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ADVANCES IN OPTOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY
DEVELOPMENT
Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics:
proceedings
The International Symposia on Photonics and Optoelectronics (SOPO) aim
to provide a premier technical forum for researchers, engineers as well as
professionals from all over the world to present the latest research and devel-
opment in Photonics and Optoelectronics related fields. Optoelectronic sys-
tems use laser technology, for a wide range of applications in the fields of
telecommunications, electronic industrial, civil, and aeronautical engineering.
SOPO features the latest advances in optoelectronic integration, laser tech-
nology, manufacturing of optical components, advanced laser materials,
films and devices, optical communications, silicon photonics, quantum optics,
optoelectronic devices and integration, medical and biological applications
and image processing.

Print ISSN: 2156-8464

Online ISSN: 2156-8480
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PHOTONICS AND
OPTOELECTRONICS (SOPO 2019), AUGUST 17-19, 2019, XI’AN, CHINA

Advances in Optoelectronic
Technology and Industry
Development

Edited by
Gin Jose
University of Leeds, UK

Mário Ferreira
University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be
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the information contained herein.

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

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ISBN: 978-0-367-24634-1 (Hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-28362-8 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429283628
 Advances in Optoelectronic Technology and Industry Development – Jose & Ferreira (eds)
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-24634-1

Table of contents

Preface ix
Organizers xi

Image Processing
Electrically-modulated optoelectronics-based infrared source enabling ground surface
precision deflectometry 3
H. Quach, L.R. Graves, H. Kang & D.W.Kim
Adaptive learning rate and target re-detection for object tracking based on correlation filter 13
J. Xiang & P. Shen
Calculation method of infrared temperature on the natural ground surface 20
C. Shan & M. Jun-chun
Research on gesture-recognition method in video based on the sparse representation theory 25
Y. Lei, L. Feng, L. Zhenglong & W. Shiliang

Laser Technology and Applications

Technical and analytical note on the performance maximization of spin lasers by optimizing
the spin polarization 37
R. Walia & K.N. Chopra
Field-free orientation dynamics of CO molecule by utilizing two dual-color shaped laser
pulses and lower intensity of THz laser pulse 44
W.S. Zhan, H.C. Tao & S. Wang
54 ps Q-switched microchip laser with a high modulation depth SESAM 50
L. Gong, H. Zhang, Y.S. Wang, Y. Wang & P.F. Chen
Microstructured fiber hydrogen-sensing based on optimized Pd-Ag film 56
X. Zhou, M. Yang, K.F. Liu, X.Z. Ming, R. Fan & Y.T. Dai
Synchronous photoelectric scanning imaging in underwater scattering environments 61
X.Y. Song, Z.Y. He & Y. Huang
Influence analysis of mixing efficiency of optical heterodyne detection of partially coherent
light 67
R. Jianying, S. Huayan, Z. Laixian & Z. Yanzhong
Mode competition and cavity tuning characteristics of a new integrated orthogonal polarized
He-Ne laser with Y-shaped cavity 74
J. Chen, G. Xiao & B. Zhang
Effects of pressure on the femtosecond filamentation with HOKE in air 85
X.X. Qi & C.R. Jing

v
Optical Communications
Performance investigation of 16/32-channel DWDM PON and long-reach PON systems
using an ASE noise source 93
D.S. Sundar, T. Sridarshini, R. Sitharthan, M. Karthikeyan, A.S. Raja & M.F. Carrasco
A comparative selection of the low-loss optical fibers designed for FTTH networks 100
F.E. Seraji, A. Emami & D.R. Rafi
Enhancement of fidelity of quantum teleportation in a non-Markovian environment 109
Y. Zhangy & X. Wu
A 2×2 optical switch based on semiconductor optical amplifier cross-gain modulation
technology 117
S. Zhou, Z. Qi, D. Ding & D. Deng
A PSK quantum-noise randomized cipher simulation system model based on standard
commercial devices 125
Y. Chen, T. Pu, Hua Zhou, H. Shi, H. Tang, Y. Li, H. Jiao & H. Zhang
Propagation characteristics of Super-Gaussian pulse in dispersion-decreasing fiber 131
S. Shi & Q. Zhang
Time-delay measurement of optical-fiber link based on time-frequency simultaneous
transmission method 140
J.C. Guo, L. Lu, H. Wei & X.Y. Zhao
SNR uniformity optimization for LEDs ring alignment in visible light communications 146
F. Li, J. Xiao, X. Li, J. Xia, Q. Zhou & G. Hu

Optoelectronic Devices and Integration

Highly efficient and wide-color-gamut organic light-emitting devices based on multi-scale
optical design 157
A. Mikami
Plastic optical fiber chemosensor for mercury detection in aqueous solution 163
J. Hong, H. Lee, J. Park, T. Ryu, M.S. Noh & Sang-Won Park
Research of distributed weak fiber Bragg grating sensing system under the action of
temperature and strain 168
P. Ding, H. Gu, J. Huang & J. Tang
Demodulation method for dynamic and static parameters of phase-modulated fiber optical
sensor 174
S. Wang, S. Wang & M.Z. Feng
An improved circulating interferometric integrated optical gyro design method by using
graphene-based optical switch 180
Z. Chen, J. Xu, Y. Gao, C. Yang & Z. Zhou
A simple frequency-tunable integrated microwave photonic filter based on sideband selective
amplification effect 187
X. Zhang, J. Zheng, T. Pu, Y. Li, J. Li, X. Meng, W. Mou, G. Su, Y. Tan, H. Shi, Y. Chen,
T. Dai & S. Ju
Strained SiGe layer grown on microring-patterned substrate for silicon-based light-emitting
devices 192
Y. Li, X. Qiu, C. Cui, J. Song, Q. Huang, C. Zeng & J. Xia

vi
A low-cost and compact fiber-optic sensor based on modal interference for humidity sensing 197
Y. Liu, P. Li, N. Zhang & X. Li

Photonics and Optoelectronics

Designing and numerical modeling of surface plasmon resonance temperature sensors based
on photonic crystal fibers with emphasis on plasmonics and nanophotonics optical quantum
metamaterials 205
R. Walia & K.N. Chopra
Ultrafast quantum random number generation based on quantum phase fluctuation
unlimited by coherence time 213
W. Liu & W. Hong
2D light confinement in a MOSFET structure based on near-zero permittivity 219
S.Y. Sun & W. Hong
A square metal-insulator-metal nanodisk sensor with simultaneous enhanced refractive index
sensitivity and narrowed resonance linewidth 226
X. Liu, G. Cui & J. Wang
Design and nanofabrication of subwavelength grating-based polarizer for visible wavelengths 232
Z. Yang, B. Feng, C. Xu, B. Lu, Y. Chen & W. Li

Auothor index 239

vii
 Advances in Optoelectronic Technology and Industry Development – Jose & Ferreira (eds)
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-24634-1

Preface

The fields of Photonics and Optoelectronics have grown spectacularly over the last few dec-
ades. Actually, these fields are intertwined and have a profound effect on the emergence of
modern technologies and their influence on our lives. Experimental and theoretical research
into such technologies include sources and detectors as components, active elements such as
modulators/switches, integration of optical components to perform various functions, and the
development of active optical system/subsystem technologies.

The International Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics (SOPO) has successfully

brought the fields of Photonics and Optoelectronics together and has become an established
meeting in China since 2009, involving a truly diverse set of well known experts from Asian
Pacific areas, North America, Europe and around the world. It was held in Wuhan, Chengdu,
Shanghai, Suzhou, Xi’an, Beijing, Guilin, Sanya and Kunming from 2009 to 2018. SOPO
2019 took place in Xi'an, China from August 17 to 19 and it was co-organized by Wuhan Uni-
versity, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, IPOC State Key Lab, Liaocheng
University and other institutions.

SOPO 2019 featured the latest advances in optoelectronic integration, laser technology, manu-
facturing of optical components, advanced laser materials, films and devices, optical commu-
nications, silicon photonics, quantum optics, optoelectronic devices and integration, medical
and biological applications and image processing. The conference included 22 Plenary
Speeches and many other regular communications. However, due to Ei indexing requirements,
only a limited number of papers have been selected for publication. Actually, the 36 papers
included in this Proceedings provide an excellent overview of the topics presented at SOPO
2019. Among these papers, 8 are dedicated to optical sensors, 7 are in the area of optical com-
munications, 7 are related with imaging and detection, 2 are in the area of quantum optics, 6
are concerned with lasers and other optical sources, while the remaining 6 papers are dedi-
cated to different types of optoelectronic and photonic devices. We are sure that this publica-
tion will arouse great interest both from specialists in these fields and from general readers.

SOPO 2019 could not have happened without the hard work of many people, namely those
integrating the Local Organizing Committee and the Session Chairs, who helped in many
ways to assemble and run the conference, the Technical Program Committee and, especially,
the General Chair, Prof. Zhiping Zhou, who guided the technical direction of the conference
and assisted with the conference program and proceedings. We are also extremely pleased to
have received generous sponsorship from several organizations. Finally, we are also very
grateful to the Editorial Staff at CRC Press/Balkema, and the many contributors and
reviewers for helping us to put-together this Proceedings

Mário F. S. Ferreira
Main Editor
Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

ix
 Advances in Optoelectronic Technology and Industry Development – Jose & Ferreira (eds)
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-24634-1

Organizers

Wuhan University
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
IPOC State Key Lab
Liaocheng University

GENERAL CHAIR

• Prof. Zhiping Zhou

Peking University, China

TECHNICAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE

• Prof. Chong Leong Gan

Western Digital, Malaysia
• Prof. Yufei Ma
Harbin Institute of Technology, China
• Prof. Jietai Jing
East China Normal University, China
• Prof. Khaled Habib
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait
• Prof. Yang Yue
Nankai University, China
• Prof. Shengjun Zhou
Wuhan University, China
• Prof. Igor V. Minin
FGUP “SNIIM”, Novosibirsk/Tomsk Polytechnical University, Tomsk, Russia
• Prof. Peyman Goli
Khavaran Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
• Prof. Mário F.S. Ferreira
University of Aveiro, Portugal
• Prof. Xuewen Shu
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China
• Prof. Xingjun Wang
Peking University, China
• Prof. Hassan Pakarzadeh
Shiraz University of Technology, Iran
• Prof. Wenjie Wan
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
• Prof. Yuheng Wang
Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre on Solid-State Lighting and its
Informationisation, South China University, China
• Prof. Jingsong Li
Anhui University, China
• Prof. Zabih Ghassemlooy
Northumbria University, UK
• Prof. Mohammed M. Shabat

xi
Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine
• Prof. Zheng Shang Da
Xi’an Institute of Optics & Precision Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
• Dr. Kang Wei
Apple, Inc, USA
• Prof. Gin Jose
University of Leeds, UK
• Dr. Te Hu
Apple Camera Team, USA
• Dr. Lin Xu
University of Southampton, UK
• Prof. Jean-Luc ADAM
UMR CNRS 6226 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, France
• Dr. Xiaotian Li
Grating Technology Laboratory, Changchun Grating Technology Laboratory, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, China
• Dr. Gholamreza Shayeganrad
University of Southampton, UK
• Prof. Khatereh Khorsandi
Tehran University of medical sciences (TUMS) branch, Iran

xii
Image processing
 Advances in Optoelectronic Technology and Industry Development – Jose & Ferreira (eds)
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-24634-1

Electrically-modulated optoelectronics-based infrared source

enabling ground surface precision deflectometry

Henry Quach
James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Logan R. Graves
James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Intuitive Optical Design Lab, Tucson, AZ, USA

Hyukmo Kang
James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Dae Wook Kim

James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

ABSTRACT: We introduce the design of a scalable, modulated long-wave infrared source.

