PILLAR#6C: POVERTY, INEQUALITY, MGNREGA & OTHER SCHEMES

Table of Contents
64 🤲💸 HRD → Poverty (गरीबी)....................................................................................................... 1165
64.1.1 🤲💸 Factors responsible for poverty in India (गरीबी के कारण)...........................................1165
64.1.2 🤲🔄🤲Vicious Circle of Poverty (गरीबी का दुष्चक्र/विषचक्र)....................................................1167
64.1.3 🤲🏆Economics Nobel 2019 for Global Poverty Alleviation...........................................1167
64.2 🤲💸📏 Poverty → Measurement / Estimation (गरीबी का निर्धारण).............................................1168
64.2.1 🤲💸📏 Videshi methods → World Bank: ~21% Indian juntaa is poor.........................1168
64.2.2 World Bank Poverty Line Changed (2022-Sept)...............................................................1168
64.2.3 📐 Composite / multidimensional measurement of Poverty............................................1168
64.2.4 🤲💸📏 Videshi methods → UNDP-MPI: ~16% Indian juntaa is poor (2022 report) 1169
64.2.5 FAQ: MPI is poverty line or not?........................................................................................1170
64.3 🤲💸📏 Videshi methods → Inequality (असमानता )..................................................................1170
64.3.1 🤲💸📏World Inequality Report 2022:.............................................................................. 1170
64.3.2 🤲💸📏 Oxfam Inequality Index वैश्विक असमानता सूचकांक......................................................1171
64.3.3 🙇‍♀‍Period Poverty (मासिक धर्म के चलते गरीबी).............................................................................1171
64.4 🤲💸📏 DESHI methods: (BPL: गरीबी रेखा से नीचे)........................................................................1171
64.4.1 🤲📉 Poverty levels below 5%, claims SBI Research Paper (2024)..................................1172
64.4.2 🤲📉 Poverty levels below 5%, claims NITI Aayog CEO (2024).....................................1172
64.4.3 🤲💸📏 DESHI methods → SECC-2011............................................................................1173
64.5 🤲💸📏 deshi methods → NITI-MPI: ~11.28% Indians poor (2022-23)................................1174
64.5.1 📐 Alkire-Foster methodology used in NITI-MPI............................................................1174
64.5.2 📐 NITI-MPI → Indicators / definitions............................................................................ 1174
64.5.3 NITI-MPI 2024 Report: Nearly 25 cr lifted from Poverty in 9 years...............................1176
64.5.4 📐 NITI-MPI 2024 Report: → best performing states......................................................1176
64.5.5 🤲💸📏 deshi methods → 📊🍪👕🏠 Bare Necessities Index (BNI) By 📙📙ES21......1176
64.5.6 📊🍪👕🏠 BNI index Findings (सूचकांक से क्या तथ्य सामने आए?)............................................1178
64.5.7 📊🍪👕🏠 ✍️BNI index Analysis: Conclusion / Significance? [ निष्कर्ष /महत्व]..................1179
64.5.8 Poverty Removal in Rural Areas - 📙ES23.........................................................................1179
64.6 🤲💸 Poverty → Poverty Removal (गरीबी उन्मूलन)......................................................................1179
64.7 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → MGNREGA (2005)...............................................................1180

