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PDF Analysis and Design of Energy Geostructures Theoretical Essentials and Practical Application 1St Edition Lyesse Laloui Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Analysis and Design of Energy Geostructures Theoretical Essentials and Practical Application 1St Edition Lyesse Laloui Ebook Full Chapter
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Analysis and Design of
Energy Geostructures
Analysis and Design of
Energy Geostructures
Theoretical Essentials and Practical
Application
LYESSE LALOUI
Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Lausanne, Switzerland
ISBN: 978-0-12-820623-2
Preface xi
List of symbols xv
Part A Introduction 1
1. Energy and geotechnologies 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Anthropogenic development and the energy question 4
1.3 Geothermal energy 11
1.4 Geothermal systems 14
References 18
Questions and problems 20
2. Energy geostructures 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 The energy geostructure technology 26
2.3 Energy geostructure operation modes 35
2.4 Ground source heat pump systems 36
2.5 Underground thermal energy storage systems 43
2.6 Application and development of energy geostructures 44
2.7 Physical phenomena and approaches to analysis and design 56
References 60
Questions and problems 62
Part B Fundamentals 67
3. Heat and mass transfers in the context of energy geostructures 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Idealisations and assumptions 70
3.3 Principles of heat transfer 72
3.4 Conduction 74
3.5 Convection 86
3.6 Radiation 92
3.7 Energy conservation equation 95
3.8 Initial and boundary conditions for energy conservation 100
3.9 Principles of mass transfer 105
v
vi Contents
10. Analytical modelling of capacity and deformation of single energy piles 457
10.1 Introduction 457
10.2 Idealisations and assumptions 458
10.3 Generalised axial capacity formulation 461
10.4 Capacity in coarse-grained soil 464
10.5 Capacity in fine-grained soil 473
10.6 Capacity in rock 480
10.7 Generalised axial deformation formulation 482
10.8 Thermomechanical schemes 485
10.9 Displacement charts 492
10.10 Load-transfer analysis approach 499
10.11 Modelled and observed response 514
References 531
Questions and problems 538
11. Analytical modelling of capacity and deformation of energy pile groups 567
11.1 Introduction 567
11.2 Idealisations and assumptions 568
11.3 Generalised axial capacity formulation 569
11.4 Capacity in coarse-grained soil 571
11.5 Capacity in fine-grained soil 571
11.6 Generalised axial deformation formulation 572
11.7 Interaction factor method based on charts 574
11.8 Interaction factor method based on analytical models 601
11.9 Equivalent pier method 614
11.10 Comparison with rigorous solutions 626
11.11 Modelled and observed response 644
References 662
Questions and problems 666
Contents ix
Urban systems present an enormous demand for innovative solutions to meet human
activity needs. In many situations, these needs require built environments and are
associated with substantial amounts of energy requirements. While it is a critical chal-
lenge to develop buildings and infrastructures whose energy requirements are sup-
plied with a limited impact on the environment, employing renewable energy
sources is essential for this purpose. So-called energy geostructures represent a break-
through multifunctional technology for the sustainable development of present and
future urban systems.
A substantial amount of renewable geothermal energy is readily available in the
ground. Geostructures, including foundations and general earth-contact structures, are
essential means for the structural support of built environments through the ground.
By leveraging the previous concepts, energy geostructures represent integrated earth-
contact structures and thermal energy carriers for all built environments. Energy geos-
tructures particularly explicate a multifunctional role for buildings and infrastructures:
reinforce soils and rocks for their structural support and, at the same time, extract or
store thermal energy from or in the subsurface for the supply of their heating and
cooling energy requirements.
An extraordinary interest has risen over the past 20 years in both the scientific and
practitioner communities about energy geostructures. The capabilities of this technol-
ogy are unique in serving the structural support and renewable energy supply of built
environments. However, the analysis and design of energy geostructures can be daunt-
ing, inappropriate or even unsuccessful without a sound understanding of their behav-
iour and performance by means of the relevant theoretical essentials and the appropriate
practical application.
Many and complex are the phenomena associated with the multifunctional opera-
tion of energy geostructures that need to be considered in analysis and design (e.g.,
energy, geotechnical and structural). The competence required for such purpose is
strongly multidisciplinary, gathering theoretical essentials that govern heat and mass
transfers, and the mechanics of geomaterials and structures, as well as practical knowl-
edge about performance-based design and detailing. Some competence on the previ-
ous subjects may be acquired through educational paths that include energy
engineering, civil and environmental engineering, mechanical engineering and archi-
tecture. More advanced yet fragmented competence addressing unique features that
characterise energy geostructures may be acquired through the scientific literature.