The design makes use of a pseudo-blackbody heating element array, which radiates into
a custom aluminum integrating cavity. The elements possess low thermal capacitance, enab-
ling temporal modulation for improved signal isolation and dynamic background removal.
To characterize performance, deflectometry measurements were made using both the new
source design and a traditional tungsten ribbon source, which possess similar source irradi-
ance and identical emission profile dimensions. Measurements from a ground glass flat and
an aluminum blank demonstrated the new source produces a signal-to-noise ratio four times
greater than that of the ribbon. Thermal imaging demonstrated improved source geometry
and signal stability over time, and further, the new design measured a previously untestable
hot aluminum flat (150 °C). The new design enables high-contrast thermal measurement of
surfaces typically challenging to infrared deflectometry due to high surface roughness or
intrinsic thermal noise generation.

Keywords: optical metrology, deflectometry, infrared source, temporal modulation

1 INTRODUCTION

Freeform optics, or non-rotationally symmetric, highly custom-shaped optics, present the

opportunity to improve the performance of an optical system. Under the assumption that an
arbitrary surface can be fabricated, freeform optical designs may benefit from improved mech-
anical compactness, reduced assembly complexity, and better imaging performance (Fang
et al., 2013). Across astronomical optics, medical imaging, defense, and consumer electronics,
a new generation of optical instruments are on the horizon thanks to the flexibility conferred
by these optics. However, as the popularity and diverseness of freeform optical surfaces grow,
so do the metrology requirements.
Non-contact metrology of freeform optics is commonly performed by interferometry and
deflectometry (Kim et al., 2016). Interferometry is a null metrology method, requiring a null
optic to use as a reference against the unit under test (UUT). Particularly for freeform surfaces,

3
custom null optics are required. Diffractive elements called computer-generated holograms
(CGH) are attractive null element options because they can null up to and including arbitrary
surfaces with extreme or high-frequency features (Dubin et al., 2009). However, a CGH is typic-
ally designed for only one null configuration and may not always be a viable option for testing.
Alternatively, deflectometry is a non-null test method that has demonstrated comparable
performance to interferometry over a range of freeform surfaces (Graves et al., 2019). In this
method, an illumination source emits a known pattern, which specularly reflects off the UUT,
and the reflected image of the source is captured by a camera. With precise knowledge of the
setup’s geometry, the local slopes of the UUT can be determined and integrated to generate
a reconstructed surface map. Deflectometry carries the advantages of high testable slope
dynamic range and measurement flexibility because it does not require a null reference. Of
interest to optical fabrication, measurement of surface figure error during intermediary grind-
ing phases may help prioritize local figure error correction so that a surface may more effi-
ciently converge. Due to rapidly-changing surface profiles during grinding, CGHs are not
practical, but deflectometry can become applicable if a camera and source of appropriate
wavelength satisfy the specular reflectance condition (Oh et al., 2016; Lowman et al., 2018).
For optics in the grinding phase, which have a rough diffusing surface, a specular reflection
can be achieved using long-wave infrared (LWIR) light, specifically, in the 7–14 µm region.
LWIR cameras are readily obtainable, but LWIR thermal source options are currently limited.
One common design is implemented by applying a current to a thin tungsten ribbon, which
induces joule heating and creates a rectangular, pseudo-blackbody emitting source (Su et al.,
2011, 2013; Oh et al., 2016). By scanning this rectangular ribbon in orthogonal directions, a line
scanning source is created, and slope information can be obtained to construct a full aperture
surface sag map. While this source enables infrared deflectometry testing of rough surfaces at
a precision scale, several inherent characteristics including low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),
limited modulation depth, and low temporal stability, limit the testing accuracy and range.
We have created a new source design which addresses these prior issues and extends the
applicable range of infrared deflectometry testing. The source is a Long-wave Infrared Time-
Modulated Integrating cavity Source (LITMIS), which uses modular high efficiency and high
stability resistive membrane pseudo-blackbody elements. A performance comparison was
made against the traditional tungsten ribbon source, whose shape was identical to the exit slit
of the box, using the same setup and LWIR camera. Results show promise in deflectometric
testing of rough optics during their grinding phase and UUTs under thermal load.

2 TEMPORALLY MODULATED INFRARED SOURCE FOR DEFLECTOMETRY

2.1 Deflectometry overview

Deflectometry is a non-null technique that measures surface slopes of an optical surface,
which are post-processed to reconstruct the surface. Dynamic range limitations are imposed
by the source size, the camera field of view (FOV), and whether the UUT surface can reflect
light emitted from the source. If a deflectometry setup can capture light reflected by the UUT,
it can measure the local slopes of the UUT surface (Graves et al., 2019). Combined with pre-
cise system calibration data, slopes may be integrated in post-processing to reconstruct surface
maps with accuracy comparable to that produced by interferometry (Martin et al., 2018).
In a typical deflectometry configuration, a high-resolution camera possessing a well-defined
entrance pupil location, referred to as p(x,y,z), focuses onto the UUT surface. Camera pixels
are mapped to the UUT surface, which is represented by discrete ‘mirror pixels’, referred to as
u(x,y,z). Ideally, the source for a deflectometry setup, referred to as s(x,y,z), has high stability,
repeatability, and signal power, which provide the test system with a high signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR). At a single camera pixel that successfully captures light reflected from the UUT surface,
the precise location on the source that illuminated the camera pixel is determined. Using the
determined ray start location at the source, the end location at the camera, and the intercept
location at the mirror pixel, the local slope at the mirror pixel can be calculated. This process is

4
extended to all camera pixels to measure the local slopes at all mirror pixels on the UUT in
orthogonal directions, referred to as SX(x,y,z) and SY(x,y,z), representing the x and y slopes
respectively. These slope maps are typically integrated with a zonal integration method such as
Southwell integration (Southwell, 1980) or a modal integration such as using a gradient Cheby-
shev polynomial set (Aftab et al., 2018), resulting in a reconstructed surface map. Figure 1 dem-
onstrates a standard deflectometry setup and the model used for local slope calculation.

2.2 Infrared deflectometry and existing tungsten wire paradigm

Infrared deflectometry extends deflectometry to measuring diffuse rough optics, which are
challenging to measure using traditional techniques. Because a wide range of materials and
surfaces do not specularly reflect visible light, infrared deflectometry is an important metrol-
ogy tool. This is particularly true during the grinding phase of mirror fabrication, where
a rough grit is used to rapidly grind the UUT down to the final desired surface shape. During
this period, the root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness will typically drop from
100 µm to 1 µm as smaller grit sizes are used. For such rough surfaces, visible light is scattered
and thus visible spectrum metrology tools are inapplicable; however, infrared deflectometry
has been applied during this phase successfully for several mirror fabrication projects, includ-
ing the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) primary mirror (Oh et al., 2016).
Traditionally, a heated tungsten ribbon acts as the infrared source, serving as a pseudo-
blackbody element. Coupled with a LWIR camera, which is sensitive in the 7-14 µm range,
this source allows for testing 1 µm to ~25 µm RMS rough surfaces (Su et al., 2013; Kim et al.,
2015, 2016; Oh et al., 2016). This test setup has been successfully used to measure a variety of
rough, non-specularly reflecting surfaces and was able to achieve high accuracy surface recon-
struction. It should be noted that other dynamic thermal pattern generators, including
a scanning infrared laser and a resistor array, have successfully been used as sources
for infrared deflectometry. However, a heated scanning ribbon still serves as the most
common source for testing large diffuse optics (Höfer et al., 2016).

2.3 Compact, infrared pseudo-blackbody emitter

While a tungsten ribbon source can be engineered for higher signal power or larger size, its
design is particularly vulnerable to thermal fatigue and suffers from several inherent limita-
tions. Cyclically heated tungsten evaporates and degrades with use over time, leading to
a potentially non-uniform emission profile across the surface. This is coupled with the nature

Figure 1. In a standard deflectometry system (a), light is emitted by a source, s(x,y,z). Some of the
emitted light will deflect from the UUT surface, u(x,y,z), and be successfully captured by the
camera, c(x,y,z), with an entrance pupil location, p(x,y,z). Represented by the vector ~ v(x,y,z),
a deflected light ray follows the law of reflection and is reflected by a local area on the UUT surface,
whose normal vector is given by ~ n. Knowing the ray start, intercept, and end location, the local slope
of the UUT, given by SX, can be determined (b).