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 64.7.1 💰 MGNREGA Wages.......................................................................................................... 1181
64.7.2 👷🏻‍♀️MGNREGA - DBT: Mixed Model continued................................................................1181
64.7.3 👷🏻‍♀️MGNREGA → 👛Budget-2023 allocation reduced than 2022...................................1182
64.7.4 👷🏻‍♀️🦶MGNREGA → Bare Foot Technicians (BFT, 2015)................................................1182
64.7.5 👷🏻‍♀️🤳MGNERGA: Misc. Reforms / Apps / Portals............................................................1182
64.7.6 🏎️ MGNREGA: problems/suggested reforms/way-forward............................................1183
64.7.7 👻(🧱⛏:💸🤲👷‍♀️)Atma-Nirbhar → PM Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA).....1183
64.7.8 → Rajasthan→ Indira Gandhi Shehri Rozgar Guarantee Yojana by Rajasthan Govt
(2022)................................................................................................................................................. 1184
64.7.9 Rajasthan → Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023..............................................1184
64.7.10 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → National Livelihood Missions =Skill+Loan..............1184
64.7.11 DAY-NRLM: Community Resource Persons (सामुदायिक सं साधन व्यक्ति)............................1185
64.7.12 👷🏻‍♀️🧱 DAY-NULM: NIPUN - construction workers skill upgradation (2022)............1185
64.7.13 💁🏻‍♀️💰 NRLM → Lakhpati Didi...........................................................................................1185
64.7.14 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → DAY-NRLM/NULM → sub-schemes ( उप-योजनाएं )..1185
64.7.15 💰 NRLM: Institutions / funds.......................................................................................... 1186
64.8 🤲💸:📯🧔 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana..........................................1186
64.8.1 ㈢ DDU-GKY - 3 tier structure (तीन श्रेणी/चरण)...................................................................1187
64.8.2 💰 DDU-GKY → Funding quota for Beneficiary (किस समुदाय को कितना पैसा जाएगा?)..........1187
64.8.3 🙋🏻 DDU-GKY - Beneficiary? (कौन है लाभार्थी?)......................................................................1187
64.8.4 DDU-GKY → placement / jobs (कितनों को नौकरी मिलेगी?)................................................1187
64.8.5 🧑‍🏭 DDU-GKY → JK and NE special focus- ROSHNI and Himayat...............................1187
64.9 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → DISHA Committees (2016)...................................................1188
64.9.1 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → Mission Antyodaya (2017)...........................................1188
64.9.2 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → RUDSETI (RSETI)........................................................1188
64.9.3 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → SMILE 75 (भिखारी-मुक्त हो 75 शहर)...................................1189
64.10 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → Directly give ₹ ₹ → UBI.....................................................1189
64.10.1 →Poverty Removal: DBT → E-Rupi....................................................................... 1189

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64 🤲💸 HRD → P OVERTY (गरीबी)

Definition: Poverty is the lack of sufficient money to meet the minimum standard of living-
including food, clothing, shelter, health and education. भोजन, कपड़े, आश्रय, स्वास्थ्य और शिक्षा सहित जीवन के
न्यूनतम स्तर को पूरा करने के लिए पर्याप्त धन/पैसों की कमी को गरीबी कहेते है।

64.1.1 🤲💸 Factors responsible for poverty in India (गरीबी के कारण)

1. Poor fiscal capacity of the govt due to tax evasion → Public healthcare, education, housing, water
& sanitation infra is poor → (बुनियादी अवसं रचना ठीक करने के लिए सरकार के पास पैसों की कमी)
a. Educational outcomes are poor → illiteracy, lack of vocational skills → Unemployment,
Underemployment, Disguised Unemployment. (Ref Pillar#4C)
b. Unhygienic slums → Disease → wages lost, savings lost, school days lost. (बीमारियां)
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2. Lack of family planning → ⏫ birth-rate → child labour → education. अधिक बच्चे पैदा करना, बाल
मजदूरी. जो बच्चा बाल मजदूरी करेगा उसकी शिक्षा ठीक तरह से नहीं हो पाएगी और वह गरीब का गरीब ही रहेगा.
3. Large family → insufficient food → malnutrition → insufficient mental & physical capacity to
pursue better economic opportunities. कु पोषण के चलते शारीरिक और मानसिक विकास नहीं, पढ़ाई में ध्यान नहीं
4. Unprofitable nature of agriculture due to vagaries of monsoon & structural bottlenecks in the
APMC Market. किसानों का मं डी में शोषण
5. Low asset base: Most of the rural households don’t possess land, milch animals, farm machinery
or sufficient bank deposits in the first place- it reduces their capacity to generate self-
employment / business opportunities. Vicious trap of low savings → low investment → low
income. Such poor parents are unable to provide better education to children → 2nd
generation is also deprived of economic opportunities. सं पत्ति कम है, इसलिए पिता अपने भविष्य की पीढ़ियों के
लिए अच्छी शिक्षा में निवेश नहीं कर सकता
6. Lack of financial planning: wasting money in Tobacco, Liquor, Social Rituals, Pilgrimages.
7. Lack of financial inclusion, debt trap by informal money lenders. साहूकारों का ब्याज चक्र
8. Majority of labour engaged in unorganized / informal sector: minimum wages are not enforced.
9. Insurance density is poor. Most workers lacking social security → Once the breadwinner dies /
permanently handicapped → family pushed into poverty. बीमा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा का अभाव
10. Social barriers faced by SC / ST / Minorities in advancing economically in rural area.
11. Female Labour Force Participation Rate is low. Maternity Benefits Act, Equal Wages Act not
strongly enforced. Gender inequality in education & nutrition → females’ energy and talent
mostly confined to unpaid domestic work → family unable to come out of poverty. (श्रमबल में महिला
सहभागिता दर कम है, इसलिए वह अपने परिवार के लिए ज्यादा धन कमा नहीं सकती)
12. Misgovernance, Terrorism, Secessionism in the Special Category States → infrastructure,
industries and tourism remained underdeveloped. In mineral rich states economic growth & per
capita income is high (due mining activities) but Left Wing Extremism, Mining Mafia, Weak
governance → Poor infrastructure → lack of economic opportunities for poor. (कु शासन आतंकवाद
उग्रवाद के चलते कु छ क्षेत्र पिछड़े /अविकसित रहे है, इसलिए वहाँ के लोग गरीब)
13. Corruption / leakages in the poverty removal programs. Failure of the Finance Commission &
Planning machinery to hold the state governments accountable. भ्रष्टाचार और सब्सिडी का रिसाव
14. While both India & China adopted ‘Five Year Plans’ system but China began LPG-like reforms
in 80s itself so its economy grew very fast. Whereas India kept industrialists under license, quota,
inspector raj; archaic factory laws & labour laws without ease of doing business. → More Jobs
could not be created in mfg. sector. (पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं ने प्रभावी रूप से मदद नहीं की)

