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 Trends in Mathematics
Research Perspectives

Karl-Olof Lindahl, Torsten Lindström,

Luigi G. Rodino, Joachim Toft,
Patrik Wahlberg
Editors

Analysis, Probability,
Applications, and
Computation
Proceedings of the 11th ISAAC
Congress, Växjö (Sweden) 2017
Trends in Mathematics

Research Perspectives
Research Perspectives collects core ideas and developments discussed at con-
ferences and workshops in mathematics, as well as their increasingly important
applications to other fields. This subseries’ rapid publication of extended abstracts,
open problems and results of discussions ensures that readers are at the forefront of
current research developments.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10851

Karl-Olof Lindahl • Torsten Lindström •
Luigi G. Rodino • Joachim Toft • Patrik Wahlberg
Editors

Analysis, Probability,
Applications, and
Computation
Proceedings of the 11th ISAAC Congress,
Växjö (Sweden) 2017
Editors
Karl-Olof Lindahl Torsten Lindström
Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
Linnaeus University Linnaeus University
Växjö, Sweden Växjö, Sweden

Luigi G. Rodino Joachim Toft

Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
University of Torino Linnaeus University
Torino, Italy Växjö, Sweden

Patrik Wahlberg
Department of Mathematics
Linnaeus University
Växjö, Sweden

ISSN 2297-0215 ISSN 2297-024X (electronic)

Trends in Mathematics
Research Perspectives
ISBN 978-3-030-04458-9 ISBN 978-3-030-04459-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04459-6

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

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Preface

The 11th International ISAAC Congress was held on 14–18 August 2017 at Linnæus
University, Växjö, Sweden. The congress continued the successful series of biennial
meetings previously held in the USA (1997), Japan (1999), Germany (2001),
Canada (2003), Italy (2005), Turkey (2007), the UK (2009), Russia (2011), Poland
(2013) and P. R. China (2015). The total number of participants of the congress
was 304 coming from 43 countries, including the special guests and the organizing
committee from Växjö. There were 12 plenary speakers. Totally, the congress had 17
sessions spanning 5 working days. One afternoon was assigned to excursions. The
congress was sponsored by academic institutions, local municipality and the host
university. One of the features of the congress was the invitation of applied subjects
like electrical engineering and mathematics in biology. The 11th International
ISAAC Congress was an important scientific event during which mathematicians
from different parts of the world had an opportunity to present new results and
ideas. It was also a great possibility for young mathematicians to contact experts in
a variety of fields.
The atmosphere during the congress was warm and friendly. The social events
included a banquet at Glass country (Glasriket) and excursions with a steam boat to
the largest lake near Växjö.
It is a well-established tradition within the community to award one or several
outstanding young researchers during the ISAAC Congress. The ISAAC award of
the 11th International ISAAC Congress was presented to
Tuomas Hytönen (University of Helsinki, Finland)
for his strong contributions to harmonic analysis, geometric analysis, functional
analysis and singular integral operators. Though he is a young scientist, he has
already achieved several results of high quality, published in top journals. One of
his major achievements is the proof of the A2 conjecture for Calderón–Zygmund
operators, published in Annals of Mathematics 2012. He was also an invited speaker
at ICM 2014.
At the ISAAC board meeting during the congress, several decisions of funda-
mental importance for the organization were taken:

v
vi Preface

1. Professor Michael Reissig of Freiberg University of Mining and Technology,

Germany, was elected as the new ISAAC president; Professor Joachim Toft
at Linnæus University, Sweden, as the vice-president; and Professor Irene
Sabadini at Politecnico di Milano, Italy, as the new secretary and treasurer.
Professor Reissig succeeded Professor Luigi Rodino of Turin University, Italy,
who finished his 4-year service, and Professor Sabadini succeeded Professor
Heinrich Begehr, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. The board expressed their
gratitude to Professors Heinrich Begehr and Luigi Rodino for all their efforts and
contributions for ISAAC over the last years.
2. The decisions from the board meeting at the 10th ISAAC Congress in Macao,
China, concerning organizations of accounts were renewed. At the same time, it
was decided that a reregistration of ISAAC should be performed. (The decisions
were implemented shortly after the congress.)
3. The decision from the board meeting at the 9th ISAAC Congress in Krakow,
Poland, on modernizing the home page was renewed. (The decision was imple-
mented shortly after the congress.)
4. The venue for the following 12th International ISAAC Congress in 2019 was
decided to be at the University of Aveiro, Portugal.
The plenary lectures given at the congress appear not here but in the independent
volume:
L. Rodino, J. Toft (Eds.) Mathematical Analysis and Applications - Plenary
Lectures, ISAAC 2017, Växjö, Sweden Springer Proceedings in Mathematics &
Statistics, Springer, to appear 2018 or 2019.
This volume contains the texts of a selection of talks delivered at the congress.
As in the previous years, some of the sessions or interest groups decided to publish
independently their own volumes of proceedings and are therefore excluded from
the present collection. The work of the congress was spread over the following
sessions:
• Applications of dynamical systems theory in biology, organized by Torsten
Lindström, Amira Asta, Lucia Tamburino
• Approximation theory and special functions, organized by Oktay Duman, Esra
Erkus-Duman
• Complex analysis and convex optimization and their applications in wave
physics, organized by Sven Nordebo, Yevhen Ivanenko
• Complex and functional analytic methods for differential equations, organized
by Heinrich Begehr, Okay Celebi, J.Y. Du
• Complex-analytic and Wiener-Hopf methods in the applied sciences, organized
by Gennady Mishuris, Sergei Rogosin
• Special interest group: IGCVPT, Complex variables and potential theory, orga-
nized by Tahir Aliyev Azeroglu, Anatoly Golberg, Massimo Lanza de Cristo-
foris, Sergiy Plaksa
• Fixed point theory and its applications, organized by Erdal Karapinar
Preface vii

• Special interest group: IGPDE, Harmonic analysis and partial differential

equations, organized by Michael Ruzhansky, Jens Wirth
• Special interest group: IGPDE, Nonlinear PDE, organized by Vladimir
Georgiev, Tohru Ozawa
• P -adic analysis, organized by Alain Escassut, Andrei Khrennikov, Karl-Olof
Lindahl
• Special interest group: IGPDO, Pseudo-differential operators, organized by
Shahla Molahajloo, Patrik Wahlberg, M. W. Wong
• Special interest group: IGCQA, Quaternionic and Clifford analysis, organized
by Swanhild Bernstein, Uwe Kähler, Irene Sabadini, Franciscus Sommen
• Special interest group: IGPDE, Recent progress in evolution equations, orga-
nized by Marcello D’Abbicco, Marcelo Rempel Ebert, Michael Reissig
• Special interest group: IGGF, Generalized functions and applications, organized
by Michael Kunzinger, Michael Oberguggenberger, Stevan Pilipović
• Theory and applications of boundary-domain integral and pseudodifferential
operators, organized by Sergey E. Mikhailov, David Natroshvili
• Wavelet theory and its related topics, organized by Keiko Fujita, Akira Morimoto
• Contributed talks, organized by Jonas Fransson, Joachim Toft
We thank the organizers of all the sessions of the congress for their work.
They spent an enormous amount of time inviting participants, arranging their
sessions, providing chairmen and creating a familiar and workshop-like atmosphere
within their meetings. The session organizers were also responsible for collecting
contributions to this proceedings volume and for the refereeing process of the
papers. Finally, we would like to thank Dr. Elmira Nabizadeh for all her unselfish
efforts on this volume as well as during the congress.

