PAULINIAN GLEANERS’ PRAYER
God, our loving Father, through Your
Holy Spirit, enable us to participate in
Jesus’ saving mission to make You
known and loved throughout the world.
May we joyfully live out our Paulinian
identity as gleaners who are:
PRAYERFUL, mindful of who we truly
are and why we are here – Your children
called to follow Your Holy Will;
SELF-EFFACING, quick to transcend
when we are not recognized for the good
we have done or when we are taken for
granted;
With TRANQUIL-DARING to proceed
when we feel that the work and
responsibilities given us are back-
breaking and beyond our capacity; and
ALL TO ALL, willing to faithfully serve
everyone especially the least, the last,
and the lost.
Our Lady of Chartres, pray for us.
St. Paul the Apostle, our Patron, pray for
us.
Fr. Louis Chauvet and our First Sisters,
intercede for us.
Caritas Christi urget nos,
now and for ever. Amen.
MATHEMATICS IN THE
MODERN WORLD
 MODULE 4
MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL
FOR BUSINESS AND FINANCE
Lesson 1
Data Presentation Tools
 •Data Presentation
This refers to the organization of
data into tables, graphs or charts,
so that logical and statistical
conclusions can be derived from
the collected measurements.
 Data Presentation

Textual
Tabular
Graphical
 •Textual Form
– gathered data are presented in paragraph form
– data are written and read
– combination of texts and figures
Example:
Of the 150 samples interviewed, the following complaints were
noted: 27 for lack of books in the library, 25 for a dirty playground,
20 for lack of laboratory equipment, 17 for a not well maintained
university buildings.
 •Tabular Form
- a systematic organization of data in
columns and rows.
- using statistical
table
 •Graphical Form
Kinds of Graphs
Bar Graph
Pie or Circle Graph
Line Graph
Pictograph
 •Bar Graph
- used to show
relationship/
comparison
between groups
 •Line Graph
– most useful in
displaying data
that changes
continuously
overtime
 •Pie or Circle Graph
– shows
percentages
effectively
• Pictograph or Pictogram
–uses identical or
figures of objects
called isotopes in
making comparisons.
Each picture
represents a definite
quantity
Lesson 2
Descriptive Measures
- Descriptive Statistics

❑ Statistics is concerned with the describing, interpretation and analyzing of data.

❑ It is, therefore, an essential element in any improvement
process.
❑ Statistics is often categorized into descriptive and inferential
statistics.
❑ It uses analytical methods which provide the math to model
and predict variation.
❑ It uses graphical methods to help making numbers visible for
communication purposes.

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

- Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics:
❑ Methods of describing the characteristics of a data set.
❑ Useful because they allow you to make sense of the data.
❑ Helps exploring and making conclusions about the data in order
to make rational decisions.
❑ Includes calculating things such as the average of the data, its
spread and the shape it produces.

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

- Descriptive Statistics
The following measures are used to describe a data set:
❑ Measures of position (also referred to as central tendency or location measures).
❑ Measures of spread (also referred to as variability or dispersion
measures).
❑ Measures of shape.

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

- Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Position:
❑ Position Statistics measure the data central tendency.
❑ Central tendency refers to where the data is centered.
❑ You may have calculated an average of some kind.
❑ Despite the common use of average, there are different statistics by which we can
describe the average of a data set:
• Mean.
• Median.
• Mode.

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

- Descriptive Statistics
Mean:
❑ The total of all the values divided by the size of the data set.
❑ It is the most commonly used statistic of position.
❑ It is easy to understand and calculate.
❑ It works well when the distribution is symmetric and there are no outliers.
❑ The mean of a sample is denoted by ‘x-bar’.
❑ The mean of a population is denoted by ‘μ’.

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

- Descriptive Statistics
Median:
❑ The middle value where exactly half of the data values are
above it and half are below it.
❑ Less widely used.
❑ A useful statistic due to its robustness.
❑ It can reduce the effect of outliers.
❑ Often used when the data is nonsymmetrical.
❑ Ensure that the values are ordered before calculation.
❑ With an even number of values, the median is the mean of the two middle values.