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64.1.2 🤲🔄🤲Vicious Circle of Poverty (गरीबी का दुष्चक्र/विषचक्र)
 Poor person doesn’t have enough money to buy good food / education → his productivity
remains low → he doesn’t have enough money.
 low level of development in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is also explained through the
vicious circle on supply and demand side: (अति अल्प विकसित देशों में गरीबी के कारण निम्न है)
Supply Side ( आपूर्ति का विषचक्र) Demand Side (माँग का विषचक्र)
Poor person has low income → low savings Low income → low demand by poor families (of
→ low investment / capital → he can’t start mobiles, TV, fridge) → low capital investment by
or expand business to increase his income companies / factories due to lack of customers →
→ more poverty less new jobs → more poverty
क्योंकि आदमी गरीब है इसलिए उसकी आमदनी कम है क्योंकि आदमी गरीब है इसलिए ज्यादा खरीदारी कर नहीं पाता,
इसलिए वह पैसा कम बचत कर पाता है इसलिए वह कोई धंधा इसलिए कं पनियां उनको बेचने के लिए वस्तु बनाने के लिए ज्यादा
शुरू नहीं कर पाता इसलिए वह हमेशा गरीब रहता है फै क्ट्रियां लगाती नहीं, इसलिए रोजगार बढ़ते नहीं इसलिए गरीब की
आमदनी बढ़ती नहीं
64.1.3 🤲🏆Economics Nobel 2019 for Global Poverty Alleviation

 Originally, Nobel Prizes were given for 1) Physics, 2) Chemistry, 3) Physiology or Medicine, 4)
Literature, and 5) Peace. From the fund created by Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel.
 1968-69: Bank of Sweden started giving “Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences”. So,
technically not a Nobel Prize, but it’s nicknamed as “Nobel for Economics”
 2019: Abhijit Banerjee (born in Mumbai, teaches at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA)
& his wife Esther Duflo (France) and Michael Kremer (USA) received for “experimental
approach to alleviating global poverty." ("वैश्विक गरीबी को कम करने के लिए प्रयोगात्मक दृष्टिकोण।")
 They’ll receive 9 million Swedish krona, to be shared equally between the Laureates.
2019’s winner suggested we shd divide poverty issue into smaller & manageable questions e.g
 “How can we improve educational outcomes? → extra classes for the weak students
⏫
 ”How can we improve child health?” → vaccination→ give foodgrains to parents if they
bring child for vaccination. (गरीब मां-बाप को मुफ्त अनाज दो बस शर्त है कि वह बच्चे को टीकाकरण के लिए लाए)
Year Research Topic Winners of Economics Nobels
1998 Welfare Economics Amartya Sen (India)
2021 Labour economics David Card, Joshua D Angrist and Guido W
Imbens (USA and Netherlands)
2022 Banks' role in financial crises Ben S. Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond, Philip
H. Dybvig (USA)