Växjö, Sweden Karl-Olof Lindahl

Torsten Lindström
Joachim Toft
Patrik Wahlberg
Turin, Italy Luigi G. Rodino
October 2018
Contents

Part I Applications of Dynamical Systems Theory in Biology

Analysis of State-Control Optimality System for Invasive Species

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Angela Martiradonna, Fasma Diele, and Carmela Marangi

Part II Approximation Theory and Special Functions: Fourth

Series

Extended Multivariable Hypergeometric Functions . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Duriye Korkmaz-Duzgun and Esra Erkuş-Duman
Cubature of Multidimensional Schrödinger Potential Based on
Approximate Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Flavia Lanzara
Generalized Kantorovich Operators on Convex Compact Subsets
and Their Application to Evolution Problems . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Vita Leonessa
On the Generalized Sylvester Polynomials .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Nejla Özmen and Esra Erkuş-Duman
Durrmeyer-Type Bernstein Operators Based on (p, q)-Integers
with Two Variables .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Tuba Vedi-Dilek

ix
x Contents

Part III Complex Analysis and Convex Optimization and Their

Applications in Wave Physics

On the Passivity of the Delay-Rational Green’s-Function-Based

Model for Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Giulio Antonini, Maria De Lauretis, Jonas Ekman, and Elena
Miroshnikova
Passive Approximation with High-Order B-Splines. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Yevhen Ivanenko and Sven Nordebo

Part IV Complex and Functional Analytic Methods for

Differential Equations

Some New Applications of the Theory of Conjugate Differential

Forms . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Alberto Cialdea
On Maximal Regularity of Differential and Difference Operators .. . . . . . . . 107
Kordan N. Ospanov
On the Generalized Liouville Theorem .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Nino Manjavidze, George Makatsaria, Tamaz Vekua, and George Akhalaia
Neumann Problem in Polydomains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A. Okay Çelebi
Green and Neumann Functions for a Plane Degenerate Circular
Domain . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
H. Begehr, S. Burgumbayeva, and B. Shupeyeva

Part V Special Interest Group: IGCVPT Complex Variables and

Potential Theory

Biharmonic Monogenic Functions and Biharmonic Boundary Value

Problems . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Serhii V. Gryshchuk and Sergiy A. Plaksa
Composition Operators of α-Bloch Spaces on Bounded Symmetric
Domains in Cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Hidetaka Hamada and Gabriela Kohr
Monogenic Functions in Commutative Algebras . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Vitalii Shpakivskyi
Contents xi

Part VI Special Interest Group: IGPDE Harmonic Analysis and

Partial Differential Equations

On the Solvability of Tracking Problem with Nonlinearly

Distributed Control for the Oscillation Process.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Elmira Abdyldaeva
On a Class of Solutions of the Nonlinear Integral Fredholm Equation . . . . 191
Akylbek Kerimbekov
On Conditional Stability of Inverse Scattering Problem on a
Lasso-Shaped Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Kiyoshi Mochizuki and Igor Trooshin
On Solvability of Tracking Problem Under Nonlinear
Boundary Control .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Erkeaim Seidakmat Kyzy and Akylbek Kerimbekov

Part VII Nonlinear PDE

Exponential Mixing and Ergodic Theorems for a Damped

Nonlinear Wave Equation with Space-Time Localised Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Ridha Selmi and Rim Nasfi

Part VIII P -adic Analysis

On the Injective Embedding of p-Adic Integers in the Cartesian

Product of p Copies of Sets of 2-Adic Integers . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Ekaterina Yurova Axelsson
Description of (Fully) Homomorphic Cryptographic Primitives
Within the p-Adic Model of Encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Ekaterina Yurova Axelsson and Andrei Khrennikov
Spectrum of Ultrametric Banach Algebras of Strictly Differentiable
Functions . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Alain Escassut and Nicolas Maïnetti
p-Adic Nevanlinna Theory .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Alain Escassut and Ta Thi Hoai An
On an Operator Theory on a Banach Space of Countable Type over
a Hahn Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Khodr Shamseddine and Changying Ding
xii Contents

Part IX Special Interest Group: IGPDE Recent Progress in

Evolution Equations

Conditional Stability for Backward Parabolic Equations with

Osgood Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Daniele Casagrande, Daniele Del Santo, and Martino Prizzi
Self-similar Asymptotic Profile for a Damped Evolution Equation . . . . . . . . 297
Marcello D’Abbicco
On One Control Problem for Zakharov–Kuznetsov Equation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Andrei V. Faminskii
The Self-interacting Scalar Field Propagating in FLRW Model
of the Contracting Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Anahit Galstian and Karen Yagdjian
On the Energy Estimate for Klein–Gordon-Type Equations with
Time-Dependent Singular Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Fumihiko Hirosawa
Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Their Application to
Chemotaxis Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Akisato Kubo and Hiroki Hoshino
A Toy Model of 4D Semilinear Weakly Hyperbolic Wave Equations . . . . . . 349
Sandra Lucente and Emanuele Marrone
Gevrey Well-Posedness of the Generalized Goursat–Darboux
Problem for a Linear PDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Jorge Marques and Jaime Carvalho e Silva
On the Regularity of the Semilinear Term on the Cauchy Problem
for the Schrödinger Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Makoto Nakamura
The Maximum Principle and Sign-Changing Solutions of the
Klein–Gordon Equation with the Higgs Potential in the de Sitter
Spacetime . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Karen Yagdjian and Andras Balogh
A Remark on the Critical Exponent for the Semilinear Damped
Wave Equation on the Half-Space .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Yuta Wakasugi
Contents xiii

Part X Special Interest Group: IGGF Special Session on

Generalized Functions and Applications

On Microlocal Regularity of Generalized Linear Partial Differential

Operators . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Chikh Bouzar and Tayeb Saidi
A Projective Description of Generalized Gelfand–Shilov Spaces of
Roumieu Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Andreas Debrouwere and Jasson Vindas
Generalized Solutions and Distributional Shadows for Dirac
Equations . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Günther Hörmann and Christian Spreitzer
Modeling Abstract Stochastic Problems with White Noise
Perturbations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Irina V. Melnikova
On Association in Colombeau Algebras Without Asymptotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Eduard A. Nigsch
Soliton Dynamics for the General Degasperis–Procesi Equation .. . . . . . . . . . 445
Georgy Omel’yanov
Frame Expansions of Test Functions, Tempered Distributions, and
Ultradistributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Stevan Pilipović and Diana T. Stoeva

Part XI Theory and Applications of Boundary-Domain Integral

and Pseudodifferential Operators

Analysis of Boundary-Domain Integral Equations

for Variable-Coefficient Mixed BVP in 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
T. G. Ayele, T. T. Dufera, and S. E. Mikhailov
Boundary-Domain Integral Equations for Variable Coefficient
Dirichlet BVP in 2D Unbounded Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
T. T. Dufera and S. E. Mikhailov
A Boundary-Domain Integral Equation Method for an Elliptic
Cauchy Problem with Variable Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Andriy Beshley, Roman Chapko, and B. Tomas Johansson
On Indirect Boundary Integral Equation Methods and Applications.. . . . . 503
Angelica Malaspina
xiv Contents

Part XII Wavelet Theory and Its Related Topics

Holomorphic Curves and Linear Systems in Algebraic Manifolds . . . . . . . . . 515

Yoshihiro Aihara
Two-Dimensional Directional Lifting Schemes . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Kensuke Fujinoki
Gabor Wavelet Transformation on the Sphere and Its Related Topic. . . . . . 533
Keiko Fujita
Application of Complex Continuous Wavelet Analysis to Auditory
Evoked Brain Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Nobuko Ikawa, Akira Morimoto, and Ryuichi Ashino
Detection of Rotation Angles on Image Separation Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Akira Morimoto, Ryuichi Ashino, and Takeshi Mandai

Part XIII Contributed Talks (Open Session)

Uniform Boundary Stabilization of the Wave Equation

with a Nonlinear Delay Term in the Boundary Conditions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Wassila Ghecham, Salah-Eddine Rebiai, and Fatima Zohra Sidiali
 Part I
Applications of Dynamical Systems Theory
in Biology