5
of a thin ribbon to possibly experience any of its lower bending modes during testing, further
deviating the emission area from the theoretical ideal rectangular area. Additionally, driving
higher input current through the ribbon only accelerates material degradation and also shifts
the output spectrum away from desirable longer wavelengths. Finally, the heated tungsten
ribbon invariably creates a temperature gradient in the surrounding air due to local convective
boundary conditions. For larger ribbons and longer source operation time, growing pockets
of locally heated air may generate thermal noise that blurs the infrared source signal.
We propose an alternative source called a Long-wave Infrared Time-modulated Integrating
cavity Source (LITMIS) to address these limitations. At the core of the LITMIS design is
modular usage of EMIRS200 Series emitters, which are available commercially off-the-shelf
from Axetris AG. The packaged emitters, henceforth referred to as ‘caps’, are typically used
in nondispersive infrared (NDIR) and photoacoustic gas spectroscopy and have a usable life-
time of 10,000 hours (Esfahani & Covington, 2017; Wilson et al., 2019). Although the emissive
spectral distribution is centered at 4 µm at the operational temperature (550°C), radiant flux
across the desired 7-12 µm band of interest is also produced, as described by Planck’s Law.
Caps are fabricated by electroplating Platinum Black, a platinum powder, onto a thin mem-
brane which floats on a silicon substrate (Hessler et al., 2004; Axetris AG, 2014, 2019). Similar
to the tungsten ribbon, a cap is operated by driving an electric current through the target
material to induce resistive heating and emit blackbody radiation. Two desirable source prop-
erties result from the cap material design and geometry:

• High emissivity: when electroplated onto a substrate, Platinum Black forms dendritic
structures on the scale of < 50 nm. The feature scale and high porosity of the structure
result in high absorptivity and high emissivity (ε > 0.9) characteristics for the coated mem-
brane, unlike that of smooth metallic surfaces. For example, the typical emissivity of tung-
sten is ε < 0.1 at 1000K (Verret & Ramanathan, 1978).
• Low thermal capacitance: this property, also called thermal mass, refers to a body’s ability
to store thermal energy. Here, the combined resistive network of an exterior Platinum
Black coating, Tantalum Oxide, and a SiN membrane is only several microns thick (Hessler
et al., 2004), as compared to a typical ~30 µm thick tungsten ribbon. Because the ultra-low
mass is suspended in air by a silicon substrate, the thin emissive network can heat to and
cool from its steady-state temperature in less than 1 second (Hessler et al., 2004).

Temporal modulation emerges as a viable operational mode of the new source. Testing
reveals that a cap can achieve an 80% contrast ratio at 1 Hz, which enables in-situ background
noise images to be taken during testing. Therefore, at a given image capture, a pair of ‘signal’
and ‘background’ shots can be successively captured for noise subtraction in post-processing.

Figure 2. The Axetris EMIRS200 TO39 source features a resistive membrane that, when current is
applied, acts as a pseudo-blackbody source (a). The emitters can be connected in series or in parallel,
much likea group of resistors, to create a patterned source (b).

6
This option is not practical for the tungsten ribbon source because its relatively higher thermal
mass evinces a slower thermal transient response. For any thermal source, noise will accumulate
in the environment as it warms up and approaches its steady-state operational temperature.

2.4 Long-wave infrared time-modulated integrating cavity source

The Long-wave Infrared Time-modulated Integrating cavity Source (LITMIS) leverages the
EMIRS200 elements as flexibly placed, highly time-responsive input nodes for radiative emis-
sion. Nodes radiate LWIR spectra into the integrating cavity, where the light is scattered and
achieves a uniform, non-directional emission when exiting the rectangular output slit. Cavity
length, interior wall roughness, and exit slit geometry are all optimized to minimize reflection
losses. Furthermore, interior walls may be protected with high reflectivity coatings, like silver
or gold, and the number of input caps may be increased to scale power output.
For direct comparison with the ribbon source modality, an integrating cavity was
designed and machined to match the geometrical and radiometric properties of an exist-
ing, functional tungsten rectangular ribbon source used for deflectometry (Su et al.,
2011). These properties include source surface area and source radiance. The cavity was
designed with 20 input ‘cap’ sources, operating at approximately 70% maximum power
for safety and in order to achieve a 1 Hz flicker rate. The cavity itself was optimized to
achieve both spatial uniformity over a rectangular exit which featured a pseudo-
Lambertian emission angle, while the interior of the cavity was a box shape made of
bare aluminum with a surface roughness of 3.4 μm RMS. The system was modeled in
LightTools, a non-sequential ray tracing simulation software, and the location of the
heating elements, as well as interior cavity dimensions and surface roughness, were opti-
mized to achieve a uniform power output across the exit slit while maintaining non-
directional output over approximately 2π steradians. The output was simulated at the
slit, where uniform power was the goal. The near field irradiance pattern, as well as the
final optimized box design, are shown below in Figure 3.

3 LITMIS EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT SETUP AND RESULTS

3.1 Deflectometry hardware, UUT, and source configuration

An infrared deflectometry system was configured such that all hardware was common, except
the source, which was changed during experimental measurements. The Thermal-Eye 3500AS
LWIR camera featured a ~1 – 2 m variable focal length germanium lens, and its detector was

Figure 3. The final optimized LITMIS assembly was modeled in SolidWorks (a). 20 infrared emitters
point inside a diffusing cavity which contains a single exit slit, machined from a thin aluminum plate. The
optimized design was also modeled in LightTools, where the irradiance at the surface of the box was
simulated to assure high uniformity across the exit slit (b).

7
a 160 × 120 microbolometer array with 320 × 240 super-resolution output. Exposure, gain,
and level settings were adjusted to prevent output saturation and were held constant between
all tests. A fixed optical mount was situated approximately one meter from the camera and
allowed for repeatable UUT placement. To compare properties between source modalities,
a scanning platform was utilized with a mounting interface to interchange LWIR sources.
A motorized lead screw stage moved source assemblies in the vertical direction with an abso-
lute positional accuracy of ±0.005 mm. For ease of comparison, sources shared both identical
slit dimensions (75 mm × 2.5 mm) and radiant exitance planes. Figure 4 demonstrates the
camera and source setup for the test system.
UUTs included a 2-inch diameter rough ground glass referred to as Glass1500 and
a bare aluminum flat referred to as AlRoom. UUTs were selected for measurement due
to their diffuse nature, making thermal infrared deflectometry an ideal metrology
method. When heated to 150°C, AlRoom flat is referred to as Al150, and is done so as
a challenge case because it generates variable thermal background noise, which typically
degrades the SNR of a test. This is a common scenario, as several optics, such as solar
collectors or even the DKIST primary mirror, will operate under thermal load; thus,
the Al150 test case is highly relevant. The surface roughness of both optics was meas-
ured using a Zygo NewView 8300 Interference Microscope. The ground glass surface
featured a surface roughness of 127.89 nm RMS while the bare aluminum surface
roughness was 102.53 nm RMS over a small 834 × 834 µm square area over each optic.
The LWIR line source was implemented by running direct current (2.2 A, 2.1 W)
across a thin 32 μm rectangular tungsten ribbon. Transient thermal noise from the wire,
such as the local heating of air, was reduced by taking measurements only after the
ribbon reached a thermal steady-state condition, which was achieved after approximately
20 minutes.
The LITMIS source was implemented by applying a (0.29 A, 7 W) load to a circuit
consisting of 20 emitters. Pointed into the enclosure, the rectangular emitter array was
operated by binary power cycling with a digitally controlled relay. Enclosure walls were
machined from bare Al 6061-T6 and characterized to 3.4 μm RMS by a Zygo NewView
8300 Interference Microscope. Lastly, to minimize latent thermal radiation from the
cavity interior, the LITMIS source was cooled to 0°C prior to each test. Figure 5 dis-
plays the integrating cavity after assembly.

3.2 Measurements and results for source geometry and temporal stability
Geometrical profile measurements were conducted by recording an image focused at each
source with the LWIR camera. The camera software was adjusted so the maximum 8-bit signal
count was a discrete value just below 255. Source profiles were captured and compared against

Figure 4. A traditional tungsten ribbon scanning source is mapped to Thermal-Eye 3500AS camera. As
a requirement for deflectometry measurement, the camera is focused on the surface of the UUT. LWIR
radiation leaves the source, of which, some rays are intercepted by the detector. For ground optics,
higher SNR is required to precisely, or at all, determine the surface slope at a given mirror pixel. After
UUT measurement with the ribbon, it is unmounted and replaced by the LITMIS source.

8
Figure 5. A frontal view of the assembled LITMIS architecture is shown in (a). Four parallel
chains of elements are connected to operate as a single electrical circuit. While radiative thermal
input is intended towards the interior of the box, excess thermal radiation is emitted by the heated
copper body of each cap. Aluminum-covered shielding is mounted to the LITMIS façade to deflect
it, as shown in (b). By design, LWIR radiation does not propagate directly from a heat source to
the object of measurement. Rather, it is diffused by internal scattering and may only escape
through a limited window. With this mechanism, input power can be readily scaled by simply
adding more emitters within the cavity. In contrast, the available input power from a direct ther-
mal source is limited by the area of its profile geometry.

to an assumed ideal rectangular emission profile. As seen in Figure 6, the LITMIS source main-
tains a flatter signal power across the horizontal pixel band and drops off sharply at the edges.
To observe the temporal stability, a measurement was performed by focusing the
camera on each source, which was turned on and recorded for 30 minutes, separately.
Temporal measurement results illustrate the high stability and uniform slit emission

Figure 6. The images of the tungsten ribbon (a) as well as the LITMIS slit (b) sources were cap-
tured using Thermal-Eye 3500AS camera through-focused onto the source through a flat mirror.
Observing the camera signal power histograms for the tungsten ribbon (c) and the LITMIS slit
(d) sources, it is seen that the average power is similar, but the source profile geometries are
quite different, where both should ideally form a flat top rectangular shape with roll-on and
roll-off at the edges. This is due to the convolution of the rectangular source with the circular
camera pupil.

9
Figure 7. Using both a traditional tungsten ribbon source (top row) and the LITMIS source
(bottom row), infrared deflectometry measurements were taken and the surface reconstructed for
the Glass1500 optic (left column), the AlRoom optic (middle column), and the Al150 optic (right
column). For all maps, Standard Zernike terms 1:37 were removed to observe the surface mid-to-
high spatial frequency topology. In the Glass1500 case, some points in the aperture could not be
sampled due to insufficient SNR. In the Al150 case, a majority of the surface topology was unavail-
able due to competitive thermal noise. With greater immunity from thermal noise, the LITMIS
source obtained sufficient slope data to reconstruct all three samples.

geometry of the LITMIS source. Stability was most pronounced in the signal peak-to-
valley fluctuation comparison, which was measured as 11 signal counts for the tungsten
ribbon source and 1.82 for the LITMIS source.