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 Year Research Topic Winners of Economics Nobels
2023 women’s labor participation over Claudia Goldin Harvard University (USA)
centuries. More about her thesis in 6D: Weaker Section.
64.2 🤲💸📏 P OVERTY → MEASUREMENT / ESTIMATION (गरीबी का निर्धारण)

64.2.1 🤲💸📏 Videshi methods → World Bank: ~21% Indian juntaa is poor
 World Bank’s International Poverty Line (IPL) stands at person living daily on US$2.15 (PPP
exchange rate). What is PPP? (Ref: Pillar#3B)
 So, a person who spends less than an absolute amount ‘$2.15’ a day is considered ‘below IPL line’
→ classified as poor.
 So, spending $2.15 or more= is non-poor while $2.14 is poor. This is an example of “Absolute
Poverty” ( निरपेक्ष निर्धनता ) measured with an artificial line. The result is usually expressed in
Poverty Head Count Ratio (HCR) कु ल स्थानीय व्यक्तियों का अनुपात i.e. proportion of a population that
lives, below this poverty line.
 2011: India’s 21.2% population classified as poor. India was the home to largest number of
people below IPL. But, 2018 Nigeria took over India.
 📊World bank aims to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030. In this context, they published reports
titled ‘ Poverty and Shared Prosperity ’ in 2016, 2018, 2020
 📊😷World Bank’s ‘ Poverty and Shared Prosperity-2020 report noted: Coronavirus may push
150 million into poverty by 2021. Also criticized India for that lack of latest data on poverty, But
appreciated Mumbai Dharavi slum community support to poor families during the Corona.
Side note: Relative Poverty (सापेक्ष निर्धनता): Households are arranged in ascending order of annual
income → Households earning less than x% of median income is classified as poor. (e.g. UK uses
x=60%) Thus it measures poverty ‘relative’ or ‘compared‘ to how much others are earning.

64.2.2 World Bank Poverty Line Changed (2022-Sept)

World Bank Definition BEFORE AFTER
Poverty Line $1.90 $2.15
PPP-Dollar exchange rate counted at which year? Year 2011 2017
Why Changed? Ans. To adjust for increased costs of basic food, clothing, shelter between 2011-2017.
What is India’s new Data? Ans. Yet to be released.

64.2.3 📐 Composite / multidimensional measurement of Poverty

• A composite/multidimensional index that aggregates a range of individual indicators into a
single score. (सम्मिश्रित/बहुआयामी सूचकांक)
• The core idea hereby is to move beyond financial aspects and capture the broader
dimensions of wellbeing such as health, education, standard of living.
• e.g. UNDP’s human development index (HDI, ref Pill6E), UNDP’s MPI, NITI’s MPI.

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64.2.4 🤲💸📏 Videshi methods → UNDP-MPI: ~16% Indian juntaa is poor (2022 report)
- As per World bank definition, if a person is spending $2.15 per day/or more = he is NOT Poor.
Although, he would be suffering from many deprivations.
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI बहुआयामी निर्धनता सूची) looks beyond income to understand
how people experience poverty in multiple ways.
- prepared by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and
Human Development Initiative (OPHI)
- Household survey with set of 10 questions spread across 3 dimensions viz. health, education and
standard of living. E.g.
- A) Health → 1) nutrition, 2) child mortality
- B) Education → 3) years of schooling 4) school attendance
- C) Living standards → 5) cooking fuel (dung, wood, charcoal or coal) 6) sanitation 7)
drinking water 8) electricity, 9) housing 10) household assets (e.g. radio, TV, telephone,
computer, animal cart, bicycle, motorbike, refrigerator, car or truck?).
- These 10 Qs are assigned different weights add data → UNDP arrives at MPI Head count ratio.
Year 2005-06 2019-21 (Report published in 2022-Oct)
MPI: % of poor in India 55% 16.4%
 India moved 41.5 crore people out of the MPI poverty during 2005-2021 भारत करोड़ों लोगों को गरीबी से
बाहर लाने में सफल रहा है.
 largest number of poor people in the world: #1 India (22.8cr) #2: Nigeria.
 globally, 19.1% (=120 crore) people live in MPI poverty

🔠❓MCQ. The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index of UNDP covers following?( UPSC-Pre-2012)