Session Organizers: Torsten Lindström, Amira Asta, and Lucia Tamburino

The session was primarily aimed for talks that are using dynamical systems
theory in order to analyze various models that arise in biological applications. The
models analyzed may be mechanistically formulated, fitted to data, deterministic, or
stochastic. Various relations between such models that arise in different modeling
approaches and under different simplifying assumptions can be analyzed. Possible
biological applications can include ecology, epidemiology, pharmacokinetics, evo-
lution, physiology, pattern formation, and resource distribution, but are not limited
to these topics. A part of the session was reserved for stakeholders with rich contact
networks outside academia.
Analysis of State-Control Optimality
System for Invasive Species Management

Angela Martiradonna, Fasma Diele, and Carmela Marangi

Abstract Mathematical modeling and optimization provide decision-support tools

of increasing popularity to the management of invasive species. In this chapter,
we investigate problems formulated in terms of optimal control theory. A free
terminal time optimal control problem is considered for minimizing the costs and
the duration of an abatement program. Here, we introduce a discount term in the
objective function that destroys the nonautonomous nature of the state–costate
system. We show that the alternative state-control optimality system is autonomous
and its analysis provides the complete qualitative description of the dynamics of
the discounted optimal control problem. By using the expression of its invariant,
we deduce several insights for detecting the optimal control solution for an invasive
species obeying a logistic growth.

1 Introduction

At least 12 billion of euros per year are spent by the countries of the European
Union for the management of invasive species [11]. This figure includes costs
for key economic sectors, such as agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture, forestry, and
health sectors as well as damages and management costs. Moreover, invasive
species are commonly deemed as responsible of global biodiversity loss [15]. The
human element affects invasive species in many different ways: by inadvertently
introducing alien species in ecosystems or when they disrupt a territory with the
result of a possible response growth in invasive species. Recently, some aspects of
the problem have become controversial: both the identification of invasive species
with no-native ones and the negative impact on the hosting habitat are currently
debated in the scientific community [9]. There are cases of native species which
become invasive due to environmental changes, either due to anthropic pressures or

A. Martiradonna () · F. Diele · C. Marangi

Istituto per Applicazioni del Calcolo “M.Picone”, Bari, Italy
e-mail: a.martiradonna@ba.iac.cnr.it; f.diele@ba.iac.cnr.it; c.marangi@ba.iac.cnr.it

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 3

K.-O. Lindahl et al. (eds.), Analysis, Probability, Applications, and Computation,
Trends in Mathematics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04459-6_1
4 A. Martiradonna et al.

to climate changes, and cases of alien species used to restore a somehow perturbed
ecosystem equilibrium of the hosting environment [14], like feral cats, an alien
species which has been introduced in Australia for keeping in control other invasive
species (rodents) [12]. Despite the changing perspective of the role of invasive
species, in protected areas with severe conservation issues, the total eradication
is still an objective to be perceived. We are not entering here the debate on the
soundness of the approach to invasive species from an ecological point of view,
since it is out of the purpose of the present chapter. We will focus instead on the
mathematical tools that may provide a solution to the management issue of the
containment of those species which halter the ecosystem and the ecosystem services
of a protected area because of their fast spread, regardless of their origin. Many
studies [3, 6–8, 16] have indicated that, despite their high costs, intensive control
strategies can be optimal since they are capable of minimizing the infestation area,
halting future spread and associated damages.
In [13], an in-depth overview about the link between the optimal control theory
and biology can be found. Therein, a discrete time model has been described as an
example of optimal control approach to the management of invasive plant species.
In this chapter, we follow the continuous dynamical approach contained in many
papers by C. Baker and his coauthors on the specific topic of management of inva-
sive species [1–5]. More specifically, we suppose that the dynamics of the invasive
species population is described by the following ordinary differential equation:
 
u(t)
u̇(t) = r u(t) 1− − u (μ E(t))q , (1)
k

where u(t) represents

 the population density at time t ∈ [0, T ] and u̇ = du/dt.
u(t)
The term r u(t) 1 − describes the logistic population growth, with intrinsic
k
growth rate r > 0 and carrying capacity k > 0. The effect of the control actions
on the population is modeled by the term −u (μ E(t))q , where E(t) is the control
function, μ > 0is a scaling parameter, accounting for the control effectiveness, and
q ∈ Q ∩ 12 , 1 is a diminishing return parameter in the set of rational numbers.
Low values of the parameter q indicate control actions that are not cost effective at
high intensity, since the related marginal returns decrease very quickly.
We require that the invasive population has to be reduced from the initial density
value u(0) = u0 to the threshold density u(T ) = uT < u0 at exactly T units of
time, where T > 0 represents the program length.
We assume that the allocation of resources for the abatement is evaluated by the
objective functional:
 T
J (E, T ) = e−δ t E(t) dt,
0
Analysis of State-Control Optimality System for Invasive Species Management 5

where δ ∈ (0, 1) represents the discount factor. We define the set of positive
bounded Lebesgue integrable control functions as:
 
U = E ∈ L1 (0, T ) : 0 ≤ E ≤ b ,

with b > 0 a fixed constant. We also fix the constant T̄ and seek for an optimal
control pair (E ∗ , T ∗ ) ∈ U × [0, T̄ ] such that

J (E ∗ , T ∗ ) = min J (E, T ). (2)

E∈U, T ∈[0,T̄ ]

The invasive species dynamics governed by the model (1) and a nondiscounted
version of the objective functional (2) have been introduced in [3], for the manage-
ment of feral cats in Australia semiarid ecosystems. In [4], a theoretical analysis has
been performed for the nondiscounted model in [3], by means of a dynamical system
approach. Moreover, in that paper the authors provide the theoretical expression for
the optimal control values as well as for the optimal abatement program length when
the objective function does not depend explicitly on time. Here, we make a further
step by introducing a discount factor for the abatement cost. This introduction has
the effect of destroying the autonomous nature of the (Hamiltonian) optimality
system describing first-order necessary equations. As a consequence, the tool of
phase-plane analysis cannot be used to achieve theoretical results for the optimal
solution. In this chapter, following the approach in [4], we deduce the alternative
optimality system that describes the invasive density evolution in conjunction with
the control effort. The state-control system results to be autonomous and can be
analyzed by means of phase-space analysis. In so doing, we are able to provide
some qualitative characterizations of the solution of the discounted optimal control
problem (1)–(2).
The chapter is structured as follows: In Sect. 2, we apply the Pontryagin’s
Maximum Principle to set the necessary conditions for the optimal solution and
we introduce the time as additional variable to build a new conserved quantity
on the Hamiltonian of the original nonautonomous system. Then, in Sect. 3 we
move from a state–costate representation to a state-control one and analyze the
dynamics of resulting autonomous system. From the phase diagram generated with
the parameters of the feral cats example and the properties of the invariant, we derive
useful insights into the optimal solution in Sect. 4. Finally, in Sect. 5 we draw our
conclusions.

2 Necessary Conditions for Optimality

To characterize the optimal solution, the following necessary conditions are standard
results from Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle as stated in [17].
6 A. Martiradonna et al.