3.3 Measurements and results for UUT surface reconstruction and repeatability
To determine the comparative surface reconstruction repeatability, the Glass1500,
AlRoom, and Al150 optics were measured using both tungsten ribbon and LITMIS
sources.
The reconstructed surface topology maps of all 3 UUT cases are shown in Figure 7.
Both the LITMIS slit source and tungsten ribbon source were successfully used to test
the Glass1500 and AlRoom optics. However, the standard deviation of the signal power
across the five repeat measurements performed for every optic for each source was
slightly larger for the tungsten ribbon as compared to the LITMIS source. Despite this,
the LITMIS source was better able to reduce noise for all cases, which directly impacts
the SNR of both test methods. Overall, the LITMIS source achieved a 2–5 times larger
SNR for the Glass1500 and AlRoom. The Al150 sample could not be measured using the
ribbon source due to high thermal noise generated by the UUT, while the LITMIS
source provided sufficient slope data for surface reconstruction.

4 CONCLUSIONS

In infrared deflectometry, any uncertainty in the spatial and temporal behavior of a source
directly negatively impacts the reconstruction accuracy and uncertainty. Additionally, time-
varying, thermal background noise is common in most test environments and degrades the
effectiveness of LWIR sources by decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio. We have instead created
an integrating cavity source, which emits long-wave infrared light uniformly from a defined
exit slit, which we call the LITMIS source. A demonstration infrared deflectometry system

10
using the new source successfully tested a ground glass sample and aluminum blank, as well as
a previously unmeasurable aluminum blank under thermal load. In all cases, the source exhib-
ited excellent repeatability and significantly improved the SNR of the test, as compared to
testing using a traditional tungsten ribbon. The authors encourage readers to examine further
detailed test results and analysis in the paper, “High-contrast thermal deflectometry using long-
wave infrared time-modulated integrating cavity.” (Graves et al., in prep.)
The scalability and flexibility of the new source architecture leave much to explore. Beyond
simply engineering the source design to achieve high signal output power, temporal behavior
may be exploited to reconstruct shapes of challenging optics. As temporal modulation adequately
inoculates measurement from local thermal fluctuations in active workpieces, the creation of an
on-machine deflectometry system also edges towards the realm of possibility. More excitingly,
these building blocks may be applied towards a sinusoidally modulated infrared source, which
may allow phase-shifting infrared deflectometry to become viable in optical metrology.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to acknowledge the II-VI Foundation Block-Gift Program for helping
support general deflectometry research in the LOFT group, making this research possible.
Also, this work was made possible in part by the Technology Research Initiative Fund Optics/
Imaging Program and the Korea Basic Science Institute Foundation.

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12
 Advances in Optoelectronic Technology and Industry Development – Jose & Ferreira (eds)
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-24634-1

Adaptive learning rate and target re-detection for object tracking

based on correlation filter

Jianhong Xiang & Pengyu Shen

College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China

ABSTRACT: In this paper, two problems about the update rate and long-term tracking in
target tracking model are discussed. Traditional correlation filter tracker only uses a fixed rate
mechanism, so the target update rate is fixed. In this paper, we improved it so that it can adjust
the update rate adaptively according to the similarity between different image sequences and first
frame. Besides, in order to deal with more challenging scenarios and long-term tracking targets,
we add a re-detection mechanism to the tracker. This method overcomes the limitation of the
traditional correlation filter tracker using fixed update rate by studying the similarity between the
frames of the image, and can adaptively change the update rate of the model. A large number of
experimental results show the superiority of our improved tracker in accuracy and success rate.

1 INTRODUCTION

Object tracking is the core of computer vision and has been widely used in surveillance,
human-computer interaction, robotics and other fields Wibowo,2018).In recent years, the
tracker based on kernel correlation filter has excellent performance and it can maintain high
frame rate with high accuracy, and the current mainstream benchmark rankings are very high.
However, most of the kernel correlation filtering algorithms adopt a fixed learning rate, which
cannot adapt to the change of tracking environment. Moreover, most short-term tracking has
no target re-detection mechanism, and cannot deal with the long-term tracking problem well.
The proposed method is closely related to the correlation filter-based tracker which applies
the correlation filter in traditional signal processing technology to tracking applications.
Visual tracking has been studied extensively with numerous applications (Smeulders, 2014). In
2010, Bolme et al. (2010) proposed a Minimum Output Sum of Squared Error (MOSSE)
filter. It is the first time to apply the correlation filter to the tracking field. The MOSSE is
simple in calculation and can track the target quickly, but it cannot guarantee accurate
tracking when the appearance of the target changes. In 2014, Li et al. fused the features of
color-naming (CN) (van de Weijer, 2009) and histogram of orientation gradients (HOG) and
predicted the scale change of target by using scale pool. Then, the Scale Adaptive with Mul-
tiple Features Tracker (SAMF) was proposed (Li, 2014). SAMF improved the discriminant
ability of target on the basis of High-speed tracking with kernelized correlation filter (Henri-
ques, 2015) and solved the scale change problem to a certain extent. It has good tracking
effect, but it still needs to be improved for fast moving target and partly occluded target track-
ing. In 2015, Ma Chao et al. proposed LCT algorithm which takes into account the context
and scale transformation of the target (Ma, 2015). Based on the correlation filtering,
a random fern-based re-detector is combined to further improve its long-term tracking effect.
The traditional tracking framework has boundary effect. Mueller et al. (2017) proposed
a Context-Aware (CA) framework to solve the boundary effect caused by cyclic sampling
which can be integrated with many classical CF trackers. Tracking-by-detection trackers have
attracted wide attention due to their high performance and efficiency (Kalal, 2012).
In this paper, we mainly study single target tracking problems. We consider the problems men-
tioned above and propose a novel Adaptive learning rate and re-detection tracker (ALRD). The

13
proposed method overcomes the limitation of the traditional correlation filter tracker using fixed
update rate by studying the similarity between each frame of the image and the first frame to adap-
tively change the update rate of the model. Meanwhile, in order to deal with more challenging
scenarios and long-term tracking targets, we have added a re-detection mechanism to the tracker.
The main contributions of this paper are summarized below: (1) The fixed update rate of
the tracker based on correlation filter is improved so that it can adapt the update rate on the
basis of the different image sequences; (2) A re-detection mechanism is added to the tracker so
that the tracker can track the target for a long time; (3) A large number of experiments have
been carried out to compare the improved tracking algorithm and some short-term tracking
algorithm with our proposed method, which includes adaptive update rate and increasing re-
detection mechanism to cope with long-term tracking, and the results show the better per-
formance of the proposed tracker in terms of accuracy and success rate.

2 RELATED WORK

The tracker proposed in this paper is based on SAMF tracking of CA framework. In the fol-
lowing passage, we use SAMF(CA) to represent based on SAMF tracking of CA framework.
We introduce the differential hashing algorithm in order to solve the update rate is a fixed
value in target tracking this problem.

2.1 SAMF algorithm based on CA framework

The traditional CF tracker uses discriminant learning as its core. Sampling mode of SAMF
algorithm is the same as that of High-speed tracking with kernelized correlation filter. All
training samples are obtained by cyclic displacement of target samples. Suppose that we have
a one-dimensional datax ¼ ½x1 ; x2 ; . . . ; xn , a cyclic shift of x is Px ¼ ½xn ; x1 ; x2 ; . . . ; xn1 .
Finally, all cyclic matrices can be expressed as below:

X ¼ FH diagðFxÞF ð1Þ

where F is the DFT matrix and FH is the Hermitian transpose of F. The cyclic structure of this
matrix helps to effectively solve the problem of regression in the Fourier domain ridge.

minkA0 w  yk22 þ λ1 kwk22 ð2Þ

w

Here, the learning correlation filter is represented by a vector w. A0 represents the cyclic
shift matrix, and the regression target is y.λ1 is a regularization factor parameter.
Because the surrounding environment of the tracked object has a great impact on the tracking
performance of the tracker, for example, there is a lot of background chaos around the tracked
object. In order to overcome this situation, a context-based CF tracking framework (CA frame-
work) is introduced. In the learning stage, context blocks are added around the tracking target
by adding context information to the filter. The formula can be expressed as follows:

X
k
minkA0 w  yk22 þ λ1 kwk22 þ λ2 kAi wk22 ð3Þ
w
i¼1

where Ai is the cyclic matrix corresponding to context patch. λ2 is a context patch regression
parameter. SAMF (CA) is an algorithm based on Equation 3:

yk22 þ λ1 kwk22
fp ðw; BÞ ¼ kBw   ð4Þ

where

14
 2 3 2 3
Affi0
pffiffiffiffi y
6 λ 2 A1 7 607
6 7
B¼6 .. 7and y¼6 7
4 ... 5: ð5Þ
4 . 5
pffiffiffiffiffi
λ2 Ak 0

Because fp ðw; BÞ is convex, it can be minimized by setting the gradient to zero, yielding:

w ¼ ðBT B þ λ1 IÞ1 BT 
y ð5Þ

We linearly combine the new filter with the old one as below:

T 
 ¼ θTnew þ ð1  θÞT ð6Þ

 is the template to be updated.

where T

2.2 Different hash algorithm

Perceptual hashing algorithm is the general term of a class of algorithms, including average
hash, perceived hash and different hash. According to the characteristics of perceptual hashing,
it can map objects with large amount of data to a series of bits with smaller growth. When it
applies to image matching, the image generates a fingerprint (string format). The more similar
the fingerprints of the two pictures are, the more similar the two pictures are. Average hash: It’s
faster, but the results are not very accurate. Perceptual Hash: It is more accurate, but slower in
speed. Differential hashing: High accuracy, and very fast. Therefore, this paper uses differential
hashing to measure similarity. The specific steps are as in Algorithm 1.

Algorithm 1: differential hashing algorithm

Input: image
Output: different hash value
1:Reducing image size
Reduce the size of the picture to 8x8 and there are 64 pixels in total. The purpose of this step is to
remove the differences in the size and proportion of various pictures, and only retain basic information
such as structure, light and shade.
2:Conversion to grayscale images
Difference hashing is achieved by calculating the color intensity difference between adjacent pixels, so
the reduced image is converted to 64-level gray image.
3:Calculating the average gray level
Calculate the average gray level of all the pixels in the picture
4:Comparing the gray levels of the pixels
Compare the gray level of each pixel with the average value. If the average value is greater than or
equal to 1, the average value is less than 0.
5:Calculating hash values
A 64-bit binary integer is formed by combining the results of the previous step together, which is the
fingerprint of this picture and the final different hash value.

