UMB - Passive Filters

Dispositivos
y Circuitos
Biomédicos II
Session 17:
Passive Filters
About Filters…
Dispositivos y • Filters are used
Circuitos extensively in
Biomédicos II communications
applications to either
select a particular
• Filtros Pasivos frequency of interest or
• Transformada de Laplace to ignore (reject)
• Circuitos Eléctricamente frequencies that may
Acoplados
be interfering with your
• Motores y Generadores
equipment.
• Diodo Semiconductor • As the image of the
• Interruptores antennas shows there
• Transporte de Energía y are many opportunities
conductores eléctricos
for interference to
occur during the
transmitting and
receiving of signals.
1/20 • This is where the filter
comes in…
Universidad Manuela Beltrán
Avenida Circunvalar # 60 - 00
Bogotá D.C - Colombia
Filters
Dispositivos y • Some Types:
Circuitos • Passive filters are those filters composed of series or parallel combinations of R, L,
Biomédicos II and C elements.
• Low-Pass
• Filtros Pasivos • High-Pass
• Transformada de Laplace • Band-Pass
• Circuitos Eléctricamente • Band-Stop
Acoplados • Active filters are filters that employ active devices such as transistors and
• Motores y Generadores operational amplifiers in combination with R, L, and C elements.
• Diodo Semiconductor
• Interruptores
• Transporte de Energía y • Some terms:
conductores eléctricos • Stop Band – are the frequencies that are
rejected.
• Pass Band – are the frequencies which are
accepted into the system.
1/20
Universidad Manuela Beltrán Stop Band Pass Band

Filters
Dispositivos y • Any frequency in the pass band will ‘pass’ through to the next
Circuitos
Biomédicos II
stage of the circuit with at least 70.7% of the maximum output
voltage.
• Filtros Pasivos • Recall the use of the 0.707 level to define the bandwidth of a
• Transformada de Laplace series or parallel resonant circuit (both with the general shape of
• Circuitos Eléctricamente
Acoplados
the pass-band filter).
• Interruptores
• Transporte de Energía y
1/20
Stop Band Pass Band
LPF – Low Pass Filter
Dispositivos y • Again, as the name would indicate, a low-pass filter (LPF) will allow
Circuitos signals of some lower desired frequency to ‘pass’ into the circuit,
Biomédicos II
but at the same time it rejects frequencies above the cutoff
frequency.
• Filtros Pasivos
• Transformada de Laplace • The cutoff frequency is that point at which higher frequencies are
rejected.
Acoplados
• Interruptores
1/20
Av is the normalized value of the ratio of Vo / Vi. The maximum value of Av is 1
and the cutoff frequency is defined at the 0.707 level.
Low Pass Filter
Dispositivos y • At very high frequencies the reactance (Xc) of the capacitor is very small
Circuitos (and thus acts like a short) and can be it can be shown that Vo = 0V in this
Biomédicos II case.
1
X C f = HighH z = = 0
• Filtros Pasivos
2 fC
• Transformada de Laplace
• At very low frequencies the reactance (Xc) of the capacitor is very large
Acoplados
(thus acts like an open) and it can be shown that Vo = Vi in this case.
1
X C f =0 H z = = 
• Interruptores 2 fC
• To summarize, the magnitude of the ratio of Vo to Vi can be found by:
1/20

HPF – High Pass Filter
Dispositivos y • A high-pass filter (HPF) allows signals of some higher desired
Circuitos frequency to ‘pass’ into the circuit, but at the same time it
Biomédicos II
rejects frequencies below the cutoff frequency.
• Filtros Pasivos • The cutoff frequency is that point at which lower frequencies
• Transformada de Laplace are rejected.
Acoplados
• Interruptores
RC High-Pass Filter
1/20
Av is the normalized value of the ratio of Vo / Vi. The maximum value of Av is 1
and the cutoff frequency is defined at the 0.707 level.
High Pass Filter
Dispositivos y • At very high frequencies the reactance (Xc) of the capacitor is very small
Circuitos (and thus acts like a short) and can be it can be shown that Vo = Vi in this
Biomédicos II case.
1
X C f = HighH z = = 0
• Filtros Pasivos
2 fC
• Circuitos Eléctricamente • At very low frequencies the reactance (Xc) of the capacitor is very large
Acoplados (thus acts like an open) and it can be shown that Vo = 0 in this case.
1
• Diodo Semiconductor X C f =0 H z = = 
• Interruptores 2 fC
• To summarize, the magnitude of the ratio of Vo to Vi can be found by:
1/20

Basic Low and High Pass Filter Design
Dispositivos y • For both a low pass and high pass filter response we can find the
Circuitos inflection point called the cutoff frequency which is simply:
Biomédicos II
• Filtros Pasivos
• Where τ is the time constant we discussed in RC and RL circuits:
• Transformada de Laplace 1
fc =
2 *
Acoplados
• Motores y Generadores • Therefore, to find the cutoff frequency:
 = R *C
• Interruptores
1
fc =
2 * RC
1/20

BPF - Band-Pass Filter
Dispositivos y • As the name would indicate, a band-pass filter (BPF) will allow
Circuitos signals of a desired frequency to ‘pass’ into the circuit, but at
Biomédicos II
the same time it rejects all other unwanted frequencies.
• Filtros Pasivos • The last lesson showed us that a series resonant circuit has a
• Transformada de Laplace frequency response characteristic similar to the one appearing
in the figure below.
Acoplados
• Interruptores
1/20

BSF - Band Stop Filter
Dispositivos y • The band-stop filter will reject signals of some specified
Circuitos bandwidth (i.e. frequency range) from entering the circuit.
Biomédicos II
• ALL other frequencies (not within the specified bandwidth) are
accepted.
• Filtros Pasivos
• Transformada de Laplace • Also known as a notch filter because it ‘notches out’ (rejects) a
• Circuitos Eléctricamente specific frequency.
Acoplados
• Interruptores
1/20

Example Problem 1
Dispositivos y Design an RC Low Pass Filter for the HF band (3-30MHz) using a
Circuitos resistor value of 5Ω. Draw the circuit and label the frequency
Biomédicos II
response curve.
• Filtros Pasivos
From the problem statement we know that our cutoff frequency (fc) is 30MHz and the R=5 Ω.
1
• Circuitos Eléctricamente fc = ,  = R *C
Acoplados 2 *
• Motores y Generadores 1
fc =
2 * R * C
• Interruptores
1 1
• Transporte de Energía y C= = = 1.06nF
2 * R * f c 2 * 5 * 30 MHz
R = 5
1/20 C = 1.06nF
30MHz

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