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Progress in IS
Jan-Peter Ferdinand
Ulrich Petschow
Sascha Dickel Editors
The Decentralized
and Networked
Future of Value
Creation
3D Printing and its Implications for
Society, Industry, and Sustainable
Development
Progress in IS
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10440
Jan-Peter Ferdinand Ulrich Petschow
•
Sascha Dickel
Editors
The Decentralized
and Networked Future
of Value Creation
3D Printing and its Implications for Society,
Industry, and Sustainable Development
123
Editors
Jan-Peter Ferdinand Sascha Dickel
Institute for Ecological Economy Research Technische Universität München
Berlin Munich, Bavaria
Germany Germany
Ulrich Petschow
Institute for Ecological Economy Research
Berlin
Germany
This volume attempts to grasp the current rise of 3D printing and discuss the
technology’s impact on the future of value creation, which we assume will reveal
increasingly decentralized and networked properties. The initial motivation for this
joint endeavor came about in a research project conducted by the Institute for
Ecological Economy Research (IOEW) with generous financial support from the
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant number:
16/1615). Situated at the intersection of decentralized production technologies and
sustainable consumption patterns, the project clearly revealed the many facets of 3D
printing and multiple social and organizational innovations that accompany the
proliferation of this technology.
The contributions in this book take up these facets as starting points to elaborate
on the economic, technical, social, and environmental implications of 3D printing
and relate them to broader paths of sustainable value creation. We are delighted
with the group of interdisciplinary researchers who submitted the chapters for our
edited volume and shared their interesting ideas and exciting approaches to create
this multifaceted overview of current trends and trajectories in the field of 3D
printing and the overarching transformation of value creation. Furthermore, we
would like to thank the BMBF and our counterparts at VDI|VDE Innovation und
Technik GmbH, especially Simone Ehrenberg-Silies, Susanne Zindler, and Marc
Bovenschulte for supporting our work and offering the opportunity to realize this
book.
v
Contents
vii
viii Contents
Abstract Our introduction sets the scene for this edited volume as it introduces the
societal, economical, and ecological facets that together shape the path for the
current and future implementations of 3D printing technologies. Furthermore, we
sketch the general structure of the book as well as the particular contents of the
containing contributions.
production. Indeed, the key advantages of technical efficiency and scale effects that
led to the rise of industrial mass production have lost much of their relevance in
contemporary economies. Instead, because 3D printers can transform just about any
digital product design into tangible objects, they present a technological answer to
the uncertainty and flexibility that shape current market demands. Imbued with this
versatile quality, they have come to represent novel paradigms of digital manufac-
turing and decentralized value creation. While some fields of application such as
dental prosthetics or customized hearing aids have indeed revealed a disruptive
impact, various other industries have also already found reasons to leverage the
potential of 3D printing.
Regarding the dynamics that have nurtured the rise of 3D printing, Gartner’s
hype cycle of emerging technologies, which essentially monitors IT-related trends,
holds some tentative but interesting findings: the hype cycle first included 3D
printing in 2007 as a topic that demonstrated increasing publicity but unproven
viability. After emerging from a four-year holding pattern in this phase, 3D printing
finally reached “the peak of inflated expectations” in 2012. At this time, 3D printing
and associated expectations of “spurring a manufacturing revolution” (New York
Times, September 13, 2010) or “changing the world” (The Economist, February
12–18, 2011) had already made headlines in almost all internationally relevant
magazines and newspapers. What then happened in the course of the 2013 hype
cycle is quite interesting: Gartner analysts started to distinguish between “consumer
3D printing”, which in that year was at the peak of inflated expectations, and
“enterprise 3D printing”, which had then entered the “slope of enlightenment”,
characterized by improved technological capabilities and growing application
contexts. In 2014, enterprise 3D printing consolidated along the slope of enlight-
enment while consumer 3D printing dipped slightly into the trough of disillusion.
This trend is strengthened in the recent 2015 hype cycle. Based on these observed
tendencies, it will be interesting to see whether one form or the other will reach the
plateau of productivity, which represents the final destination of successful
emerging technologies.
What promotes the further diffusion of 3D printing is the fact that it not only
spurs expert imaginations and associated predictions about the future of manufac-
turing, but that it also fascinates a thriving crowd of laypeople (often associated
with the “maker movement” or do-it-yourself approaches to value creation), who
have become increasingly engaged in product development and innovation.
Somewhere amidst the wide range of applications that have emerged from 3D
printing, we can also observe an increasing prevalence of hybrid and heterogeneous
constellations that unite various actors, practices, motifs, and goals. In these con-
texts, the socio-technical implementation of 3D printing technologies sparks more
general questions about adequate patterns of knowledge exchange, appropriate
modes of coordination, or legitimate strategies for the appropriation of collabora-
tively created goods.