3 TRACKING COMPONENTS

3.1 Adaptive template updating

In the actual updating process, if the model updates too slowly to keep up with the change of
target features, it cannot meet the accuracy. Blindly increasing the updating rate will lead to
errors, noise and other problems. And then, these will cause the model drift. Therefore,
ALRD formulates the update mechanism from the similarity between each frame of the image
and the first frame. It is shown in Figure 1.

15
Figure 1. Adaptive updating framework.

In order to adapt to the similarity between frames, an update rate related to image similarity
is constructed. We considering the relationship between each frame and the first frame of
target tracking image. If the similarity between the current frame and the first frame is high
and the change of tracking target is small, the correlation filter can be updated with a smaller
update rate. If the similarity between the current frame and the first frame is low, the change
of target may be large, and the correlation filter can be updated with a larger update rate. The
relationship between update rate and image frame similarity is proposed as follows:

1
θ¼ ð7Þ
1 þ ð5 þ mdHash Þ3

where θ is the update rate and mdHash is the mean of the difference hash value. According to
Equation 7, we can realize adaptive update rate.

3.2 Target re-detection mechanism

SAMF (CA) tracking algorithm is a short-term tracking algorithm. Therefore, combined with
the re-detection mechanism of LCT tracking algorithm, the re-detection based on confidence
filter and support vector machine are added to SAMF (CA) tracking algorithm to improve
the long-term tracking effect. The location of the target is determined by a short-term tracker
and a confidence filter R. The maximum response value is calculated around the target pos-
ition by confidence filter Rt as tracking confidence. When the confidence level is lower than
the set threshold, the tracking target is considered to have an error. The re-detector is acti-
vated and the tracking target position is updated according to the re-detector results.
When the maximum response value of the confidence filter is greater than the set threshold
value, the result of short-time filtering tracking is considered to be reliable enough. At this
time, the result of short-time filtering is used to locate the target, and the confidence filter and
SVM classifier are updated. When the maximum response value of the tracking target
obtained by the confidence filter is less than the set threshold value, it is considered that the
tracking result of the short-time tracker is wrong and the re-detection mechanism is called to
locate the target according to the re-detection tracking result.

16
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
circles. We must not, therefore, be surprised when a tragical tale of
this date brings before us the fact that Patrick Lindsay, described as
heir-male of the grand old House of Lindsay of the Byres, and who, a
few years afterwards, married a daughter of the sixteenth Earl of
Crawford, was now an upholsterer in the Parliament Close of
Edinburgh, and dean of guild for the city. Neither ought it to appear
as incredible that one of his apprentices was a youth named Cairns,
younger son of a gentleman of good estate residing at Cupar-Fife.
The tale was simply this—that, on the evening noted, between
eight and nine o’clock, Cairns was found in the shop expiring from
the effects of a violent blow on the head, apparently inflicted by a
hammer, while the box containing the guildry treasure was missing.
It was believed that some vile people who then haunted the city,
knowing of the box being kept in Lindsay’s shop, had formed a
design to possess themselves of it, and had effected their end at the
expense of murder, at the moment when the place was about to be
closed for the night. A number of vagrants were taken up on
suspicion, and the box was soon after found, empty.[679]

Aaron Hill, a well-born English Aug. 18.

gentleman, who had been manager of Drury
Lane Theatre, and wrote many well-received plays and poems—who,
moreover, had travelled over Europe and some parts of Asia and
Africa—is at this date found writing to his wife from what he calls
‘the Golden Groves of Abernethy,’ meaning the great natural forest of
that name on Speyside, in the county of Elgin. It is a strange
association of persons and things for a period when even of civilised
Scotsmen scarcely ever one made his way north of the Grampians. It
had come about, however, in a very natural way.
The York-Buildings Company, which had already formed
connections with Scotland by the purchase of several of the forfeited
estates, was induced to take a lease from Sir James Grant of Grant, of
the magnificent but hitherto useless pine-forest of Abernethy,
thinking they should be able to apply the 1728.
timber for the use of the navy. Had the
wood been only removable by land-carriage, it would have been
useless, as before; but they had been led to understand that there
was no difficulty in floating it down the Spey to the sea, where it
might be shipped off for the south. Aaron Hill, who was a very
speculative genius, having before this time headed a scheme for
making olive-oil out of beech-nuts, and concocted a plan for settling
a part of Carolina, made a journey to the Spey in 1726, and easily
convinced himself of the practicability of the project. The Company,
accordingly, commenced operations in 1728, with Mr Hill as their
clerk. They sent a hundred and twenty-five work-horses, with a
competent number of wagons, and apparatus of all the kinds
required; they erected substantial wooden-houses, saw-mills, and an
iron-foundry, all of them novelties regarded with wonder by the
simple natives.[680] They had also a salaried commissary to furnish
provisions and forage. Tracks being formed through the forest, and
men trained to the work, trees were felled to the number of forty or
fifty in a day, and brought down to the bank of the river. There,
under the direction of Mr Hill, they were bound in rafts of sixty or
eighty, with deals laid upon the surface to form a platform; and for
each such raft two men were held as sufficient to navigate it to the
sea, one sitting with a guiding-oar at one end, and another at the
other. Before this time, the natives had been accustomed to float
down rafts of three or four trees tied together with a rope, the
attendant sitting in a curragh, or boat of hide, from which he was
ready to plunge into the stream when any impediment called for his
interference.[681] What a Drury Lane manager would think on
witnessing a mode of navigation coeval with the first state of
savagery, we cannot tell; but he had no little difficulty in inducing the
people to adopt a more civilised mode of conducting his grand
timber-rafts. Till he first went in one himself, to shew that there was
no danger, not one of the Abernethy foresters would venture in so
prodigious a craft. There was, in reality, something problematical in
the undertaking, for the river was in some places partially blocked by
sunken rocks; but the genius of Hill was 1728.
equal to all emergencies. Taking advantage
of a dry season, when these shoals were exposed, he kindled
immense wood-fires upon them, and when the rock was thus heated,
he caused water to be thrown upon it, thus making it splinter, and so
enable his men to break it up and clear the passage.
It was in high spirits that our poet wrote to his wife from the
Golden Groves of Abernethy, for they were really productive of gold,
no less than £7000 worth of timber being realised by his Company.
‘The shore of the Spey,’ says he, ‘is all covered with masts from 50 to
70 feet long, which they are daily bringing out of the wood, with ten
carriages, and above a hundred horses.... In the middle of the river
lies a little fleet of our rafts, which are just putting off for Findhorn
harbour; and it is one of the pleasantest sights possible to observe
the little armies of men, women, and children who pour down from
the Highlands to stare at what we have been doing.’ What seems
chiefly to have impressed the natives, was the liberality with which
the business of wood-cutting was conducted. It seemed to them a
wasteful extravagance, and if it be true that barrels of tar would be
burned in bonfires, and barrels of brandy broached on joyful
occasions among the people, five of whom died in one night in
consequence, the imputation was not unjust. Nevertheless, the work
was highly successful, and might have been carried on longer than it
was, if the Company had not called away their people to work at their
lead-mines.[682]
During the time which Mr Hill spent in Scotland, he was received
with great civilities by the Duke of Gordon and other eminent
persons, and was complimented with the freedom of Aberdeen,
Inverness, and other burghs. In his collected poems are found a
number of short epigrammatic pieces which he wrote during his
residence in Scotland; among the rest, his oft-printed epigram,
beginning: ‘Tender-handed stroke a nettle.’ But Burt adds another,
which he found scribbled on a window ‘at the first stage on this side
Berwick:’
‘Scotland, thy weather’s like a modish wife,
Thy winds and rains for ever are at strife;
So Termagant awhile her bluster tries,
And when she can no longer scold—she cries!’

The engineer could not but wonder at Hill taking leave of the country
in this strain, ‘after he had been so exceedingly complaisant to it,
when here, as to compare its subterranean 1728.
riches with those of Mexico and Peru.’

We must again return to Mr Wodrow for Aug.

an account of the continued progress of
gaiety in Scotland. It appears that part of Anthony Aston’s company
of comedians migrated from Edinburgh to Glasgow, and were there
favoured by Bailie Murdoch, ‘who is too easy,’ with permission to
perform the Beggars’ Opera in the Weigh-house. They had a good
audience the first night, but on the few other nights of performance
‘got not so much as to pay their music.’ On the magistrates being
blamed for the permission they had given, they recriminated on the
ministers, who should have interfered in time. Mr Wodrow
considered the ministers as here in fault; yet he could not exonerate
the magistrates. ‘Considering the noise made at Edinburgh by these
strollers, and the brisk opposition made by the magistrates of
Edinburgh, they [the magistrates of Glasgow] should have
considered better before they allowed them.’
‘Sabbath after, the ministers preached against going to these
interludes and plays.... Mr Rob, of Kilsyth, went through all that was
agoing about meeting-houses, plays, errors, and profaneness; and
spared none, as I hear.’
This classing of the Episcopal meeting-houses with the ungodly
theatre, reminds us of the ranging of popery and adultery together by
the reformers. It would appear that in the summer of 1728 there was
another histrionic company in Scotland, under a Mr Phipps, who
announced that on the 29th October he would, ‘at the desire of
severals of the nobility and gentry of East Lothian,’ act the Beggars’
Opera at Haddington.
In March 1729, the Edinburgh Courant informs us that ‘the Scots
Company of Comedians, as they call themselves, have all of a sudden
eloped, without counting with their creditors.’
Wodrow reports with much bitterness, in 1731, the rumours going
about as to the success of the English comedians in Edinburgh. He
says: ‘It is incredible what numbers of chairs, with men, are carried
to these places;’ ‘men’ not choosing to walk to such amusements. ‘For
some weeks, they made fifty pound sterling every night, and that for
six nights a week.’ ‘It’s a dreadful corruption of our youth, and an
eyelet to prodigality and vanity.’[683]
A valuable Dutch East Indiaman having 1728. Oct. 1.
been lost in March, near the island of Lewis,
an effort, involving some ingenuity, was made to recover the treasure
on board, which was understood to amount to about £16,000
sterling. The Edinburgh newspapers remark to-day, the arrival of a
Dutchman with ‘a curious machine’ designed for this purpose. Mr
Mackenzie, younger of Delvin, a principal clerk of Session, and
depute-admiral of those shores, was joined with Mr Alexander Tait, a
merchant, in furnishing the expenses of this undertaking, in the hope
of profit for themselves. The business was proceeded with during
October, and with success. On the 19th, the populace of Edinburgh
were regaled with the sight of several cart-loads of the recovered
money, passing through their streets. The Dutch East India Company
presently gave in a petition to the Court of Admiralty for an account
of the treasure; which was accordingly furnished by Mr Mackenzie,
and shewed that he had fished up £14,620, at an expense of £9000.
Mr Mackenzie was allowed to retain twenty thousand crowns and
some doubloons, and ordered to deposit the rest in a box, subject to
the future orders of the court.
‘The divers fishing for the spoils of the Dutch ship, found in and
about her the dead bodies of two hundred and forty men, which they
brought to land and buried.’[684]
A few years ago, a coronation gold medal of Augustus II. of Poland
was exhumed in the garden of the minister of Barra. At first, there
was a difficulty of comprehending how such an object could have
come there; at length the shipwreck of the Dutch vessel was called to
recollection, as an explanation of the mystery.
About the close of 1728, the Edinburgh newspapers speak of a
gentleman named Captain Row, who had come to Scotland invested
with a privilege for raising treasure and other articles out of
shipwrecked vessels, to last for ten years. For the next twelvemonth,
we hear of him as exercising his ingenuity upon the remains of one of
the Spanish Armada, which was sunk off Barra. Two brass cannon
are first spoken of as recovered, and afterwards we hear of ‘several
things of value.’