Theorem 1 Let (E ∗ , T ∗ ) ∈ U ×[0, T̄ ] be a solution of the optimal control problem

(2), with density u∗ satisfying the state equation:
u
u̇ = r u 1 − − u μq E ∗ q , (3)
k
with constraints:

u(0) = u0 , u(T ) = uT . (4)

Then, there exists a piecewise differentiable adjoint variable λ(t) such that

H (t, u∗ (t), E ∗ (t), λ(t)) ≤ H (t, u∗ (t), E(t), λ(t))

for all the admissible controls E at each time t, where the Hamiltonian H is
u
H (t, u, E, λ) = e−δt E + r λ u 1 − − λ u μq E q (5)
k
and
 
2 u∗
λ̇ = −r λ 1 − + λ μq E ∗ q . (6)
k

Furthermore,

H (T ∗ , u∗ (T ∗ ), E ∗ (T ∗ ), λ(T ∗ )) = 0. (7)

Let us check the concavity conditions of the Hamiltonian function at E ∗ to

characterize controls that minimize the objective function [13]. Let E ∗ ∈ U
be a solution of the optimal control problem (2) with density u∗ satisfying the
state Eq. (3), and λ a piecewise differentiable function with λ > 0 for all t.
Then,

∂ 2H
t, u∗ (t), E ∗ (t), λ(t) = (1 − q) q μq λ(t) u∗ (t) > 0.
∂E 2
Therefore, whenever the existence of the optimal solution is guaranteed, necessary
conditions stated in Theorem 1 can be applied to solve the optimal control (2)
subject to (3) with constraints (4). Let the triplet (u(t), λ(t), E(t)), with E(t) > 0,
solve the equation:

∂H
(t, u(t), E(t), λ(t)) = e−δt − λ(t) u(t) μq q E(t)q−1 = 0, (8)
∂E
Analysis of State-Control Optimality System for Invasive Species Management 7

at t ∈ [0, T ]. The solution is given by:

1 δt
E(t) = ϕ(t, u(t), λ(t)) = (q μq λ(t) u(t)) 1−q e 1−q .

We search for those u(t) and λ(t) which satisfy the following state–costate problem:
u ∗ q
u̇ = r u 1 − − u μq Eu,λ , (9)
k
 
2u ∗ q
λ̇ = − λ r 1 − + λ μq Eu,λ , (10)
k

for 0 ≤ t ≤ T and u(0) = u0 , u(T ) = uT , where Eu,λ ∗ (t) =

min{ϕ(t, u(t), λ(t)), b}. Notice that, since ϕ(t, u(t), λ(t)) depends explicitly on
t, the previous system is not autonomous and a phase-space analysis cannot be
performed.
The system (9)–(10) is a time-dependent Hamiltonian system which does not
preserve the Hamiltonian function:

q − 1 1−q
δq
t 1 u
H (t, u, ϕ(t, u, λ), λ) = e q μq λ u 1−q + r λu 1 − . (11)
q k

In this case, a different conserved quantity H can be identified, as in [10], by

considering the time as an additional variable:
 t δq 1
s
H (t, u, λ) = H (t, u, ϕ(t, u, λ), λ)+δ e 1−q q μq λ(s) u(s) 1−q ds. (12)
0

3 Analysis of the State-Control Optimality System

Following the approach in [4], a system of differential equations given in terms of

the population density u(t) and the control E(t) can be considered. From (8), it
results that
1
λ(t) u(t) = E 1−q (t) e−δt , (13)
q μq

is well defined for all E(t) ≥ 0. Moreover, by totally differentiating the condition
(13) with respect to time, we get

q (1 − q) μq λ u E q−2 Ė = − δ e−δ t + q μq λ E q−1 u̇ + q μq u E q−1 λ̇.
(14)
8 A. Martiradonna et al.

Then, accounting for Eqs. (3)–(6) and plugging (13) into (17) we obtain the
following set of differential equations:
u
u̇ = r u 1 − − u μq E ∗ q ,
k

r u + δk
Ė = E.
k (1 − q)

∂H
To localize the optimal solution, we observe that for all t such that (t, u(t), b,
∗
∂E
λ(t)) is strictly negative, then E (t) = b. By using (13), let us evaluate
∂H
(t, u(t), b, λ(t)) = e−δt (1 − E 1−q (t) bq−1 ). (15)
∂E
∂H
It is easy to see that for all t such that (t, u(t), b, λ(t)) < 0 it results E(t) >
∂E
b. Hence, we will refer to the following system as to the state-control optimality
system:
u
u̇ = r u 1 − − u μq min(E q , b q ),
k
(16)
r u + δk
Ė = E. (17)
k (1 − q)
Differently from the state–costate system, the state-control system is autonomous
and can be analyzed by means of the phase-space analysis for 0 ≤ u ≤ k and E ≥ 0.
As the bound of the effort is here introduced only to guarantee the existence of an
optimal solution, we limit our dynamical considerations to trajectories for which the
constraint E(t) < b is always verified. We hence focus on the following model:
u
u̇ = r u 1 − − u μq E q , (18)
k

r u + δk
Ė = E. (19)
k (1 − q)
We start the analysis of the state-control system (18)–(19) by observing that the first
quadrant is an invariant set for the dynamics since system trajectories never cross
the u and E axis. By looking at the zero-growth isoclines, we observe that u̇ = 0 on
the axis u = 0 and along the curve:

r 1/q u  q1
E(u) = 1− . (20)
μ k
Analysis of State-Control Optimality System for Invasive Species Management 9

On the other hand, in the first quadrant, the equation Ė = 0 defines the zero-
growth isoclines E = 0. Consequently, the system admits as equilibria the points
Pk = (k, 0) and P0 = (0, 0). The Jacobian matrix of the state-control model
(18)–(19):
⎡   ⎤
2u
⎢ r 1 − k − μ E −u μ q E
q q q q−1
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢
J (u, E) = ⎢ ⎥, (21)
⎥
⎣ r r u + δk ⎦
E
k (1 − q) k (1 − q)

δ
evaluated at P0 has eigenvalues r and both positive, this implying that the
1−q
origin is a repulsive node. The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix (21) evaluated
r +δ
at the equilibrium Pk are −r < 0 and > 0, and hence Pk turns out to
1−q
be a saddle.
 The loci u̇ = 0, defined by (20), intersect the E axis at the point
r 1/q
P1 = 0, and the u axis at the saddle point Pk = (k, 0). For value of u
μ
below the carrying capacity k, it results that isocline E = E(u) defined in (20) lies
in the first quadrant. Consequently, it partitions the (u, E) positive plane into two
regions, labeled I and II, lying below or above the curve, respectively. In Region I,
the trajectories are featured by values of u̇ > 0, while in Region II it results u̇ < 0.
Moreover, from (17), it can be checked that Ė > 0 for positive values of E. As
consequence in Region I, the solution trajectories are increasing in both u and E
direction. After crossing the curve u̇ = 0, they enter into Region II, decrease in the
u direction, and finally approach the increasing exponential dynamics on the E axis,
δ
described by Ė = E.
1−q
The above phase-plane analysis is a useful tool to provide some qualitative
characterizations of the optimal solution, as we show in the following section. In
Fig. 1, for illustrative purpose, we draw the phase diagram in correspondence to
parameters related to the case study of feral cats analyzed in [3], i.e., r = 0.55,
k = 100, μ = 2.21, and q = 0.64; moreover, we set δ = 0.005.

4 Optimal Paths for the State-Control Model

In order to detect the optimal solution, we notice that the function H , written in
terms of the state-control variables:
   t
e−δ t r u  1−q
H (t, u, E) = (q − 1) E + q 1 − E +δ e−δ s E(s) ds,
q μ k 0
(22)
10 A. Martiradonna et al.