1. Deprivation of education, health, assets and services at household level
2. Purchasing power parity at national level
3. Extent of budget deficit and GDP growth rate at national level
Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
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🔠❓MCQ. Global Multidimensional Poverty Index developed by the United Nations Development
Programme is a measurement of:
1. Nutrition 2. Cooking fuel 3. Assets 4. School attendance:
Codes: (a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only

64.2.5 FAQ: MPI is poverty line or not?

• The UNDP Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is not an example of either an absolute
poverty line or a relative poverty line, it is a composite measurement.
• MPI provides a more refined/ complex picture of poverty than traditional poverty lines.
• MPI is not a substitute for poverty lines, but rather a complementary tool that can help us
understand poverty in a more comprehensive way. (विकल्प नहीं पूरक है)
64.3 🤲💸📏 V IDESHI METHODS → INEQUALITY (असमानता )
Gini  Italian statistician Corrado Gini(1912)’s a formula for measuring
Coefficient inequality. Its associated graph is called ‘Lorenz Curve’
 0 or 0% = perfect equality; 1 or 100% = perfect inequality.
 World Bank, Credit Suisse, and other international orgs use it.
Global Wealth  By Credit Suisse, an Investment banking company of Switzerland.
Report  Inequality is high in India. richest 10% of Indians own more than 70% of
the country’s wealth.
 More than 70% of Indians have personal wealth below $10,000.
Inclusive  Prepared every two years (biennial ) by UN Environment, to measure
Wealth Report sustainability of economy and wellbeing of their people. Last report was
समावेशी धन रिपोर्ट prepared in 2018.
Global Social  By World Economic Forum (WEF) from 2019 onwards
Mobility Report  IF children can experience a better life than their parents, then the country
वैश्विक सामाजिक has +ve social mobility.
गतिशीलता रिपोर्ट  It measures– access to health, education, technology access, work
opportunities, social protection etc.
 2020: report launched for the first time. Ranking #1 Denmark> #2 Norway
> #3 Finland>...#76 India>....#82: Ivory Coast

64.3.1 🤲💸📏 World Inequality Report 2022:

by World Inequality Lab (Paris based research org), with economists Thomas Piketty etc.

 1) World’s richest 10 per cent own around 60-80 per cent of wealth and the poorest half
systematically own less than 5 per cent of wealth (विश्व असमानता रिपोर्ट में पाया गया कि पूरी दुनिया की 60-80
प्रतिशत की सं पत्ति- के वल 10% अमीरों के क़ब्ज़े में हैं जबकि सबसे ग़रीब लोगों के पास पूरी दुनिया की 5% सं पत्ति भी नहीं है)
 2) Women today get just one-third of all labour income in the world.
 Suggested more tax on rich. (अमीरों पर ज़्यादा कर लगाया जाए ऐसी सिफ़ारिश)
 India ‘very unequal’: The bottom 50% population earned less than Rs 55,000 per year, while the

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 top 10% Indian population earned over Rs 11 lakhs per year.
FAQ: “this data is not matching by the NSO data given in Pillar4C Handout. Ans. This data is
collected by a non-govt organisation based in foreign nation!
64.3.2 🤲💸📏 Oxfam Inequality Index वैश्विक असमानता सूचकांक
 UK’s NGO Oxfam International’s ‘Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) Index’
 It measures Govt’s ‘seriousness’ in reducing inequality by 3 dimensions 1) Govt’s spending on
social sector 2) progressive taxation 3) labour rights.
 2018 Ranking: #1: Denmark, #147: India, #157: Nigeria (lowest)
 2020-Jan: Oxfam presented a report in WEF-Davos summit that 1% Indian hold four times more
wealth than 70% of poor and it would take a female domestic worker in India 22,277 years to
earn what a top CEO of a technology company makes in one year.
 2021, 2022: SIMILAR BOL-BACHCHAN like above. More suited for Mains than Prelims. So not
updating it here.
इनका तो रोज का रोना लगा रहता है कि भारत में अमीर आदमी ज्यादा अमीर हो रहा है लेकिन प्रिलिम में ऐसे तथ्यों की उपयोगिता कम
है. इसलिए ज्यादा पन्ने मैं इधर भर नहीं रहा.
64.3.3 🙇 ‍♀‍Period Poverty (मासिक धर्म के चलते गरीबी)
 It's a concept about how social taboo/hygiene issues surrounding menstruation period prevent
women from rising to their true potential in education and employment. मासिक-धर्म के साथ जुड़े हुए
सामाजिक-निषेध और स्वच्छता की समस्याओ के चलते महिला शिक्षा-रोजगार में उनकी वास्तविक क्षमता को हाँसील नहीं कर पाती
अत: पुरुषों की तुलना मे 'गरीब' रह जाती है।
 Menstruating girls miss school because they don’t have access to sanitary products / separate
toilets to change pads at school.
 Chhaupadi: an ancient practice in rural Nepal. Menstruating women forced to live in separate
mud huts → death due to infection / illness. (अलग झोपड़ी में रहना पड़ता है बीमारी में मृत्यु)
 2020: Scotland- first country to issue a bill/law for providing free sanitary products to women, to
end period poverty. India has 0% GST on Sanitary napkins, UK also abolished sales tax on it.
 2021: “Udaan” free sanitary napkin distribution scheme of Rajasthan govt for all females.