That extraordinary person, Simon Lord Nov.

Lovat, who had resisted the troops of King
William, and been outlawed by the Edinburgh Justiciary Lords, was
now in the enjoyment of his title and estate, 1728.
an active friend and partisan of the Whig-
Hanoverian government, and captain of one of the six companies of
its Highland militia In the early part of this month, he led sixty of
these local soldiers on an expedition against the thieves of the north-
west districts, and captured no fewer than twenty-six in the course of
a week. He searched for arms at the same time, but reported that
these had been now pretty well gathered in; so he found none.
Although few Scotsmen have been the subjects of so much
biography as Lord Lovat, there is one aspect in which he remains to
be now for the first time viewed; and that is, as a newspaper
paragraphist. During the dozen prosperous years which followed this
date, the Courant and Mercury are every now and then presenting
extracts of private letters from Inverness regarding the grand doings
of ‘Simon Lord Lovat, chief of the clan Fraser,’ all of them in such a
puffing style as would leave little doubt of their having been his own
composition, even if we were not possessed of facts which betray it
but too clearly.
On one occasion (May 1728) he is described as riding out from
Inverness, with eighty well-mounted gentlemen of his clan, to meet
and escort the Lords of the Circuit Court of Justiciary, as they were
approaching the town. At another (September 1729), we find him
parading his company of ‘a hundred men, besides officers, sergeants,
and drums,’ before General Wade, when ‘they made a very fine
appearance, both as to the body of men and their new clothings, and
they performed their exercises and firings so well, that the general
seemed very well satisfied. And he told my Lord Lovat that he was
much pleased at the performance and good appearance of his
company.’ We of course hear nothing of what the general’s engineer,
Mr Burt, has been so ill-natured as record, that Lovat had stripped
private clansmen of any good plaids they had, in order to enable his
company to make the better show.
In June 1733, we are informed through the Mercury, that a
commission appointing Lord Lovat to be sheriff of the county, having
come to Inverness, it was read in court, where Alexander Fraser of
Fairfield sat to administer justice as his lordship’s deputy. ‘The
gentlemen of the name of Fraser, who are very numerous in this
town, together with the several relations and friends of the family of
Lovat, expressed an uncommon satisfaction on seeing this
commission renewed in his lordship’s person, whose ancestors,
above three hundred years ago, were 1728.
sheriffs-principal of the shires of Inverness and Moray. And we learn
that the rejoicings made all over the country, by the Frasers and their
friends, were in nothing short of those we had in town.’ So says a
letter from Inverness, marked in the office-copy of the paper as ‘paid
(2s. 6d.).’
Ten days afterwards appeared another paragraph: ‘Last week, the
Right Honourable Simon Fraser of Lovat was married at Roseneath,
in Dumbartonshire, to the Honourable Miss Primrose Campbell,
daughter to the late John Campbell of Mamore, Esq.; sister to John
Campbell, Esq., one of the Grooms of the Bedchamber to his Majesty,
and first-cousin to his Grace the Duke of Argyle and Greenwich. A
young lady of great beauty and merit.’ This was also ‘paid (2s. 6d.).’
The reader will perhaps relish another specimen: ‘Inverness, July
18, 1735.—Last post brought us the agreeable news of the Hon. John
Campbell of Mamore his being appointed Lieutenant-colonel of the
Inniskillen Regiment of Foot, a part whereof is now quartered here.
This news gave great joy to all the Frasers, and well-wishers of the
family of Lovat in this town, the Lord Lovat being married to a sister
of the said Colonel Campbell; and there being for many ages a great
friendship between the Campbells and the Frasers, last night all the
gentlemen of the Frasers in this place, and the Grants, Monroes, and
Cuthberts, relations and allies of the family of Lovat, met, and
invited all the officers of the corps, garrison, and custom-house, with
many other gentlemen of the first rank, to the Lord Lovat’s lodgings,
where Baillie William Fraser, his lordship’s landlord and merchant,
had prepared an elegant entertainment. There was great plenty of
wine, when the healths of his Majesty, the Queen, Prince, Duke, and
all the royal family were drunk, with those of the ministry, his
Majesty’s forces by sea and land, Duke of Argyle, Earl of Ilay, General
Wade, Colonel John Campbell, Lord Lovat, Colonel Hamilton and
the corps; the healths of the Frasers, Grants, Monroes, &c., and all
the fast friends of the family of Argyle, with many other loyal toasts.
There were large bonfires, not only at my Lord Lovat’s lodgings, but
on every hill in his lordship’s extensive country round this town.
During the solemnity, the music-bells played, drums beat, and the
private men of the company here were handsomely entertained,
agreeable to their own taste, with barrels of beer, which they drank to
the health of their new commander. After the gentlemen had stayed
several hours at his lordship’s lodgings, they, with the music playing
before them, proceeded to the market-cross, 1728.
where was a table covered, with the foresaid
toasts repeated, with huzzas and acclamations of joy.’ Marginally
marked in the office-copy, ‘Paid 4s.’

The influenza, in a very virulent form, Nov.

after passing over the continent, came to
England, and a fortnight after had made its way into Scotland. A cold
and cough, with fever, laid hold of nearly every person, sometimes in
a moment as they stood on their feet, and in some instances attended
with raving. Wodrow of course entertained hopes that Glasgow
would receive a good share of the calamity; but it proved less severe
there than in some other places. He adverts, however, to the fact,
that, owing to the ailment, ‘there was no hearing sermon for some
time.’[685]

The death of Alexander, second duke of Nov. 28.

Gordon, proved, through connected
circumstances, a domestic event of great importance. We have seen
the adherence of this powerful family to the Catholic faith a source of
frequent trouble ever since the Reformation. Latterly, under the
protection of the second duke, the ancient religion had been
receiving fresh encouragement in the north. For this family to be at
variance in so important a respect with the country at large, was
unfortunate both for themselves and the country. It was an evil now
at length to be brought to an end.
The Duchess—Henrietta Mordaunt, daughter of the Earl of
Peterborough[686]—finding herself left with the charge of a large
family in tender years—the young duke only eight years old—took it
upon her to have them educated in her own Protestant principles,
and with a respect for the reigning family. It was such an opportunity
as might not have occurred again for a century. We can see from her
history as an introducer of improvements in agriculture, that she
must have been a woman of considerable intellectual vigour; and
hence it is the less surprising that she fully accomplished her object.
She of course got great credit in all loyal quarters for what she did
with her children. The General Assembly, in 1730, sent her a cordial
letter of thanks. The government, in 1735, settled upon her a pension
of £1000 a year. She survived her husband upwards of thirty years,
living for the most part at Prestonhall, in 1729.
the county of Edinburgh—a forfeited estate
which she had bought at a moderate price.
After all, there were some drawbacks to her Grace’s soundness in
Protestant loyalty. While one of her sons, Lord Lewis—the ‘Lewie
Gordon’ of Jacobite minstrelsy—‘went out’ for the House of Stuart in
1745, she herself shewed a certain tendency that way, by laying out a
breakfast for the Young Chevalier on the roadside at her park-gate,
as he marched past, target on shoulder, on his way to England, for
which single act of misapplied hospitality her Grace was deprived of
her pension.

The Edinburgh Courant of February 24th 1729. Feb.

gravely records that, ‘some days ago, died a
young man in the parish of Glencorse, who since Hallarday last hath
been grievously tormented by wicked spirits, who haunted his bed
almost every night. There was no formed disease upon him; yet he
had extraordinary paroxysms, which could not proceed from natural
causes. He vomited vast quantities of blood, which was like roasted
livers, and at last, with violent cries, his lungs.’

Alexander, ninth Earl of Eglintoun, Mar. 20.

having died on the 18th of February, was
this day buried in the family tomb in the west country, with the
parade proper to his rank, according to the ideas of the age. One
feature of the ceremonial was considered as so peculiar, that the
Caledonian Mercury makes a paragraph of it alone. ‘There were
between nine hundred and a thousand beggars assembled, many of
whom came over from Ireland, who had £50 of that nobleman’s
charity distribute among them.’