Region II

r1/q
µ u̇ = 0
Region I Pk
P0 k
u

Fig. 1 System trajectories in the (u, E) plane for a variety of initial conditions in the interior of
the first quadrant. Parameters: r = 0.55, k = 100, μ = 2.21, q = 0.64, and δ = 0.005

is an invariant for the state-control dynamics. The final optimal control value
E ∗ (T ∗ ) is uniquely determined by the necessary condition (7):
 
uT  ∗ ∗ 1−q
∗
e−δ T r
(q − 1) E ∗ (T ∗ ) + q 1− E (T ) = 0.
q μ k

It follows that E ∗ (T ∗ ) = 0 or
 1
∗ ∗ 1 r q uT  q1
E (T ) = 1− . (23)
μ 1−q k

As in [4], we call curve of minimal effort the curve in the plane (u, E):
 1
1 r q u  q1
E(u) = 1− . (24)
μ 1−q k

With the above notations, Eq. (23) ensures that the final optimal control value
E ∗ (T ∗ ) lies on the curve of minimal effort. Moreover, by imposing

H (T ∗ , uT , E ∗ (T ∗ )) = H (0, u0 , E0∗ )

we have
  
T∗ 1 r u0  ∗ 1−q
δ e−δ s E ∗ (s) ds = (q − 1) E0∗ + 1− E0 (25)
0 q μq k

From the above relation, we have several insights about the optimal solution. Firstly,
observe that if δ = 0, then E0∗ lies on the curve of minimal effort defined in (24).
Analysis of State-Control Optimality System for Invasive Species Management 11

For δ > 0 (apart from the trivial case when uT = u0 , corresponding to T ∗ = 0), the
integral term is strictly positive, and hence E0∗ should lie below the curve of minimal
effort (25).
The left-hand term represents the objective function to be minimized, up to the
positive multiplicative constant δ > 0. By dividing both terms in (25) by δ, we
obtain an equivalent relation that can be written as follows:
  
1 r u0 
J (E ∗ , T ∗ ) = q E0∗ − E0∗ 1−q E0∗ q − q 1− . (26)
δq μ k

By using both (26) and the qualitative behavior of the dynamics resulting from
the phase-space analysis in Sect. 3, we are able to characterize and localize the
optimal control solution. To this aim, let us consider the values spanned by the
following parametrization:

r 1/q u0 1/q
E () = 1− 0 ≤  ≤ q. (27)
μ (1 − )1/q k

Taking into account that the final optimal control value E ∗ (T ∗ ) must lie on the
curve of minimal effort, we detect the optimal trajectories starting form (u0 , E0∗ )
with E0∗ = E (), as follows:
• If E0∗ = E (q), then E0∗ lies on the curve of minimal effort (24). In this case,
relation (25) is satisfied with T ∗ = 0 and the optimal control E ∗ = E0∗
corresponds to the largest density target value u∗ (T ∗ ) = u0 . The objective
function assumes the minimum value Jq = J (E (q), 0) = 0, as can be
deduced from (26);
• If E0∗ = E (0), then E0∗ lies on the isocline defined in (20). From (26), the
E (0)
objective value is J0 = . The trajectory is optimal for the density target
δ
∗ ∗
value u (T ) = uT , where umin
min is the intersection between the trajectory
T
starting from (u0 , E (0)) and the curve of minimal effort (24);
• If E0∗ = E (), with 0 <  < q, then E0 lies between the curve of minimal effort
(24) and the isocline defined in (20). The trajectory is optimal for a target value
uT s.t. umin
T < uT < u0 and the objective value is
 
1 r u0 
J = (q − 1) E () + q 1 − E ()1−q
δq μ k
 
1 q −1 r u0  E (0)1−q
= E (0) + q 1 −
δ q(1 − )1/q μ k q(1 − )(1−q)/q
 
E (0) q −1 r u0  E (0)−q
= + q 1−
δ q(1 − )1/q μ k q(1 − )(1−q)/q
 
E (0) q −1 1 (q − )
= + = J0 .
δ q(1 − )1/q q(1 − )(1−q)/q q(1 − )1/q
12 A. Martiradonna et al.

E∗ (T∗ )
E

r1/q
µ
u̇ = 0 curve of
E∗0 minimal effort
Pk
P0 u min u =10 u0=80 k
T T u

Fig. 2 System trajectories in the (u, E) plane starting from u0 = 80 and reaching uT = 10 (dotted
black lines). Parameters: r = 0.55, k = 100, μ = 2.21, q = 0.64, and δ = 0.005. The optimal
solution (red continuous line) is achieved in correspondence to T ∗ ≈ 3.972, E ∗ (T ∗ ) ≈ 0.7442, and
E0∗ ≈ 0.0495. The dash-dotted black curve represents the optimal solution reaching the threshold
value of the final density umin
T ≈ 1.856

(q − )
Denoting with s() = , we have that s(0) = 1, s(q) = 0, and ṡ() <
q(1 − )1/q
0, hence we deduce that Jq < J < J0 .
In conclusion, if umin
T ≤ uT ≤ u0 , the initial point of the optimal solution will
belong to the interval [E (0), E (q)]. As a consequence, the optimal trajectory will
lie between the trajectory starting from (u0 , E (0)) and the curve of minimal effort.
In Fig. 2, for illustrative purposes, the resulting optimal trajectory for u0 = 80 and
uT = 10 is shown.

5 Conclusions

We considered an optimal control problem with free terminal time for the manage-
ment of invasive species. With respect to recent literature, we made the model more
realistic by introducing a discount term in the objective function. We showed that
the alternative state-control optimality system, defined as in [4], is autonomous and
can be analyzed with a dynamical system approach. We deduced the expression of
its invariant that suggested several insights on the optimal solution. Further work
will be devoted to theoretically establishing ranges of parameters that guarantee
existence and uniqueness results for the optimal control solution.
Analysis of State-Control Optimality System for Invasive Species Management 13

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dependent Hamiltonian systems. Appl. Math. Comput. 217(6), 2798–2807 (2010)
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 Part II
Approximation Theory and Special
Functions: Fourth Series

Session Organizers: Oktay Duman and Esra Erkus-Duman

This session was the fourth edition of a series of mini-symposia which bring
together researchers from all areas of Approximation Theory and Special Functions.
The first one was organized within the international conference ICNAAM 2013 in
Greece, the second one in MDS 2014 in Bulgaria, and the third one in ETAMM
2016 in France.
The highlighted topics (but not limited to) were: Classical approximation,
Korovkin-type approximation, Statistical approximation, Interpolation, Fuzzy
approximation, Summability, Timescales, Constructive approximation, Orthogonal
polynomials, Generating functions, Matrix-valued polynomials, q-Analysis,
Fractional analysis, General orthogonal systems, and Fourier analysis.
Extended Multivariable Hypergeometric
Functions

Duriye Korkmaz-Duzgun and Esra Erkuş-Duman

Abstract In this chapter, we define an extension of multivariable hypergeometric

functions. We obtain a generating function for these functions. Furthermore, we
derive a family of multilinear and multilateral generating functions for these
extended multivariable hypergeometric functions.

1 Introduction

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in extensions, including new extra parameter,

of some special functions especially hypergeometric and multivariable hypergeo-
metric functions [1, 11].
In this study, the extended beta, hypergeometric, Appell, Lauricella, Horn, and
multivariable Horn functions, which are introduced below, have been used for
defining a new extension of multivariable hypergeometric functions.
Definition 1 Let a function Θ({κl }l∈N0 ; z) be analytic within the disk |z| < R
(0 < R < ∞) and let its Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients be explicitly denoted by the
sequence {κl }l∈N0 . Suppose also that the function Θ({κl }l∈N0 ; z) can be continued
analytically in the right half-plane Re(z) > 0 with the asymptotic property given as

D. Korkmaz-Duzgun ()
Kafkas University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business
Administration, Kars, Turkey
e-mail: dkduzgun@kafkas.edu.tr
E. Erkuş-Duman
Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Ankara, Turkey
e-mail: eduman@gazi.edu.tr

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 17

K.-O. Lindahl et al. (eds.), Analysis, Probability, Applications, and Computation,
Trends in Mathematics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04459-6_2
18 D. Korkmaz-Duzgun and E. Erkuş-Duman

follows [11]:

Θ(κ l ; z) ≡ Θ( {κl }l∈N0 ; z)

 l (1)
< ∞; κ0 = 1)
κl zl! (|z| <R; 0 < R
=
M0 zw exp(z) 1 + O 1z (Re(z) → ∞; M0 > 0; w ∈ C)

for some suitable constants M0 and w depending essentially on the sequence

{κl }l∈N0 .
By means of the function Θ({κl }l∈N0 ; z) defined

by (1), Srivastava et al. defined
{Kl }l∈N0
the following extended beta function Bp,q (α, β) [11]:

{Kl }l∈N0 1 
Bp,q (α, β) = t α−1 (1 − t)β−1 Θ κl ; − pt − q
(t −1) dt,
0 (2)

( min {Re(α), Re(β)} > 0, min {Re(p), Re(q)} ≥ 0 ).