However, at the present time, the competence required to develop the analysis and
xi
xii Preface
The following colleagues and collaborators are acknowledged for contributing to this
book by means of the work and discussions developed across generations of research
projects at the graduate and undergraduate levels, PhD theses and postdoctoral
research: Alice Di Donna, Thomas Mimouni, Hervé Péron, Christoph Knellwolf,
Mathieu Nuth, Bertrand François, Cane Cekerevac, Alessio Ferrari, Laurent Vuillet,
Melis Sütman, Fabrice Dupray, Aurélien Vadrot, Matteo Bocco, Cristiano Garbellini,
Hani Taha, Pia Hartmann, Lea Kaufmann, Aymen Achich, Thibaut Duparc, Etienne
Dominguez, Perrine Ratouis, Qazim Llabjani, Samuel Kivell, Stefano Cingari, Alain
Kazangba, Marianna Adinolfi, Dimitrios Terzis, Claire Silvani, Sarah Dornberger,
Matteo Moreni, Gilbert Steinmann, Gangqiang Kong, Gunter Siddiqi, Tomasz
Hueckel and Gilbert Gruaz.
Last, but not least, the continued and special support provided by Claire, Sinan and
Inès to the first author as well as by Giorgia to the second author are gratefully
acknowledged.
Roman symbols
A Cross-sectional area m2
Ab Cross-sectional area of pile base m2
Ac Cross-sectional area of concrete m2
Ac;eff Effective area of concrete in tension m2
Act Cross-sectional area of concrete in tension m2
Aeq Equivalent cross-sectional area m2
Aexc Plan area in which the thermal strain potential of soil is in excess of that m2
of piles
AEP Cross-sectional area of piles m2
Af Skempton pore water pressure coefficient
Ag Plan area of pile group m2
Ag;s Area of the block shaft m2
Ainf Plan area of involved soil volume m2
AL Constant
Ap Cross-sectional area of pipe m2
Ar Cross-sectional area of reinforcement m2
Arl Cross-sectional area of tensile reinforcement m2
Arw Cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement m2
Ar;min Minimum longitudinal reinforcement m2
A0r Cross-sectional area of reinforcement working in tension m2
As Area of pile shaft m2
Asi Area of body immersed in the fluid; interstitial surface area m2
Asoil Plan area of soil delimiting the shape of the pile group m2
At;EP Total cross-sectional area of piles m2
Ath;soil Plan area of soil influenced by the heat exchange m2
AZH Material parameter
AA0 Distance m
AR Aspect ratio of pile group
~
A Actual contact area m2
A Calibration factor Pa
a Shape function
ad Design value of geometrical data of the structure Variable
aexp Material constant 1/ C
aL Material parameter
aM Empirical constant
ar Material parameter
av Compressibility index 1/Pa
BL Constant value
Br Breadth of foundation m
Bslab Breadth of slab/strip foundation m
BZH Material parameter
Bi Biot number
B Calibration factor Pa
b Shape function
xv
xvi List of symbols
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
cty Country
D Diameter of pile m
Db Bending rigidity per unit area N/m
Deq Equivalent diameter m
Dexc Excess diameter m
Df Fractal dimension
Dijkl Elastic stiffness tensor Pa
DL Constant
Dmax Diameter of the biggest aggregate characterising the mix design of the m
filling material
Dp Effective hydraulic diameter m
Dr Displacement ratio
DR Relative density %
D10 ; D50 Grain size diameter m
DOF Degree of freedom
de Hydraulic equivalent rock joint opening m
dexp Material constant 1/ C
dp ; dp;in Inner diameter of pipe m
dp;out Outer diameter of pipe m
dq ; dc ; dγ Bearing factors
dr Material parameter
drj Rock joint opening m
d0 Depth at which the compression reinforcement is placed from the most m
compressed fibre of the cross section
E Young’s modulus Pa
Ec Young’s modulus of concrete Pa
EC Cooling energy Wh
Ecm Mean secant Young’s modulus Pa
Ed Design value of action or action effect Variable
Eeq Equivalent Young’s modulus Pa
EEP Young’s modulus of pile Pa
EH Heating energy Wh
EH;C Total thermal energy Wh
EL Constant
EM Menard pressuremeter modulus Pa
Eoed Oedometric modulus Pa
Er Young’s modulus of reinforcement Pa
Eslab Young’s modulus of slab Pa
Esoil Young’s modulus of soil Pa
Esoil;b Young’s modulus of soil at the level of pile base Pa
Esoil;m Young’s modulus of soil mass Pa
Esoil;s Young’s modulus of soil around the pile shaft Pa
E soil Average value of Young’s modulus of soil Pa