64.4 🤲💸📏 DESHI METHODS: (BPL: गरीबी रेखा से नीचे)

Alagh Committee Adult daily calories intake: 2100 (Urban), 2400 (Rural). If a person is not
(1979) getting this much calorie he is Below Poverty Line (BPL)
Lakdawalla:1993 Calories Intake + Clothing + Shelter
Suresh Tendulkar • Setup by Planning Commission, this Committee defined poverty
committee line at monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) Rural@₹816 per
(2005-09) month (approx. ₹27 per day), Urban@₹1000 (approx. ₹33 per day).
यदि आप शहर में रहते हैं • The Tendulkar Committee (2009) on poverty estimates had indeed
और एक महीने में हज़ार used an all-India urban poverty line basket as a reference to derive
रुपया भी ख़र्च नहीं कर पाते both rural and urban poverty levels. (शहरी ग़रीबी रेखा का सं दर्भ लेके उस
तो आप ग़रीबी रेखा के नीचे हिसाब से ग्रामीण को भी व्याख्यायित किया है।)
है • Then, State specific poverty line are updated using the CPI inflation

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 figures, as a result, official poverty line ₹ amounts for each states
may differ due to varying price level. हर राज्य के लिए ये व्याख्या थोड़ी अलग
हो सकती है
• As per Tendulkar method, % of Indians living below poverty line
are: 21.9% (All India), 25.7% (Rural India), 13.7% (Urban area) in
2011-12.
• NITI & Modi Govt use this figure in all official documents.
• State/UT that have higher % poverty than National 21.9%: Uttar
Pradesh < Madhya Pradesh < Assam < Odisha < Bihar <
Arunachal Pradesh < Manipur < Jharkhand < Dadra & Nagar
Haveli < Chhattisgarh (most poor)
C. Rangarajan Setup by Planning Commission, this Committee suggested poverty line
(2012-14) @monthly expenditure for family of five: ₹ 4860 (Rural), ₹ 7035 (Urban).
🔠⁉️ MCQ. in India, official poverty lines are higher in some states than in others bcoz (Pre-2019)
a) Poverty rates vary from state to state b) Price levels vary from state to state
c) Gross state product varies from state to state
d) Quality of public distribution varies from state to state
🔠⁉️ MCQ. The poverty in terms of Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) based
on the Mixed Reference Period was recommended by the _ _ _ (CDS-2023-I)
(a) Lakdawala Committee (b) Tendulkar Committee (c) Dandekar Committee (d) Alagh Committee
🔠⁉️ MCQ. Find Correct about Tendulkar Poverty Line (2009)? (CDS-2024-1)
1. The Committee had used an all-India urban poverty line basket as a reference to derive both rural
and urban poverty levels.
2. The Committee had anchored the poverty line to the official food calorie norms.
Code: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

64.4.1 🤲📉 Poverty levels below 5%, claims SBI Research Paper (2024)
Matter Rural Urban

A. Poverty Line: 2011–12 ₹816 ₹1000

B. Poverty Line: 2022–23 (after adjusting for inflation) ₹ 1,622 ₹ 1,929

C. Average per capita monthly expenditure (2022–23)^^ ₹ 3,773 ₹ 6,459

• SBI researchers argument is that since Row-C > greater than Row-B= majority of people are
spending more money than the poverty line limits → Poverty has declined to 4.5–5%
^^Ref: Pillar#4E: household consumer expenditure survey

64.4.2 🤲📉 Poverty levels below 5%, claims NITI Aayog CEO (2024)
Basically, his argument is similar to SBI researcher's argument- given in previous section.