(ρ)l
If we set κl = (σ )l , ρ = σ , and p = q = 0 in (2), then (2) becomes the classical
beta function [10].
By a similar idea, they had extended hypergeometric and confluent hypergeomet-
ric functions, respectively, as follows [11]:
 
{Kl }l∈N0
{Kl }l∈N0 
∞
B (β+n,γ −β) x n
Fp,q (α, β; γ ; x) = (α)n p,q B(β,γ −β) n! ,
n=0 (3)

(|t| < 1, Re(γ ) > Re(β) > 0, min {Re(p), Re(q)} ≥ 0)

and
 
{Kl }l∈N0
{Kl }l∈N0 
∞
Bp,q (β+n,γ −β) x n
Φp,q (β; γ ; x) = B(β,γ −β) n! , (4)
n=0
(Re(γ ) > Re(β) > 0, min {Re(p), Re(q)} ≥ 0) .

(ρ)l
If we set κl = (σ )l , ρ = σ , and p = q = 0 in (3), (4) then (3) and (4) become
classical hypergeometric and confluent hypergeometric functions, respectively (see
[10]).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 between May 1, 1898, and June 30, 1899.

[Off. = Officer; Enl. = Enlisted Men.]

COUNTRY KILLED. DIED OF

DISEASE. ACCIDENT.
WOUNDS
Off. Enl. Off. Enl. Off.
Enl. Off. Enl.
REGULARS.
United States 1 5 10 32
874 1 51
Cuba 19 184 5 60 8
381 7
Porto Rico 3
73 3
Hawaiian Islands
10 1
Philippine Islands 4 81 1 33 4
109 10
At sea 1 11 4
77

Total 24 270 7 114 51

1,524 1 72

VOLUNTEERS.
United States 1 87
2,836 3 111
Cuba 3 39 10 16
457 2 12
Porto Rico 3 1
157 5
Hawaiian Islands
33 1
Philippine Islands 14 146 3 67 5
215 6
At sea 5
122 2

Total 17 188 3 78 114

3,820 5 137

Aggregate 38 458 10 192 165

5,344 6 209

COUNTRY. DROWNED. SUICIDE.

MURDER TOTAL.

HOMICIDE
Off. Enl. Off. Enl. Off.
Enl. Off. Enl.
REGULARS.
United States 1 16 19
18 35 993
Cuba 7 5
6 32 650
Porto Rico 1 3
1 3 81
Hawaiian Islands 1
12
Philippine Islands 19 1 3
1 10 256
At sea 1 4 2
6 94
Total 2 48 1 32
26 86 2,086

VOLUNTEERS.
United States 23 1 15
22 91 3,008
Cuba 4
3 21 525
Porto Rico 2 1
1 1 169
Hawaiian Islands
34
Philippine Islands 1 9 3
23 446
At sea 2 1
5 127

Total 1 40 1 20
26 141 4,309

Aggregate 3 88 2 52
52 224 6,395

{630}

Recapitulation of casualties in action in the armies of the

United States between May 1, 1898, and June 30, 1899.

[Off. = Officer; Enl. = Enlisted Men.]

COUNTRY. KILLED. WOUNDED.

TOTAL. AGGREGATE
Off. Enl. Off. Enl. Off.
Enl.
REGULARS.

Cuba 18 183 86 1,126 104

1,309 1,413
Porto Rico 1 2 15 2
16 18
United States 1 5 10 1
15 16
Philippines, to
August 13, 1898 7 1 25 1
32 33
Philippines since
February 4, 1899 2 74 20 410 22
484 506

Total 21 270 109 1,586 130

1,856 1,986

VOLUNTEERS.

Cuba 3 39 15 218 18
257 275
Porto Rico 3 2 21 2
24 26
Philippines,
to Aug. 13, 1898 11 9 74 9
85 94
Philippines, since
February 4, 1899 14 135 62 865 76
1,000 1,076

Total 17 188 88 1,178 105

1,366 1,471

Grand total 38 458 197 2,764 235

3,222 3,457

HOSPITALS.

From the declaration of war with Spain to September 20, 1899,

there have been established:

Beds.
20 field division hospitals, averaging 250 beds
each 5,000
31 general hospitals with a total capacity of
about 13,800
Railroad ambulance train
270
4 hospital ships
1,000

Total
20,070

In addition to these over 5,000 cases were treated in civil

hospitals. It is difficult even to approximate the number of
men treated in these hospitals. During that period somewhat
over 100,000 cases were admitted on sick report, a number
equal to 2,147 per 1,000 of strength during the year, or to
179 per 1,000 per month—the ratio of admissions to hospital
cases being 13 to 8. Using these data as a basis, and assuming
the mean strength of the Army (Regulars and Volunteers) to have
been 154,000, it would appear that from May 1, 1898, to
September 20, 1899, about 275,000 cases have been treated in
 these hospitals.

TRANSPORTATION OF SPANISH PRISONERS OF WAR TO SPAIN.

The following is a statement showing the dates of embarkation,

names of vessels, and number of officers, enlisted men, and
others who took passage:

[Date = Date of Embarkation,

Off. = Officers
Men = Enlisted men,
Women = Women and children over 5 years of
age,
Priests = Priests and Sisters of Charity.]

Date Name of Vessel. Off. Men Women

Priests Total

August 9 Alicante 38 1,069 6

11 1,124
August 14 Isla de Luzon 137 2,056 40
4 2,237
August 16 Covadonga 109 2,148 79
2,336
August 19 Villaverde 52 565 34
651
August 19 Isla de Panay 99 1,599 26
5 1,729
August 22 P. de Satrustegui 128 2,359 68
2,555
August 25 Montevideo 136 2,108 122
2 2,368
August 27 Cherihon 18 905 37
960
August 28 Colón 100 1,316 59
1,475
August 30 do 23 726 5
754
September 1 Leon XIII 113 2,209 108
2,430
September 3 San Ignacio 59 1,408 20
12 1,499
September 6 Leonora 15 1,118
1,333
September 12 Cindad de Cadiz 53 19
14 86
September 17 San Augustin 65 800 45
910
September 17 San Francisco 18 588 11
617

Total 1,163 20,974 679

48 22,864

ARMS AND AMMUNITION CAPTURED AT SANTIAGO.

Mauser carbines, Spanish, 7 mm 16,902

Mauser rifles, Argentine, 7½ mm 872
Remington rifles, 7 mm 6,118
Total rifles 23,892

Mauser carbines, Spanish 833

Mauser carbines, Argentine 7½ mm 84
Remington carbines, 7½ mm 330
 Total carbines 1,247

Revolvers 75

{631}

Mauser-Spanish—cartridges, 7 mm. 1,500,000

Mauser-Argentine—cartridges, 7½ mm. 1,471,200
Remington cartridges, 7½ mm 1,680,000

Total. 4,651,200

Nine hundred and seventy-three thousand

Remington
cartridges, 7½ mm., worthless.

STRENGTH OF THE NAVY, REGULAR AND AUXILIARY.

The number of enlisted men allowed by law prior to the

outbreak of hostilities was 12,500. On August 15, when the
enlisted force reached its maximum, there were 24,123 men in
the service. This great increase was made necessary by the
addition of 128 ships to the Navy. The maximum fighting force
of the Navy, separated into classes, was as follows:

Battle ships (first class). 4

Battle ships (second class). 1
Armored cruisers. 2
Coast defense monitors. 6
Armored ram. 1
Protected cruisers. 12
Unprotected cruisers. 3
Gunboats. 18
 Dynamite cruiser. 1
Torpedo boats. 11
Vessels of old Navy,
Including monitors. 14
Auxiliary Navy:
Auxiliary cruisers. 11
Converted yachts. 28
Revenue cutters. 15
Light-house tenders. 4
Converted tugs. 27
Converted colliers. 19
Miscellaneous. 19

NAVAL, PRISONERS OF WAR CAPTURED OFF SANTIAGO,

JULY 3, 1898.

