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(Download PDF) Engineering Science Seventh Edition William Bolton Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Engineering Science Seventh Edition William Bolton Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
William Bolton
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Engineering Science
Seventh edition
William Bolton
Seventh edition published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 William Bolton
The right of William Bolton to be identifed as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and
explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Newnes 1990
Sixth edition published by Routledge 2015
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bolton, W. (William), 1933- author.
Title: Engineering science/William Bolton.
Description: Seventh edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY:
Routledge, 2021. | Includes index.
Identifers: LCCN 2020031505 (print) | LCCN 2020031506 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780367554453 (pbk) | ISBN 9780367554439 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781003093596 (ebk) | ISBN 9781000205985 (epub) |
ISBN 9781000205961 (mobi) | ISBN 9781000205947 (adobe pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Engineering. | Mechanical engineering. |
Electrical engineering.
Classifcation: LCC TA145 .B64 2021 (print) | LCC TA145 (ebook) |
DDC 620–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031505
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031506
ISBN: 978-0-367-55443-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-55445-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-09359-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Deanta Global Publishign Services, Chennai, India
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Basics 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic mathematical tools 1
1.3 SI units 13
1.4 Basic engineering terms and their units 15
1.5 Measurements 18
1.6 Random errors 21
1.7 Signifcant fgures 21
1.8 Graphs 23
1.9 Areas and volumes 29
1.10 Trigonometry 32
Problems 37
2 Statics 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Forces in equilibrium 42
2.3 Resultant forces 45
2.4 Resolving forces 48
2.5 Moment of a force 49
2.6 Centre of gravity 52
2.7 Static equilibrium 55
2.8 Measurement of force 57
Activities 58
Problems 59
v
vi Contents
4 Linear motion 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Straight-line motion 81
4.3 Vectors 84
4.4 Motion under gravity 85
4.5 Graphs of motion 88
Activities 94
Problems 95
5 Angular motion 98
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Equations of motion 99
5.3 Relationship between linear and
angular motion 101
5.4 Torque 103
Activities 104
Problems 104
6 Dynamics 107
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Newton’s laws 107
6.3 Free-body diagrams 113
6.4 Weight and weightlessness 116
Problems 117
7 Energy 119
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 Energy transformations 119
Contents vii
8 Heat 141
8.1 Introduction 141
8.2 Heat capacity 142
8.3 Expansion 144
8.4 Gas laws 147
8.5 Heat transfer processes 152
8.6 Conduction 153
Activities 155
Problems 157
9 DC circuits 161
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Kirchhoff’s laws 166
9.3 Resistance 167
9.4 Resistors in series 173
9.5 Resistors in parallel 176
9.6 Series–parallel circuits 177
9.7 Resistivity 178
9.8 Basic measurements 180
Activities 183
Problems 184
10 Magnetism 187
10.1 Introduction 187
10.2 Electromagnetic induction 193
10.3 Generators 197
10.4 Transformers 198
10.5 Force on a current-carrying conductor 199
Activities 203
Problems 203
viii Contents
12 Semiconductors 225
12.1 Introduction 225
12.2 Current fow 225
12.3 Junction diodes 231
Activities 235
Problems 235
13 Capacitance 237
13.1 Introduction 237
13.2 Capacitor 238
13.3 Capacitors in series and parallel 240
13.4 Parallel plate capacitor 243
13.5 Forms of capacitors 246
13.6 Capacitors in circuits 249
13.7 Energy stored in a charged capacitor 251
Activities 252
Problems 252
18 DC machines 359
18.1 Introduction 359
18.2 DC motors 361
18.3 DC generators 368
Problems 371
x Contents
19 Transients 373
19.1 Introduction 373
19.2 Purely resistive circuit 373
19.3 RC circuit: charging 374
19.4 RC circuit: discharging 381
19.5 Rectangular waveforms and RC circuits 386
19.6 RL circuit: current growth 388
19.7 RL circuit: current decay 393
19.8 Rectangular waveforms and RL circuits 398
Activities 399
Problems 400
20 Structures 402
20.1 Introduction 402
20.2 Pin-jointed frameworks 406
20.3 Bow’s notation 407
20.4 Method of joints 410
20.5 Method of sections 414
Problems 417
21 Beams 420
21.1 Introduction 420
21.2 Shear force and bending moment 420
21.3 Bending moment and shear force diagrams 424
Problems 429
22 Components 431
22.1 Introduction 431
22.2 Factor of safety 431
22.3 Composite members 432
22.4 Thermal strain 436
22.5 Shear stress 440
Problems 444
28 Oscillations 528
28.1 Introduction 528
28.2 Simple harmonic motion 528
28.3 Mass on a spring 533
28.4 Simple pendulum 535
28.5 Energy of SHM 536
28.6 Resonance 538
Activities 540
Problems 540
Answers 563
Index 581
Preface
AIMS
The breadth of its coverage makes it an ideal course book for a wide range
of vocational courses and foundation or bridging programmes for higher
education. The content more than covers the latest UK syllabuses, in par-
ticular the new specifcations for Engineering in the BTEC National from
Edexcel.