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

- Descriptive Statistics
Median Calculation:

23 12
33 30
34 31
36 37
38 38 Median = 38 + 40 / 2 = 39
40 40
41 41
41 41
44 44
45

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

- Descriptive Statistics
Mode:
❑ The value that occurs the most often in a data set.
❑ It is rarely used as a central tendency measure
❑ It is more useful to distinguish between unimodal and
multimodal distributions
• When data has more than one peak.

Continuous Improvement Toolkit . www.citoolkit.com

 Lesson 3
Investing and Borrowing
(Personal Finance)
 Learn about It!

Interest
1 amount that a person gets or pays on top of the original investment or loan

Example:

A person borrows ₱10 000 with a 2% simple interest, payable

after a year. The interest is 2% of ₱10 000, which is ₱200.
 Learn about It!

Lender or creditor
2 refers to the party lending money or extending credit

Borrower or debtor
3 refers to the party using the money or credit

Principal
4 refers to the amount of money extended for credit or the amount of money
deposited in a bank for safekeeping

Example:
A person borrows ₱10 000 with a 2% simple interest,
payable after a year. The principal is ₱10 000.
 Learn about It!

Interest Rate
5 refers to the charged amount for using the money over a certain period;
commonly expressed in percent, but is converted to decimal

Example:

A person borrows ₱10 000 with a 2% simple interest, payable

after a year. The interest rate is 2%.
 Learn about It!

Time of interest
6 refers to the period covered from the time that the money (principal) is borrowed
until its due date

Example:

A person borrows ₱10 000 with a 2% simple interest, payable

after a year. The time of interest is one year.
Learn about It!

Maturity Date
7 due date of the payment of the principal

Simple Interest
8 refers to an interest computed on the original principal during the whole period
or time of borrowing

9 Formula for Simple Interest

The formula for the simple interest is

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡

where 𝐼 is the interest amount, 𝑃 is the principal, 𝑟 is the simple interest rate, and 𝑡
is the time written in years
 Learn about It!

Example:

If a person borrows ₱100 from another person with a 5%

simple interest, then in one year the interest on top of the
borrowed money will be ₱5.

In this problem, the principal amount (𝑃) is ₱100, the interest

rate (𝑟) is 5%, the time (𝑡) is 1 year and the amount of
interest (𝐼) is ₱5.
 Learn about It!

Maturity Value
10 refers to the sum of the principal and interest; sometimes called as the future
value of the principal amount

Formula for Maturity Value

11 The formula for the maturity value is

𝑀 =𝑃+𝐼

Since 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡, we have

𝑀 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑟𝑡
𝑀 = 𝑃 1 − 𝑟𝑡
 Learn about It!

Example:

In the example from the previous slide, the maturity value will
be the sum of ₱100 and ₱5 which is ₱105. This is the amount
that the borrower needs to pay the lender.
 Try It!

Example 1: Tony borrowed ₱100 000 in a bank to finance his

new business venture. How much interest will Tony pay if the
bank charged him a 4% simple interest rate for the loan
payable in two years?
 Try It!

Example 1: Tony borrowed ₱100 000 in a bank to finance his new business venture. How
much interest will Tony pay if the bank charged him a 4% simple interest rate for the loan
payable in two years?

Solution:
1. Identify the given from the problem.

Principal 𝑃 = 100 000

Interest rate 𝑟 = 4% = 0.04
Time 𝑡 = 2
 Try It!

Example 1: Tony borrowed ₱100 000 in a bank to finance his new business venture. How
much interest will Tony pay if the bank charged him a 4% simple interest rate for the loan
payable in two years?

Solution:
2. Substitute the values to the formula 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡.

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
𝐼 = 100 000 0.04 2
𝐼 = 8 000
 Try It!

Example 1: Tony borrowed ₱100 000 in a bank to finance his new business venture. How
much interest will Tony pay if the bank charged him a 4% simple interest rate for the loan
payable in two years?