William Ged, ‘of the family of Balfarg,’ a July.

goldsmith in Edinburgh, and noted for the
improvements he effected in his own business, chanced to be
brought into connection with the art of typography by having to pay
the workpeople of a printer to whom he was related. Possessing an
ingenious and inventive mind, he conceived a plan for economising
means in printing, by subjecting to the press, not ‘forms of types,’ as
usual, but plates made by casting from those forms, thus at once
saving the types from wear, and obtaining a means of printing
successive editions of any amount without the necessity of setting up
the types anew. He talked of this invention to a friend so early as
1725; but it was not till now that any active steps were taken towards
realising it. With one Fenner, a bookseller of London, who happened
to visit Edinburgh, he entered at this date 1729.
into a contract, by virtue of which the
project was to be prosecuted by Ged in England, with pecuniary
means furnished by Fenner, the profits to be divided betwixt the
parties. It was in a manner necessary to go to England for this
purpose, as peculiar types were required, and there was not now any
letter-founder in Scotland.
Ged was a simple, pure-hearted man, perhaps a good deal carried
away from prudential considerations by the interest he felt in his
invention. Fenner, and others with whom Ged came in contact in the
south, were sharp and selfish people, not over-disposed to use their
associate justly. The unfortunate projector had also to encounter
positive treacheries, arising from the fear that his plan would injure
interests already invested in the trade of printing. He spent several
years between London and the university of Cambridge, and never
got beyond some abortive experiments, which, however, might have
been sufficient to convince any skilful printer of the entire
practicability, as well as advantageousness of the scheme. With a
deep sense of injury from Fenner and others, Ged returned to
Edinburgh in 1733, a poorer, if not a wiser man than he had been
eight years before.
It was impossible, however, that so magnificent an addition to the
invention of Scheffer and Guttenberg as stereotyping should be
suppressed. A few kind neighbours entered into a subscription to
enable Ged to make a new effort in Scotland. Having a son named
James, about twelve years old, he put him apprentice to a printer,
that the boy might supply that technical skill which was wanting in
himself. Before this child had been a year at his business, being
allowed by his master to return to the office by himself at night for
his father’s work, he had begun to set up the types for an edition of
Sallust in an 18mo size; and plates from the forms were finished by
Ged in 1736. The impression from these constituted the first
stereotyped book.
Several persons beyond the limits of the book-producing trades
had a sense of Ged’s merits. In 1740, when he sent a plate of nine
pages of Sallust, and a copy of the book, to the Faculty of Advocates,
as an explanation of his invention, they passed a resolution to
appoint him some suitable gratification ‘when their stock should be
in good condition.’[687] Mr Robert Smith, chancellor of the university
of Cambridge, and the bishop of St Asaph’s, were so favourably
disposed to him, that in 1742 they made a 1729.
movement for getting him established as
printer to the university, that he might there introduce his plan; but
it came to nothing. William Ged, the author of an invention which
has unspeakably extended the utility of the printing-press, died a
poor man in 1749. The boy James, who had set the types of the
Sallust, joined Prince Charles—for the family was of Jacobite
inclinations—and, being apprehended in Carlisle in December 1745,
he was condemned to death along with Colonel Townley. The only
benefit ever derived by the Geds from their father’s invention, was
that the aforesaid Mr Robert Smith, by his interest with the Duke of
Newcastle, saved the young stereotypist from the gallows.[688]
The subsequent history of James Ged was unfortunate. ‘After he
had obtained his pardon, he followed his business for some time as a
journeyman with Mr Bettenham: afterwards, he commenced master
for himself in Denmark Court, in the Strand. Unsuccessful there, he
privately shipped off himself and his materials for the other side of
the Atlantic.’ ‘He went to Jamaica, where his younger brother was
settled as a reputable printer, and died soon after his arrival in that
island.’[689]

The ancient church was honourably Aug. 6.

distinguished by its charity towards the
poor, and more especially towards the diseased poor; and it was a
dreary interval of nearly two centuries which intervened between the
extinction of its lazar-houses and leper-houses, and the time when
merely a civilised humanity dictated the establishment of a regulated
means of succour for the sickness-stricken of the humbler classes.
The date here affixed is an interesting one, as that when a hospital of
the modern type was first opened in Scotland for the reception of
poor patients.
The idea of establishing such an institution in Edinburgh was first
agitated in a pamphlet in 1721, and there is reason to believe that the
requirements of the rising medical school were largely concerned in
dictating it. The matter fell asleep, but was revived in 1725, with a
proposal to raise a fund of at least two thousand pounds sterling to
carry it out. Chiefly by the activity of the 1729.
medical profession, this fund was realised;
and now the first step of practical beneficence was taken by the
opening of a house, and the taking in of a small number of patients,
for whom six physicians and surgeons undertook to give attendance
and medicine. The total number here received during the first year
was the modest one of thirty-five, of whom nineteen were dismissed
as cured.
Such was the origin of the Edinburgh Infirmary, which, small as it
was at first, was designed from its very origin as a benefit to the
whole kingdom, no one then dreaming that a time would come when
every considerable county town would have a similar hospital. In
1735, the contributors were incorporated, and three years later, they
began to rear a building for their purpose, calculated to
accommodate seventeen hundred patients per annum, allowing six
weeks’ residence for each at an average. It is remarkable how
cordially the upper classes and the heads of the medical profession
concurred in raising and managing this noble institution, and how
readily the industrious orders all over the country responded to the
appeals made to their charity for its support. While many
contributed money, ‘others gave stones, lime, wood, slate, and glass,
which were carried by the neighbouring farmers gratis. Not only
many master masons, wrights, slaters, and glaziers gave their
attendance, but many journeymen and labourers frequently gave
their labour gratis; and many joiners gave sashes for the windows.’ A
Newcastle glass-making company generously glazed the whole
house. By correspondence and personal intervention, money was
drawn for the work, not only throughout England and Ireland, but in
other parts of Europe, and even in America.[690]
It has always been admitted that the prime moving spirit in the
whole undertaking was George Drummond, one of the
Commissioners of Customs, and on three several occasions Lord
Provost of Edinburgh; a man of princely aspect and character,
further memorable as the projector of the New Town. His merits in
regard to the Infirmary have, indeed, been substantially
acknowledged by the setting up of a portrait of him in the council-
room, and a bust by Nollekins in the hall, the latter having this
inscription, dictated by Principal Robertson: ‘George Drummond, to
whom this country is indebted for all the benefit which it derives
from the Royal Infirmary.’[691]
It is not unworthy of being kept in mind 1729.
that, in the business of levying means from
a distance, Drummond was largely assisted by an eccentric sister,
named May, who had adopted the tenets of Quakerism, and
occasionally made tours through various parts of Great Britain for
the purpose of preaching to the people, of whom vast multitudes
used to flock to hear her. She was a gentle enthusiast, of interesting
appearance, and so noted did her addresses become, that Queen
Caroline at length condescended to listen to one. We get some idea of
her movements in the summer of 1735, from a paragraph regarding
her then inserted in a London newspaper: ‘We hear that the famous
preaching maiden Quaker (Mrs Drummond, who preached before
the queen), lately arrived from Scotland, intends to challenge the
champion of England, Orator Henley, to dispute with him at the Bull
and Mouth, upon the doctrines and tenets of Quakerism, at such
time as he shall appoint.’
In the pages, moreover, of Sylvanus Urban, ‘a Lady’ soon after
poured forth strains of the highest admiration regarding this
‘——happy virgin of celestial race,
Adorned with wisdom, and replete with grace;’

proclaiming that she outshone Theresa of Spain, and was sufficient

in herself to extinguish the malignant ridicule with which men
sometimes assail the capacities of women.[692]
 Human nature, however, is a ravelled hasp of rather mixed yarn,
and it will be heard with pity that this amiable missionary of piety
and charity was one of those anomalous beings who, without
necessity or temptation, are unable to restrain themselves from
picking up and carrying away articles belonging to their neighbours.
The propensity, though as veritable a disease as any ever treated
within the walls of her brother’s infirmary, threw a shade, deepening
that of poverty, over the latter years of May Drummond. Only the
enlightened and generous few could rightly apprehend such a case.
Amongst some memoranda on old-world local matters, kindly
communicated to me many years ago by Sir Walter Scott, I find one
touching gently on the memory of this unfortunate lady, and
directing my attention to ‘a copy of tolerably good elegiac verses,’
written on a picture in which she was represented in the character of
Winter. Of these he quoted from memory, 1729.
with some slight inaccuracies, the first and
third of the following three:
‘Full justly hath the artist planned
In Winter’s guise thy furrowed brow,
And rightly raised thy feeble hand
Above the elemental glow.

I gaze upon that well-known face;

But ah, beneath December’s frost,
Lies buried all its vernal grace,
And every trait of May is lost.

Nor merely on thy trembling frame,

Thy wrinkled cheek, and deafened ear,
But on thy fortunes and thy fame,
Relentless Winter frowns severe.’[693]

Sir Robert Monro of Foulis, in Ross-shire, Sep.

‘a very ancient gentleman,’ and chief of a
considerable clan, died in the enjoyment of general esteem. Four
counties turned out to shew their respect at his funeral. There were
above six hundred horsemen, tolerably mounted and apparelled.
‘The corpse was carried on a bier betwixt two horses, fully harnessed
in deepest mourning. A gentleman rode in deep mourning before the
corpse, uncovered, attended by two grooms and four running-
footmen, all in deep mourning. The friends 1729.
followed immediately behind the corpse,
and the gentlemen [strangers] in the rear. The scutcheons,’ says the
reporter, ‘were the handsomest I ever saw; the entertainment
magnificent and full.’[694]

General Wade was now dating from ‘my Sep.