With this new edition, as well as some minor changes, Chapter 1 has been
substantially changed to include a detailed consideration of arithmetic, alge-
braic and graphical methods in engineering contexts; Chapter 3 to include a
discussion of the typical properties of materials and a discussion of the way
the properties of materials over the ages have changed the basic structures
of bridges; Chapter 6 to include a discussion of weightlessness; Chapter 7 to
include a discussion of snooker; Chapter 8 to include more on thermal
insulation; Chapter 12 to include a discussion of LEDs; and Chapter 25 to
include a discussion of the reasons for the collapse of the World Trade
Center. Also, a new chapter introducing calculus has been included.
xiii
xiv Preface
The book has been designed to give a clear exposition and guide readers
through the scientifc principles, reviewing background principles where
necessary. Each chapter includes numerous worked examples and problems.
Answers are supplied to all the problems.
W. Bolton
Chapter 1
Basics
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter there is a review of some basic engineering science terms and,
as within this book and your studies you will need to use mathematics, there
is a review of the basic mathematical tools you will need. You will come
across many equations and graphs describing the behaviour and relation-
ships of engineering quantities, so how you can manipulate equations and
draw and understand graphs is reviewed. Physical quantities have units and
so the units in which quantities are specifed is considered. In the study of
engineering science, you will also need to consider areas and volumes of
quantities, also the basic terms of trigonometry. So, this chapter introduces
them.
Engineers make measurements to enable theories to be tested, and rela-
tionships and values determined, in order to predict how components might
behave when in use and to obtain answers to questions of the form ‘What
happens if…?’ For example, there might be measurements of the current
through a resistor and the voltage across it in order to determine the resist-
ance. Thus, in this introductory chapter, there is a discussion of the meas-
urement and collection of data and the errors that can occur.
The following are the basic mathematical terms and tools you will need for
this study of engineering science.
1
2 Engineering Science
and a negative velocity of −20 km/s with the + sign indicating a velocity in
one direction and the – sign a velocity in the opposite direction.
When handling basic operations involving numbers there are certain basic
rules that have to be followed. Thus, for numbers, here represented by a and
b, with addition:
a + b = b + a hence 2 + 3 = 3 + 2
a ´ b = b ´ a hence 2 ´ 3 = 3 ´ 2
Thus, for example, if we have the engineering science equation force = ma,
this could also be written as force = am without affecting the outcome.
Brackets are used to show terms that are grouped together and which we
must regard as a single term which is operated on by the terms outside the
brackets. Such terms are frequently encountered in engineering science. For
numbers, here represented by a, b and c, when we have terms bracketed,
then
( a + b) + c = a + (b + c ) hence ( 2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + ( 3 + 4 )
( a ´ b) ´ c = a ´ (b ´ c ) hence ( 2 ´ 3) ´ 4 = 2 ´ ( 3 ´ 4 )
For example, if we have in engineering science (F1 + F2) + 3, we can also write
the same expression as (F1 + 3) + F2 without affecting the outcome. If we have
in engineering science 3F × 2, we can write this as (3 × 2)F or 6F.
If we have a bracketed sum or difference multiplied by a constant, then
each of the terms in the bracket is multiplied by the constant:
( a + b ) c = ac + bc and ( a - b ) c = ac – bc
If we have one bracketed term multiplied by another bracketed term, then
each term in the frst bracket is multiplied by each term in the second bracket:
(a + b )( c + d ) = ( a + b ) c + ( a + b ) d = ac + bc + ad + bd
pressure = force/area and is thus N/m2. This unit is given the name pascal
(Pa). Thus 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
Certain quantities are defned as the ratio of two comparable quantities.
Thus, for example, strain is defned as change in length/length. It thus is
expressed as a pure number with no units because the derived unit would be
m/m. Note that sin θ, cos θ and tan θ are trigonometric ratios, i.e. a ratio of
two sides of a triangle. Thus, they have no units.
Example
Determine the unit of the tensile modulus E when it is defned by the
equation E = stress/strain if stress has the unit of Pa and strain is a ratio
with no units.