Solution:
2. Substitute the values to the formula 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡.

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
𝐼 = 100 000 0.04 2
𝐼 = 8 000

Therefore, Tony will pay ₱8 000 interest after two years.

 Try It!

Example 2: Steve placed his money worth ₱150 000 in an

investment instrument that earns 6% simple interest rate per
year. How much will his money be after 4 years?
 Try It!

Example 2: Steve placed his money worth ₱150 000 in an investment instrument that earns
6% simple interest rate per year. How much will his money be after 4 years?

Solution:
1. Identify the given from the problem.

Principal 𝑃 = 150 000

Interest rate 𝑟 = 6% = 0.06
Time 𝑡 = 4
 Try It!

Example 2: Steve placed his money worth ₱150 000 in an investment instrument that earns
6% simple interest rate per year. How much will his money be after 4 years?

Solution:
2. Compute for the interest (𝐼).

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
𝐼 = 150 000 0.06 4
𝐼 = 36 000
 Try It!

Example 2: Steve placed his money worth ₱150 000 in an investment instrument that earns
6% simple interest rate per year. How much will his money be after 4 years?

Solution:
3. Compute for the maturity value (𝑀).

𝑀 =𝑃+𝐼
𝑀 = 150 000 + 36 000
𝑀 = 186 000
 Try It!

Example 2: Steve placed his money worth ₱150 000 in an investment instrument that earns
6% simple interest rate per year. How much will his money be after 4 years?

Solution:
3. Compute for the maturity value (𝑀).

𝑀 =𝑃+𝐼
𝑀 = 150 000 + 36 000
𝑀 = 186 000

Therefore, Steve will have ₱186 000 after four years.

 Try It!

Example 2: Steve placed his money worth ₱150 000 in an investment instrument that earns
6% simple interest rate per year. How much will his money be after 4 years?

Alternative Solution:
1. Substitute the values to the formula 𝑀 = 𝑃 1 + 𝑟𝑡 .

𝑀 = 𝑃 1 + 𝑟𝑡
𝑀 = 150 000 1 + 0.06 4
𝑀 = 186 000
 Learn about It!

Compound Interest
1 interest calculated on the total of the principal and previously calculated interests

Example:
This table shows the
compound interest if 1 000
pesos earns 10% interest
compounded annually for 5
years.
 Learn about It!

2 Compounding Period
the time interval it takes for money to earn interest in a year

Example:
 Learn about It!

Nominal Rate
3 the annual interest rate that does not take into account the compounding period

Example:

If a loan earns an interest of 12% and is compounded

quarterly per annum, then 12% is the nominal rate.
 Learn about It!

Periodic Rate
4 the interest rate per compounding period; equal to the nominal rate divided by the
number of compounding periods in a year

Example:

If a loan earns an interest of 12% and is compounded

quarterly per annum, then 12% ÷ 4 = 3% is the periodic rate.
 Learn about It!

Compound Amount
5 the accumulated value of the principal and all interests from prior periods;
𝑟 𝑚𝑡
calculated using the formula 𝐶 = 𝑃 1 + , where 𝑃 is the principal amount, 𝑟
𝑚
is the nominal rate, 𝑚 is the frequency of the compounding period, and 𝑡 is the
time in years.

Example:
What is the compound amount of a 10 000 pesos loan with an
interest rate of 10% compounded semiannually in 1 year?
 Learn about It!

Example:

𝑚𝑡 2 1
𝑟 0.10
𝐶 =𝑃 1+ = 10 000 1 + = 11 025
𝑚 2
 Try It!

Example 1: Jeff borrowed ₱20 000 at 8% compounded

quarterly for a year. Determine the amount Jeff has to pay at
the end of the loan term.
 Try It!