Officers. 99
Enlisted men. 1,675

CASUALTIES IN ACTION.

ENGAGEMENT. Casualties Killed

Wounded Died later

from wounds
Action at Manila Bay,
May 1 9 9
Action off Cienfuegos,
May 11 12 1 11
1
Action off Cardenas,
May 11. 8 5 3
Action off San Juan,
 Porto Rico, May 12 8 1 7
Engagements at Guantanamo,
Cuba, June 11 to 20 22 *6 16
Engagement off Santiago:
June 22 10 1 9
July 3 11 1 10
Miscellaneous:
Yankee, June 13. 1 1
Eagle, July 12 1 1
Bancroft, August 2 1 1
Amphitrite, August 7 1 1 †l

Total 84 16 68
2

* One accidentally killed.

† Accidentally shot.

Congressional Record,
February 1, 1901, pages 1941-1962.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898-1899.

Investigation of the conduct of the War Department
in the war with Spain.

Severe criticism of the conduct of the War Department during

the war with Spain, including many charges of inefficiency in
its service, produced by improper appointments made for
political reasons, and other charges of misdoing in the
purchase of supplies, under influences either political or
otherwise corrupt, led to the appointment by the President, in
September, 1898, of an investigating commission, composed of
nine soldier and civilian members, as follows:
General Grenville M. Dodge, President.
Colonel James A. Sexton.
Colonel Charles Denby,
Captain Evan P. Howell,
Honorable Urban A. Woodbury,
Brigadier-General John M. Wilson, U. S. A.,
General James A. Beaver,
Major-General Alexander McD. Cook, U. S. A.,
Dr. Phineas S. Conner.

The report of the Commission, made in the following February,

cannot be said to have been a convincing and satisfactory one
to the country at large. It was indignantly described as a
"whitewashing report," even by many journals and writers of
the party in power. Its inquiries did not appear to have been
keenly and impartially searching; its conclusions were not
thought to be drawn with a rigorous and fearless hand.

The charges against the War Department which excited most

feeling and drew most public attention related to the quality
of the fresh beef supplied to the army, which was in two
forms, refrigerated and canned. Major-General Miles,
commanding the Army, had declared that much of the
refrigerated beef furnished to the soldiers should be called
"embalmed beef," maintaining that it had been "apparently
preserved with secret chemicals, which destroy its natural
flavor" and which were believed to be "detrimental to the
health of the troops." He intimated that hundreds of tons of
such beef had been contracted for by the Commissary-General
"under pretense of experiment." In repelling this serious
accusation, Commissary-General Charles P. Eagan read a
statement before the Commission, so violent and unmeasured in
its vituperation of the commanding general that it was
returned to him for correction; many newspapers declined to
publish it, and he was subsequently tried by court-martial in
consequence—as related below. The conclusion of the
Commission on the subject of the charges relating to
refrigerated beef was stated in its report as follows:
 "The Commission is of the opinion that no refrigerated beef
furnished by contractors and issued to the troops during the
war with Spain was subjected to or treated with any chemicals
by the contractors or those in their employ."

Concerning the canned beef, which had caused much disgust in

the army, the Commission reported:

"The result of our own testing and of all the analyses made at
our instance … is that the canned meat which has been brought
to our attention is pure, sound, and nutritive. It has not
been found to contain any acids or any deleterious substance,
but to be unadulterated meat. The testimony before us is that
the canned meat is not, in general, intended to be issued to
troops except as an emergency ration. The preponderance of the
proof is that meat on the hoof and the refrigerated beef are
more acceptable. A number of officers and others have
testified that the meat is unpalatable. Its palatability
greatly depends upon the mode in which it is cooked. In a
tropical climate, carried on the march, exposed to heat, the
meat so changes in appearance as to become repulsive. In the
Navy, where the meat is properly cared for, there has been no
complaint, so far as has appeared in evidence before us. After
careful consideration we find that canned meat, as issued to
the troops, was generally of good quality, was properly
prepared, and contained no deleterious substance.
{632}
At times probably material of poor quality is issued; in one
of the cans sent to us and examined by the chemist a large
amount of gristle was found. That it was not issued 'under
pretense of an experiment' is indicated by the fact that it
has been in use in the Army for more than 20 years."

On the general management of the Quarter-master's Department,

with which much fault had been found, the Commission reported:
"The conclusions drawn … are as follows:
"1. The Quartermaster's Department, a month before war was
declared, was neither physically nor financially prepared for
the tremendous labor of suddenly equipping and transporting an
army over ten times the size of the Regular Army of the United
States.

"2. That the department devoted the ability, zeal, and

industry of its officers to accomplish the herculean task
before it so soon as funds were made available and war was
declared.

"3. That it deserves credit for the great work accomplished,

for the immense quantity of materials obtained and issued
within so short a period, and for its earnest efforts in
reference to railroad transportation and in protecting the
great interests of the General Government committed to its
charge. Its officers, especially those at the head-quarters of
the department and at its depots, worked earnestly and
laboriously day and night, sparing themselves in no possible
way.

"4. There appears to have been a lack of system, whereby, even

as late as October, troops in camps and in the field were
lacking in some articles of clothing, camp and garrison
equipage; and hospitals, at least at two important localities
in the South—Fort Monroe, Virginia, and Huntsville,
Alabama—lacked stoves, while at Huntsville fuel was wanting.

"5. There appears to have been lack of executive or

administrative ability, either on the part of the
Quartermaster's Department or the railroad officials, in
preventing the great congestion of cars at Tampa and
Chickamauga when these camps were first established, which
congestion caused delay, annoyance, and discomfort to the
large bodies of troops concentrating at those places.

"6. There appears to have been a lack of foresight in

preparing and promptly having available at some central
locality on the seacoast the necessary fleet of transports
which it seemed evident would be required for the movement of
troops to a foreign shore, and, finally, when the call came
suddenly and the emergency was supreme, the department appears
not to have fully comprehended the capacity of the fleet under
its command; not to have supplied it with a complete outfit of
lighters for the immediate disembarkation of troops and
supplies; to have accepted without full investigation the
statement that the vessels were capable of transporting 25,000
men, while really they could not and did not transport more
than 17,000 with their artillery, equipments, ammunition, and
supplies, and lacked sufficient storage room for the necessary
amount of wagon transportation—that very important element
in the movement of an army in the face of an enemy.

"7. The Quartermaster's Department should maintain on hand at

all times a complete supply for at least four months for an
army of 100,000 men of all articles of clothing, camp and
garrison equipage, and other quartermaster's supplies which
will not deteriorate by storage or which cannot at once be
obtained in open market.

"Finally. In the opinion of this commission, there should be a

division of the labor now devolving upon the Quartermaster's
Department."

In another part of its report, dealing especially with the

Santiago campaign, the Commission makes a statement which
seems to reflect some additional light on the sixth paragraph
of the finding quoted above, relative to the unpreparedness of
the quartermaster's department for the landing of the Santiago
expedition. It says:

"The Navy Department, on the 31st of May, 1898, sent the

following communication to the honorable the Secretary of War:
'This Department begs leave to inquire what means are to be
employed by the War Department for landing the troops,
artillery, horses, siege guns, mortars, and other heavy
objects when the pending military expedition arrives on the
Cuban coast near Santiago. While the Navy will be prepared to
furnish all the assistance that may be in its power, it is
obvious that the crews of the armored ships and of such others
as will be called upon to remove the Spanish mines and to meet
the Spanish fleet in action can not be spared for other purposes,
and ought not to be fatigued by the work incident to landing
of the troops and stores, etc.' This information, so far as
can be ascertained, was never communicated to either General
Miles or General Shafter; the expedition therefore left Tampa
with no facilities for landing other than were afforded by the
boats of the several transports conveying the expedition, with
the exception of several lighters and steam tugs of light draft,
such as could be hastily secured."

