, Restaurant
Alaska since 1968. (1995) and Gloria Bravo. Both owner and
Luis Jr. and Miguel worked bartender
at his restaurant.
Oscar 36 Has lived in Alaska since Anchorage Dual citizen Oscar’s parents also live Taxi driver;
1992, with annual trips (1995) between Alaska and Acuitzio, rooster breeder
back to Acuitzio. and most of his siblings live
in Anchorage. His son lives
acuitzences in alaska
in Acuitzio.
Pascual 37 Lived in Alaska for six Morelia Mexican citizen His father also worked in Ecotourism
years, from 1991 to 1997. Alaska in the 1960s. business
owner/
operator;
photographer
Rosa 44 Has never been to Alaska. Acuitzio Mexican citizen Many of her siblings live -
and work in the United
States, including Ana Bravo
and Tomás, who both live
in Alaska.
Serefina 30 Has lived in Anchorage since Anchorage Dual citizen Serefina’s husband is Efrén’s Hairdresser
2002. (2007) brother. He has been living
and working in Anchorage
for much longer.
Salvador* 47 Has lived and worked in Anchorage Dual citizen Married to Inés. He and Costco; janitor
Anchorage since 1992. (2002) Fernando are brothers.
Soledad 39 Has lived in Anchorage since Anchorage Dual citizen Married to Efrén. Nonprofit
1999. (2009) manager;
janitorial
services
business owner
Tomás 46 Has been living and working in Anchorage Dual citizen Ana Bravo’s brother. Costco
Anchorage since 2003. (2000)
acuitzences in alaska
xxvii
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Peut-être je m’attendris trop à ce chevet dans cette chambre,
tiède atmosphère de larmes. Pour en sortir, je vais me jeter dans
mes écritures, mes lectures religieuses qui fortifient. Sœur de
charité, il ne me faudrait pas tomber malade.
FIN DU JOURNAL.
FRAGMENTS
I
SOUVENIR [36] .
[37] Tout ce qui suit a été extrait d’un cahier rédigé par
Mlle de Guérin vers 1841, qu’elle avait apporté du Cayla
lors de son dernier voyage à Paris, avec l’intention vague
de l’insérer peut-être dans le recueil des œuvres
posthumes de Maurice ou de le laisser imprimer
séparément, mais toujours en souvenir de lui et pour
l’honneur de sa mémoire. Sauf les premières et les
dernières pages, qui paraissent empruntées à des lettres
écrites par la sœur à son frère pendant le séjour de celui-
ci en Bretagne, ce n’était qu’une reproduction souvent
littérale, par endroits un peu châtiée, du IIe cahier, que
nous avons préféré mettre à son rang dans la suite du
Journal et sous sa forme primitive. Nous avons
seulement tenu à reproduire ici les passages qui ne se
trouvent point ailleurs, et, à la date du 27 mai et du 21
août 1835, deux variantes qui nous ont semblé offrir un
véritable intérêt littéraire.
L’Imitation de Jésus-Christ.
L’Introduction à la vie dévote, de saint François de Sales.
Le Combat spirituel.
Les Méditations de Bossuet.
Méditations de Médaille.
Lettres spirituelles de Bossuet.
Heures de Fénelon.
Journée du chrétien.
Les Sages entretiens.
L’Ame élevée à Dieu.
L’Ame embrasée de l’amour divin.
Le Mois de Marie.
La Vie des Saints.
Entretiens d’un missionnaire et d’un berger.
Le Dogme générateur de la piété chrétienne, par M. Gerbet.
Le Froment des élus.
Élévations sur les mystères de Bossuet.
Le Guide du jeune âge, de M. Lamennais ; livre que je relis
souvent.