Example 1: Jeff borrowed ₱20 000 at 8% compounded

quarterly for a year. Determine the amount Jeff has to pay at
the end of the loan term.
Solution:
The problem asks for the final amount to be paid, which is the
compound amount. Thus, we can use the formula
𝑟 𝑚𝑡
𝐶 =𝑃 1+ .
𝑚
From the given problem, we have 𝑃 = 20 000, 𝑟 = 0.08, 𝑚 = 4
(since the compounding period is quarterly), and 𝑡 = 1 year.
 Try It!

Substituting the above values into the formula, we have the

following.
𝑟 𝑚𝑡
𝐶 =𝑃 1+
𝑚
4 1
0.08
= 20 000 1 +
4
= 20 000 1.02 4
= 21 648.64
Hence, Jeff has to pay a total of ₱𝟐𝟏 𝟔𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟒 at the end of the
loan term.
 Try It!

Example 2: How much will be the interest if ₱200 000 is to be

invested for 5 years at 5% interest rate compounded
semiannually?
 Try It!

Example 2: How much will be the interest if ₱200 000 is to be

invested for 5 years at 5% interest rate compounded
semiannually?
Solution:
1. To find the interest, we need to calculate the compound
amount first.
𝑃 = 200 000,
𝑟 = 0.05,
𝑚 = 2 (since the compounding period is semiannually), and
𝑡 = 5 years.
 Try It!

Substituting these values to the formula for the compound

amount, we have the following.

𝑟 𝑚𝑡
𝐶 =𝑃 1+
𝑚 2(5)
0.05
= 200 000 1 +
2
= 200 000 1.025 10
= 256 016.91
 Try It!

2. Deduct the principal amount from the compound amount.

𝐼 =𝐶−𝑃
= 256 016.91 − 200 000
= 56 016.91

Therefore, the investment will earn ₱𝟓𝟔 𝟎𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 in interest

after 5 years.
Lesson 4
Product Tagging
 •Product Tags
Product Tags are used for the easy
identification of products as well as for tracking and
inventory purposes. When product tags are typed or
scanned into a computer or transmitted in some
other fashion, there is a chance that one or more
digits in the number will change or rearrange as they
move from one location to another.
• Universal Product Code
This Universal Product Code
(UPC), is a type of code printed on
retail product packaging to aid in
identifying a particular item. It
consists of two parts – the machine-
readable barcode, which is a series
of unique black bars, and the unique
12-digit number beneath it.
 • Universal Product Code

The purpose of UPCs is to make it easy to identify

product features, such as the brand name, item, size, and
color, when an item is scanned at checkout. In fact, that’s
why they were created in the first place – to speed up the
checkout process at grocery stores. UPCs are also helpful
in tracking inventory within a store or warehouse.
 • Universal Product Code
The last digit of the UPC code is called a check
digit. This digit lets the scanner determine if it
scanned the number correctly or not. Here is how
the check digit is calculated for the other 11 digits,
using the code 63938200039 from "The Teenager's
Guide to the Real World“.
3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 3𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 3𝑥7 + 𝑥8 + 3𝑥9 + 𝑥10 + 3𝑥11 + 𝑥12 = 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑10)
 • Universal Product Code
Code: 63938200039_
1. Add together the value of all of the digits in odd positions
(digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11). 6 + 9 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 9 = 32
2. Multiply that number by 3. 32 * 3 = 96
3. Add together the value of all of the digits in even positions
(digits 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). 3 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 3 = 11
4. Add this sum to the value in step 2. 96 + 11 = 107
5. Take the number in Step 4. To create the check digit,
determine the number that, when added to the number in step
4, is a multiple of 10. 107 + 3 = 110. The check digit is
therefore 3.
 • Universal Product Code
Identify whether the given code is valid
or not.
1. 0-51000-02562-4
 • EAN Code
EAN (International Article Number) barcodes are
also used to label consumer goods worldwide for point-of-
sale scanning, primarily in Europe. They look very similar
to UPC codes, and the main distinction is their
geographical application. While EAN-13 (comprising 13
digits) is the default form factor, you’ll find EAN-8
(covering eight digits) barcodes on products where space
is limited, like small candies.
 • EAN Code
The main advantage of EAN codes is their flexibility.
EAN-13 is a high-density barcode that can encode
relatively large amounts of data in a small area—while
EAN-8 codes are ideal for identifying very small products
or assets. EAN codes are also easy for 1D scanners to
read, making the scanning process fast and seamless.
 • EAN Code
In the EAN-13 code, the first 12 digits of the number
identify the item the code is attached to, and the final digit
is a ‘check digit’.
 • EAN Code
The check digit for an EAN-13 code
is calculated as follows:
1. Count digit positions from the left to the right, starting at 1.
2. Add all the digits in odd positions. (In the example shown in Figure 1, this is 9+8+5+1+2+5 = 30 –
note that the final 5 is not included since this is the check digit, which is what we are currently
trying to calculate.)
3. Add all the digits in even positions and multiply the result by 3. (In the example, this is
(7 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 7) × 3 = 75.)
4. Add the results of step 2 and step 3, and take just the final digit (the ‘units’ digit) of the answer. This
is equivalent to taking the answer modulo-10. (In the example, the sum is 30 + 75 = 105, so the
units digit is 5.)
5. If the answer to step 4 was 0, this is the check digit. Otherwise the check digit is given by ten
minus the answer from step 4. (In the example, this is 10 – 5 = 5.)
6. The check digit is appended to the right of the 12 identification digits. The check digit can have any
value from 0 to 9.
 • EAN Code