E1 Exponential integral
e Void ratio
de Incremental change of void ratio
ec Critical void ratio
eE;w World energy-related greenhouse gas emissions tCO2eq
eE;w;s World energy-related CO2 emissions by sector and region kg
xviii List of symbols
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
p Mean stress Pa
p0 Mean effective stress Pa
p0 Constant mean effective stress Pa
pa Atmospheric pressure Pa
0
pc Isotropic effective preconsolidation stress Pa
0
pc0 Isotropic preconsolidation stress at reference temperature Pa
0
pcr Critical effective stress Pa
0
pcool Preconsolidation pressure at the end of the cooling phase Pa
0
pe Equivalent effective pressure Pa
pf Fluid pressure Pa
pi Contact forces Pa
0
pref Mean effective stress at reference point Pa
pw Pore water pressure Pa
pop World population
Qb Base capacity N
Qb;d Design value of base capacity N
Qb;mob Mobilised base capacity N
Qmb;mob Mechanical contribution of mobilised base capacity N
Qthb;mob Thermal contribution of mobilised base capacity N
Qk Variable load N; C
Qk;1 Dominant variable action or action effect N; C
QR Energy required from the piles J
Qrep Single variable mechanical load N
Qs Shaft capacity N
QS Energy supplied by the heat pump J
Qs;d Design value of shaft capacity N
Qs;eq Equivalent shaft capacity N
Qs;mob Mobilised shaft capacity N
Qs;mob;down Mobilised shaft capacity below the null point N
Qs;mob;up Mobilised shaft capacity above the null point N
Qms;mob Mechanical contribution of mobilised shaft capacity N
Qths;mob Thermal contribution of mobilised shaft capacity N
Qths;mob;down Thermal contribution of mobilised shaft capacity below null point of N
shear stress
Qths;mob;up Thermal contribution of mobilised shaft capacity above null point of N
shear stress
Qh Design ground source heat pump system heating capacity W
Qh Head action N
Qu Ultimate capacity N
Qu;d Design value of ultimate capacity N
Qu;b Block capacity of a pile group N
Qu;eq Equivalent base capacity N
Qu;exp Experimentally determined pile axial capacity N
_
Q Thermal power W
_ conv
Q Thermal power by convection W
_ inst
Q Installed power W
_R
Q Required thermal power W
List of symbols xxiii
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
st Transition distance m
sij Deviatoric stress tensor Pa
S Surface m2
Sc Shape factor
Sr Degree of saturation %
Sk ; Sf Solid skeleton parameters
SFP Seasonal factor of performance
SR Swelling ratio
t Time s
tb Normal stress developed at pile toe Pa
th Normal stress developed at pile head Pa
ti Contact forces vector Pa
ts Soil shear strength Pa
tp Residence time of the fluid circulating in the pipes s
tghe Characteristic time of the geothermal heat exchanger s
tg Characteristic time of the heat transfer in the ground s
t95 Time at 95% of primary consolidation s
tslab Thickness of slab m
tw Thickness of wall m
tw;r Half of the plane wall thickness m
tl Thickness of lining m
t0 Initial time; reference time s
tCO2 Tons of CO2 ton
t Reference time s
t ni Average value of normal stress acting on a surface Pa
T Actual value of temperature C
Ta Air temperature C
Tm;L Bulk temperature C
T0 Reference temperature C
Ts Surface temperature of the pipes C
Ts2p Uniform temperature at the surface of the soilpile interface C
Ts;in Fluid temperature adjoining the inner surface of the pipe C
Ts;out Fluid temperature adjoining the outer surface of the pipe C
Text Temperature at outer pipe side C
Tf Actual value of fluid temperature C
Tk Characteristic value of temperature C
TEP Actual value of temperature of pile C
Tin Inflow fluid temperature C
Tout Outflow fluid temperature C
Tsoil Actual value of temperature of soil C
T Average value of temperature C
T in Average value of inflow fluid temperature C
T out Average value of outflow fluid temperature C
T soil Average value of soil temperature C
T s2p Average value of temperature at the pilesoil interface C
Tf Average value of the fluid temperature C
T in Average value of the inlet fluid temperature C
T out Average value of the outlet fluid temperature C
TR Actual temperature at pile radius C
xxvi List of symbols
Roman symbols
Roman symbols
Greek symbols
Greek symbols
Greek symbols