In addition to these issues, sustainability and the environmental impact of 3D
printers represents another central topic in this volume. While common threads in
media discussions associate 3D printing with sustainable development and the
Introduction to the Edited Volume 3
communities, the authors identify three main strategies for dealing with the inter-
play of community- and market-based settings and the associated levels of
reciprocity.
Drawing on the nascent case of legal highs, Söderberg sheds light on the shady
side of bottom-up dynamics by introducing the concept of outlaw innovation as a
novel and alternative mode for explorative value creation that builds on the
increased relevance of users and laypeople who fabricate controlled substances in
collaborative innovation processes. By drawing a comparison with findings from
the field of 3D printing, the author shows that such innovative practices are con-
stituted by distinct sets of shared values and motifs among participants, who
introduce unique modes of organization to coordinate their joint endeavors. Based
on this perspective, the author tackles the question of how innovation that is widely
distributed to users can be governed appropriately and what kind of challenges
become apparent when governance approaches attempt to implement aspects such
as sustainability into the process of outlaw innovation.
The third part of this volume refers to the futures of 3D printing. It assesses
the imaginaries believed to be on the horizon thanks to a digitized, decentralized,
and sustainable mode of production enabled by 3D printing. Based on an analysis
of “Web 2.0” utopias, Dickel and Schrape explore the patterns of popular utopias
linked to 3D printing as a material variant of prosumer visions of Web 2.0. They
suggest that the success of these utopias is based on their multi-referential character
and compatibility with a broad variety of sociocultural and socioeconomic dis-
courses. They discuss the ambivalences and social functions of utopian concepts
which bridge the digital and the material realm.
Ihl and Piller also address new possibilities at the intersection of production and
consumption. The authors propose the concept of “FabStores”, i.e. decentralized,
close-to-market mini-factories that intersect with consumer activity during localized
manufacturing processes. The concept of FabStores is validated in terms of
expected benefits from producer and consumer perspectives by a survey of 39
experts in production management, as well as 788 consumers. Results show that,
from a producer perspective, the availability of 3D printing technologies alone will
have only a limited impact on the localization of manufacturing alongside other,
more important drivers. From a consumer perspective, “FabStores” will become a
valued resource if they can offer enhanced sustainability, participation in produc-
tion, and shorter delivery times.
Since the context of 3D printing is generally constituted by different technolo-
gies and various applications, a coherent evaluation of their impact on sustainability
has rarely been conducted. In their joint contribution Ferdinand, Flämig, Petschow,
Steinfeldt and Worobei tackle this shortcoming by carrying out a literature review
on the state of research and conducting two comparative case studies that model
value chains for the production of mobile phone cases and a specific spare part for
aircraft. Under certain circumstances, it is shown that the use of 3D printing
technologies can reduce the need for transportation and may also result in a more
favorable ecobalance for product life cycles. But what becomes obvious, too, is that
6 J.-P. Ferdinand et al.
the structural contexts for production and the practical application of goods are as
important as the underlying manufacturing technologies.
Petschow rounds off this collection of contributions with a broader view on
digitalized and decentralized trajectories for value creation and their implications on
the path towards sustainable development. Bringing together the two strands of
discussion on the governance of technologies and of natural resources, he emphasizes
the relevance of context for the implementation of new technologies—context can be
a definitive turning point for specific pathways of sustainability. Referring to
bottom-up governance approaches for the related trajectories, he suggests an agenda
to enable a positive, sustainable development for the future of commons-based value
creation.
Part I
Economies of 3D Printing–Reorganizing
Manufacturing
The Multiple Applications of 3D Printing:
Between Maker Movements
and the Future of Manufacturing
Abstract In this chapter we point out how the general dynamics of decentralization
and digitalization aggregate in two distinct ideal types of value creation: one
updates the firm-based mode of a top-down approach and the other represents an
alternative mode of bottom-up coordination that is more community-driven. For
each mode, we contrast the most prevalent approaches to integrating novel tech-
nologies such as 3D printing and link them to innovative concepts of production.
Having offered this distinction, we elaborate on associated manufacturing con-
stellations and discuss the potential impact of hybrid arrangements.
1 Introduction
S. Dickel (&)
Friedrich Schiedel Endowed Chair of Sociology of Science,
Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
e-mail: sascha.dickel@tum.de
J.-P. Ferdinand U. Petschow
Institute for Ecological Economy Research, Berlin, Germany
e-mail: jan-peter.ferdinand@ioew.de
U. Petschow
e-mail: ulrich.petschow@ioew.de
Language: Italian
CESARE CANTÙ
EDIZIONE POPOLARE
RIVEDUTA DALL'AUTORE E PORTATA FINO AGLI ULTIMI EVENTI
TOMO XIII.
TORINO
UNIONE TIPOGRAFICO-EDITRICE
1877
INDICE
LIBRO DECIMOSESTO
CAPITOLO CLXXV.
La Rivoluzione francese.