Check whether 978–0521425575 is valid.

If not, give the check digit.
 • ISBN
The International Standard Book Number
(ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier
which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase
ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN
Agency. The nine-digits of the ISBN represent
information about the book including the language,
publisher, and title.
 • ISBN
To guard against errors, the nine-digit string is
encoded as a ten-digit “codeword” 𝑥1 𝑥2 … 𝑥10 . The
appended tenth digit is a check digit chosen so that
the whole ten-digit codeword satisfies:

𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + ⋯ 9𝑥9 + 10𝑥10 ≡ 0 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 11)

 • ISBN
The ISBN 0-13-088976-8 is valid because the
following calculation results in a true statement
(352≡ 0 (mod11)):
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + ⋯ 9𝑥9 + 10𝑥10 ≡ 0 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 11)
1 0 +2 1 +3 3 +4 0 +5 8 +6 8 +7 9 +8 7
+ 9 6 + 10 8 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 11)
0 + 2 + 9 + 0 + 40 + 48 + 63 + 56 + 80 ≡ 0 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 11)

352 = 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 11)

 • ISBN
Since January 1, 2007, ISBNs have contained
thirteen digits. The ISBN-13 check digit must range
from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the
thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight,
alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10, That
is,

𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 … + 3𝑥10 + 𝑥11 + 3𝑥12 + 𝑥13 ≡ 0 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 10)

 • ISBN
The ISBN-13 check digit C of 978-0-306-40615-C is
calculated as follows:

1 9 +3 7 +1 8 +3 0 +1 3 +3 0 +1 6 +3 4 +1 0
+ 3 6 + 1 1 + 3 5 + 1 𝐶 ≡ 0 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 10)
9 + 21 + 8 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 12 + 0 + 18 + 1 + 15 + 𝐶 ≡ 0 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 10)
93 + 𝐶 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 10)

The only digit C that solves this equation is C = 7:

93 + 7 = 100 ≡ 0(𝑚𝑜𝑑 10)
 • QR Code

The Quick Response code (QR code) was

invented in japan by Toyota subsidiary Denso-Wave
in 1994 to track vehicles during the manufacturing
process. It was designed to allow high-speed
component scanning. It has since become one of
the most popular product-tagging schemes.
 • QR Code
Unlike the one-dimensional UPC scanned by a
narrow beam of light to extract data, the QR code is
detected as a 2-dimensional digital image by a semi-
conductor image sensor. The sensor locates the three
distinctive squares at the corners of the image, and use a
smaller square near the fourth corner to normalize the
image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The
small dots are then converted to binary numbers and their
validity checked with an error-correcting code.