hutt at Dalnacardoch,’ having been obliged
for some time to station himself in the wilderness of Drumnachter, in
order to get the road from Dunkeld to Inverness finished, and a
shorter one planned as a branch to Crieff. The Lord Advocate Forbes
wrote to him sympathisingly, acknowledging that ‘never was penitent
banished into a more barren desert for his sins.’ Both gentlemen had
their eyes open regarding a plotting among the Jacobites, of which
the government had got some inkling, but of which nothing came.
In the latter part of the month, the general advanced to Ruthven,
in Badenoch, and there the people for the first time beheld that
modern luxury—a coach. Everybody turned out to see it, for it was
next to a prodigy among that simple people. Here Forbes met
General Wade, and some sort of court of judicature was held by
them; after which they parted, the advocate to return to Inverness,
and Wade to Dalnacardoch.
The good-natured general had arranged for a fête to be held by
those whom he jocularly called his highwaymen; and it must have
been a somewhat picturesque affair. On a spot near Dalnaspidal, and
opposite to the opening of Loch Garry, the working-parties met
under their officers, and formed a square surrounding a tent. Four
oxen were roasted whole, ‘in great order and solemnity,’ and four
ankers of brandy were broached. The men dined al fresco; the
general and his friend Sir Robert Clifton, with Sir Duncan Campbell,
Colonel Guest, Major Duroure, and a number of other gentlemen,
were regaled in the tent. The beef, according to the general’s own
acknowledgment, was ‘excellent,’ and after it was partaken of, a
series of loyal toasts was drunk amidst demonstrations of general
satisfaction, the names of the Lord Advocate and his brother, John
Forbes of Culloden, being not forgotten. There is something
interesting in these simple jocosities, considering the grand engine of
civilisation they were connected with.[695]
 The road from Ruthven to Fort Augustus, 1729.
involving the steep and difficult mountain
of Corryarrick, and the most difficult part of the whole undertaking,
was in the course of being completed in October 1731, when a
gentleman signing himself ‘N. M‘Leod,’ being probably no other than
the Laird of Dunvegan, chanced to pass that way on his road to Skye,
and gave in the newspapers an account of what he saw. ‘Upon
entering,’ he says, ‘into a little glen among the hills, lately called
Laggan a Vannah, but now by the soldiers Snugburgh, I heard the
noise of many people, and saw six great fires, about each of which a
number of soldiers were very busy. During my wonder at the cause of
this, an officer invited me to drink their majesties’ healths. I attended
him to each fire, and found that these were the six working-parties of
Tatton’s, Montague’s, Mark Ker’s, Harrison’s, and Handyside’s
regiments, and the party from the Highland Companies, making in
all about five hundred men, who had this summer, with indefatigable
pains, completed the great road for wheel-carriages between Fort
Augustus and Ruthven. It being the 30th of October, his majesty’s
birthday, General Wade had given to each detachment an ox-feast,
and liquor; six oxen were roasted whole, one at the head of each
party. The joy was great, both upon the occasion of the day, and the
work’s being completed, which is really a wonderful undertaking.’
Before dismissing General Wade, it may be mentioned that a
permanent record of his engineering skill and courage in building
Tay Bridge, in the form of a Latin inscription, was put upon that
structure itself, being the composition of Dr Friend, master of
Westminster School. But this, if the most classic, was not destined to
be the most memorable memorial of the worthy general’s labours.
‘To perpetuate the memory of the marshal’s chief exploit, in making
the road from Inverness to Inverary, an obelisk is erected near Fort
William, on which the traveller is reminded of his merits by the
following naïf couplet:
“Had you seen these roads before they were made,
You would lift up your hands and bless General Wade.”’[696]

‘Long before the improvements of the Highlands were seriously

thought of, Lord Kames, being, in 1773, at 1729.
Inverness on the circuit, gave, as a toast
after dinner, “Roads and Bridges.” Captain Savage, of the 37th
regiment, then at Fort George, sat near his lordship, and, being next
asked for a toast, gave “Chaises and Horses,” to the annoyance of the
entertainers, who thought it done in ridicule, though doubtless the
captain only meant to follow out the spirit of Lord Kames’s
sentiment.’—Letter of the late H. R. Duff of Muirton to the author,
31st March 1827.

In Scotland, oil-painting had had a Oct. 18.

morning-star in the person of George
Jameson. Two ages of darkness had followed. About the beginning of
the eighteenth century, a foreign artist, John Medina, found for a few
years a fair encouragement for his pencil in the painting of portraits;
and the Duke of Queensberry, as royal commissioner, conferred
upon him the honour of knighthood.[697] Then arose two native
portrait-painters of some merit—John Alexander, who, moreover,
was able to decorate a staircase in Gordon Castle with a tolerable
picture of the Rape of Proserpine; and John Scougal, who has
handed down to us not a few of the lords and gentlemen of the reign
of Queen Anne.[698] William Aikman, a disciple of Medina, followed,
and was in vogue as a painter of portraits in Edinburgh about 1721.
Such was the meagre history of oil-painting in Scotland till the end of
the reign of the first George.
At that time, when wealth was following industry, and religious
gloom beginning to give way to a taste for elegant amusements, the
decorative arts were becoming comparatively prominent. Roderick
Chalmers and James Norie, while ostensibly house-painters, aspired
to a graceful use of the pencil, seldom failing, when they painted a set
of panelled rooms, to leave a tolerable landscape from their own
hands over the fireplaces; and in some of the houses in the Old Town
of Edinburgh, these pieces are still seen to be far from contemptible.
William Adam, father of the celebrated brothers, William and
Robert, was the principal architect of the day. There was even a
respectable line-engraver in Richard 1729.
Cooper, the person from whom Strange,
some years after, derived his first lessons. While these men had a
professional interest in art, there were others who viewed it with
favour on general grounds, and, from motives of public spirit, were
willing to see it encouraged in the Scottish capital.
There was, accordingly, a design formed at this date for the
erection of a sort of academy in Edinburgh, under the name of the
School of St Luke, ‘for the encouragement of painting, sculpture,
architecture, &c.’ A scheme of it, drawn up on parchment, described
the principal practical object to be, to have a properly lighted and
furnished room, where the members could meet periodically to
practise drawing, &c., from the figure, or from draughts; lots to be
drawn for the choice of seats. Private gentlemen who chose to
contribute were invited to join in the design, though they might not
be disposed to use the pencil. We find a surprisingly liberal list of
subscribers to this document, including Lord Linton, Lord Garlies,
and Gilbert Elliot; James M‘Ewen, James Balfour, and Allan Ramsay,
booksellers; the artists above mentioned, and about fifteen other
persons. Amongst the rest was the name of Allan Ramsay, junior,
now a mere stripling, but who came to be portrait-painter to George
III.[699]
The above is all that we know about this proposed School of St
Luke. Very pleasant it is to know so much, to be assured that, in
1729, there was even a handful of men in the Scottish capital so far
advanced in taste for one of the elegant arts, as to make a movement
for its cultivation. As to the preparedness of the general mind of the
country for the appreciation of high art, the following little narrative
will enable the modern reader to form some judgment.
In December 1734, there was shewn in Edinburgh, ‘at Mr Yaxley
Davidson’s, without the Cowgate Port,’ a collection of curiosities,
amongst which was included a said-to-be-valuable picture of
Raphael, probably representing the Saviour on the Cross; also a view
of the interior of St Peter’s at Rome, as illuminated for the jubilee of
1700, ‘the like never seen in Great Britain.’ The exhibition lingered
for a few weeks in the city with tolerable success, and was then
removed to the tavern of one Murray at the Bridge-end, opposite to
Perth.
Here, in consequence of ‘a pathetic 1729.
sermon’ preached by one of the ministers,
and certain printed letters industriously circulated on the subject of
these works of art, a crowd of the meaner sort of people rose
tumultuously on the 10th of July, and, crossing the Tay by the ferry-
boat, proceeded to Murray’s house, crying out: ‘Idolatry! molten and
graven images! popery!’ and so forth. Then, surrounding the door,
they attempted to enter for the purpose of dragging forth the
pictures, and were only with difficulty withstood by the landlord,
who, backed by his hostler, planted himself with a drawn cutlass in
the doorway. Time was thus given for some gentlemen of Perth to
come to the rescue, and also to allow of the Earl of Kinnoull’s bailie
of regality to come forward in behalf of the peace; ‘whereupon the
men concerned in the mob withdrew, the women still standing at the
doors of the house, crying out: “Idolatry, idolatry, and popery!” and
threatening still to burn the house, or have the pictures and graven
images destroyed, till some dozens of the female ringleaders were
carried over the river to Perth, the rest dispersing gradually of their
own accord. Immediately after, the poor stranger was glad to make
the best of his way, and went straight in a boat to Dundee, which the
mobbers no sooner perceived, but they sent an express by land to
that place to prompt some of the zealous there to mob him at
landing.’
Apparently this message had taken effect, for we learn, a few days
after, that the collection of curiosities, ‘having made a fine retreat
from the late attack at the Bridge-end of Perth,’ are again on view in
Edinburgh.[700]
Amongst the ‘signs and causes of the Lord’s departure,’ adduced by
the Seceders in a testimony published by them soon after this time, is
the fact that ‘an idolatrous picture of our Lord and Saviour Jesus
Christ was well received in some remarkable places of the land.’

Mr Wodrow was regaled at this time with Nov.

a few additional chastisements for the city
of Glasgow. Mrs Glen, who dealt largely in silks and Hollands, had
broken down under a bill for three hundred pounds, with debt to
tradesmen in the city for weaving cloth to the amount of five
hundred! In the ensuing June, the town sustained ‘a very great loss’
by the breaking of a Scottish factor in Holland; no less than two
thousand pounds sterling: only—and here 1729.
was the great pity in the case—it was
diffused over too many parties to be very sensibly felt.[701]
 About fifteen months after this date, the worthy pastor of
Eastwood adverted to the ‘great losses, hardships, and impositions’
which the trade of Glasgow had recently undergone, and to the
‘several hundreds of working poor’ which hung as a burden upon the
city. Notwithstanding all that—and we can imagine his perplexity in
recording the fact—the citizens were getting up a house of refuge for
distressed people. ‘In a week or two, twelve hundred pounds was
signed for, besides two hundred Mr Orr gives,’ and certain sums to
be contributed by public bodies. What would he have thought if he
could have been assured that, in little more than a century, Glasgow
would, in a few weeks, and without difficulty, raise forty-five
thousand pounds as its quota towards a national fund for the succour
of the sufferers in the British army by a single campaign!

Lord Balmerino, son of the lord who had Dec. 24.

been the subject of a notable prosecution
under the tyrannical government of Charles I.,[702] was now residing
in advanced age at his house in Coatfield Lane, in Leith. One of his
younger sons, named Alexander (the immediate younger brother of
Arthur, who made so gallant a death on Tower Hill in 1746), was
leading a life of idleness and pleasure at the same place. As this
young gentleman was now to be involved in a bloody affair which
took place in Leith Links, it may be worth while to recall that, five
years back, he was engaged on the same ground in an affair of gaiety
and sport, which yet had some ominous associations about it. It was
what a newspaper of the day calls ‘a solemn match at golf’ played by
him for twenty guineas with Captain Porteous of the Edinburgh
Town-guard; an affair so remarkable on account of the stake, that it
was attended by the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Morton, and a
vast mob of the great and little besides, Alexander Elphinstone
ending as the winner.[703] No one could well have imagined, as that
cheerful game was going on, that both the players were, not many
years after, to have blood upon their hands, one of them to take on
the murderer’s mark upon this very field.
On the 23d of December 1729, the Honourable Alexander
Elphinstone met a Lieutenant Swift of 1729.
Cadogan’s regiment at the house of Mr
Michael Watson, merchant in Leith. Some hot words having risen