On the conduct of the Medical Department, which was another

matter of investigation, the Commission reported: "To sum up,
in brief, the evidence submitted shows:

" 1. That at the outbreak of the war the Medical Department

was, in men and materials, altogether unprepared to meet the
necessities of the army called out.

"2. That as a result of the action through a generation of

contracted and contracting methods of administration, it was
impossible for the Department to operate largely, freely, and
without undue regard to cost.

"3. That in the absence of a special corps of inspectors, and

the apparent infrequency of inspections by chief surgeons, and
of official reports of the state of things in camps and
hospitals, there was not such investigation of the sanitary
conditions of the army as is the first duty imposed upon the
Department by the regulations.
 "4. That the nursing force during the months of My, June, and
July was neither ample nor efficient, reasons for which may be
found in the lack of a proper volunteer hospital corps, due to
the failure of Congress to authorize its establishment, and to
the nonrecognition in the beginning of the value of women
nurses and the extent to which their services could be
secured.

"5. That the demand made upon the resources of the Department
in the care of sick and wounded was very much greater than had
been anticipated, and consequently, in like proportion, these
demands were imperfectly met.

{633}

"6. That powerless as the Department was to have supplies

transferred from point to point, except through the
intermediation of the Quartermaster's Department, it was
seriously crippled in its efforts to fulfil the regulation
duty of 'furnishing all medical and hospital supplies.'

"7. That the shortcomings in administration and operation may

justly be attributed, in large measure, to the hurry and
confusion incident to the assembling of an army of untrained
officers and men, ten times larger than before, for which no
preparations in advance had been or could be made because of
existing rules and regulations.

"8. That notwithstanding all the manifest errors, of omission

rather than of commission, a vast deal of good work was done
by medical officers, high and low, regular and volunteer, and
there were unusually few deaths among the wounded and the
sick.

"What is needed by the medical department in the future is—

"1. A larger force of commissioned medical officers.

"2. Authority to establish in time of war a proper volunteer
hospital corps.

"3. A reserve corps of selected trained women nurses, ready to

serve when necessity shall arise, but under ordinary
circumstances, owing no duty to the War Department, except to
report residence at determined intervals.

"4. A year's supply for an army of at least four times the

actual strength, of all such medicines, hospital furniture,
and stores as are not materially damaged by keeping, to be
held constantly on hand in the medical supply depots.

"5. The charge of transportation to such extent as will secure

prompt shipment and ready delivery of all medical supplies.

"6. The simplification of administrative 'paper work,' so that

medical officers may be able to more thoroughly discharge
their sanitary and strictly medical duties.

"7. The securing of such legislation as will authorize all

surgeons in medical charge of troops, hospitals, transports,
trains, and independent commands to draw from the Subsistence
Department funds for the purchase of such articles of diet as
may be necessary to the proper treatment of soldiers too sick
to use the army ration. This to take the place of all
commutation of rations of the sick now authorized.

"Convalescent soldiers traveling on furlough should be

furnished transportation, sleeping berths or staterooms, and
$1.50 per diem for subsistence in lieu of rations, the soldier
not to be held accountable or chargeable for this amount."

Report of the Commission, volume 1.

Public opinion of the report, when divested of partisan

prejudice, was probably expressed very fairly in the following
comments of "The Nation," of New York:

"The two leading conclusions of the court of inquiry as to the

quality of the beef supplied to our troops during the war with
Spain, are in accordance with the evidence and will be
accepted as fairly just by the country. The court finds that
so far as the canned roast beef was concerned, the charges
which General Miles made against it as an unsuitable ration
are sustained, but that as regards the use of chemicals in the
treatment of refrigerated beef his charges were not
established. If instead of saying 'not established,' the court
had said 'not fully sustained,' its verdict would have been
above criticism on these two points. There was evidence of the
use of chemicals, but it was not conclusive and was flatly
contradicted. There is no doubt whatever that the use of the
refrigerated beef was a blunder, but there was very little
evidence to sustain a more serious charge than that against
it.

"But while the court has found justly on these points, it is

difficult to read its report without feeling that its members
did so reluctantly, and that, if left to follow their
inclinations, they would have censured General Miles and
allowed everybody else concerned to go free. General Miles is
the one person involved whom they allow no extenuating
circumstances to benefit in their report. At every opportunity
they take the worst possible view of his conduct, while almost
invariably taking the most lenient view possible of nearly
everybody else. … So far as the findings of the court apply to
Eagan's conduct, they are condemnatory in general terms, but
they do not seek to go behind him for the reasons for his
conduct. … No attention whatever is paid to the evidence of
several reputable witnesses that Eagan had told them that he
had to buy of certain contractors; none is paid, either, to
the evidence of Eagan's subordinates that he himself so
altered the refrigerated beef contracts that no one could say
whether they called for preservation for seventy-two hours or
twenty-four. Leniency of this kind is never shown toward
General Miles."

The Nation,
May 11, 1899.

Perhaps a weightier criticism is represented by the following,

which we quote from an article contributed to "The
Independent" by General Wingate, President of the National
Guard Association of the United States: "So far as the
refrigerated beef was concerned, the truth probably is that
there was little, if any, 'embalming' about it. Soldiers
generally agree that the beef itself was almost universally
good. … General Miles, on the other hand, was clearly right in
asking that the troops might be furnished with beef cattle on the
hoof, which could follow the army over any road and which
would keep in good condition on the luxuriant grasses of Cuba
and Porto Rico. This was the system pursued in our Civil War.
No one has yet explained why it was abandoned for the
experiment of furnishing this kind of beef to places in the
tropics where it had to be hauled in wagons for many hours
over muddy roads, and when most of the wagons required to move
it promptly had to be left behind for want of water
transportation.

"The matter of the refrigerated or so-called 'embalmed' beef

is, however, of very slight consequence compared with that of
the canned roast beef. The use of that beef as an army ration
in this country, at least, was new. Officer after officer has
testified before the court of inquiry that they never saw it
so issued before the Cuban campaign. It is true that the navy
uses it, but the facilities on shipboard for caring for and
cooking food are so different and so superior to those of an
army in the field that no comparison can justly be made
between them. Moreover, as was recently stated in the 'Army
and Navy Journal,' the belief is general in the navy that the
 canned beef it had rejected on inspection was afterward sold
to the army and accepted by it without inspection.
{634}
Be this as it may, the evidence is overwhelming that the
canned roast beef which was issued to the army was repulsive
in appearance and disagreeable in smell. … Governor Roosevelt
says in his testimony that 'from generals to privates he never
heard any one who did not condemn it as an army ration.' Its
defects appeared on the voyage to Santiago, if not before. It
was then so bad that the men would not touch it, and as
Governor Roosevelt says in his article in 'Scribner's,' his
Rough Riders, who certainly were not particular, could not eat
it, and as it constituted one-third of the rations, his men
had to go hungry. And yet, in spite of these facts, a million
pounds of that beef was purchased from Armour & Co. alone, and
its issue was continued not only in Cuba but in Porto Rico.
What is worse than all, after its defects were fully known it
was issued as a traveling ration to the fever-racked men on
their homeward voyage to this country; men who needed and were
entitled to receive the most nourishing food and to whom this
indigestible stuff was poison. This should never be forgotten
or forgiven by the plain people of the country. …

"No one in authority has been willing to admit that there was
the slightest thing wrong, or the least need for improvement
in his department. … This is another of the hundreds of
examples which have occurred in our past war, and which will
continue to take place in the future until the whole staff
system of the army has been rectified, of the reign of that
hide bound bureaucratic spirit which induces the head of a
department in Washington to decide in his office what should
be used by the troops in the field without practical
experience on the subject, and to stubbornly close his eyes
and ears to everything which will tend to show that it is
possible that his department has made a mistake. …

"It is noticeable that so far not an official in any of the