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64.4.3 🤲💸📏 DESHI methods → SECC-2011
Socio Economic Caste Census (सामजिक आर्थिक एवं जातिगत जनगणना)
 SECC is different from poverty lines because SECC’s primary objective is not to ‘measure’
poverty but rather ‘eligibility’ of a family for Govt schemes. ग़रीबी नहीं, सरकारी योजनाओं में आपकी पात्रता
देखी जा रही है
 SECC is different from Population Census (जनगणना )because under Population Census Act, 1948
Govt must keep individual's personal information confidential. But SECC is done outside of it, so
personal information can be uploaded online (e.g. Mr.X is given ₹ ₹ for PM Awas Yojana because
he was found eligible in SECC)
 SECC 2011 was a paperless census done by electronic devices.
 Nodal? Rural Development Ministry, Below them→
o Rural area → Rural Development Ministry
o Urban area → Urban Affairs Ministry
o Caste Census component → Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (Home
Ministry)
SECC-2011 classified (rural) Households were classified into three categories:
Automatically excluded 7 Deprivation Indicators Automatically included in a
अभाव के 7 सं के त SCHEME if
1) Motorized vehicle/ 1) Landless households earning 1) Households without
fishing boat. from manual labour? shelter
2) Kisan credit card with 2) One room house with kuccha 2) Destitute / living on alms
limit of over Rs. walls & roof? (निराश्रित / भिक्षु)
50,000/-. 3) No adult (18-59 aged) member 3) Manual scavengers
3) If govt employee / in household? 4) Primitive Tribal Groups
owner of non-agro 4) No literate adult in household? (आदिम जनजातीय समूह)
enterprises / earning 5) Female headed household with 5) Legally released bonded
>10k/per month no adult male member? labourers (बं धुआ मजदूर )
4) Paying income tax 6) Households with only PH
/Professional tax. members?
5) 3 or more rooms with 7) SC/ST Households?
pucca walls and roof.
6) Owns a
refrigerator/Owns
landline phone.
7) Owns more than “x”
acre of land
7 cr. (~39%) out of 18 cr 11 cr. (~43%) rural households 16 lakh (~0.9%) rural
rural households here here. households here

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 If a govt scheme is using SECC-2011 data then
 Left column-walla: automatically excluded (स्वत: बाहर करना) from scheme benefit.
 Right column-walla: automatically included.
 Middle column-walla: included based on how deprived they are. So household with more ‘yes
tickmarks’ will get first preference in allotment of PM Awas Yojana, PM Ujjwala cylinder
connection etc. over a less deprived households (वंचित परिवार).
 PM Jan Arogya Yojana (₹ 5lakh annual health insurance) also uses SECC data to cover 8 cr rural
+ 2 cr urban = 10 cr families.
 During SECC (Rural) survey → Households were asked questions → results displayed at Gram
Sabha → others can ‘counter’ it (like Mr. X is not a destitute but has mercedes car!) →
reverification.
 SECC (Urban) methodology slightly different but we need not PHD. Further, Govt has not
released the ‘Caste census’ portion of this SECC.

64.5 🤲💸📏 DESHI METHODS → NITI-MPI: ~11.28% INDIANS POOR (2022-23)

 2021-Nov: NITI Aayog prepared India’s own first ever MPI Index.
 This Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI)’s calculation methodology is inspired by Alkire-
Foster methodology.

64.5.1 📐Alkire-Foster methodology used in NITI-MPI

• developed by researchers Sabina Alkire and James Foster at OPHI (Oxford Poverty and
Human Development Initiative)
• It is a flexible technique for measuring poverty or wellbeing.
• Format similar UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)’s MPI (Multidimensional
Poverty Index).

64.5.2 📐
NITI-MPI → Indicators / definitions
 NITI’s MPI Index has 3-Dimensions (– health, education, and standard of living): Each given
equal weight). Total 12 Questions: nutrition, school attendance, years of schooling, drinking
water, sanitation, housing, bank accounts etc. (नीति आयोग का बहु आयामी ग़रीबी-निर्धनता सूचकांक। स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा
और जीवन स्तर के तीन आयामों पर कु ल मिलाकर 12 अलग अलग प्रश्नों के आधार पर लोगों की गरीबों को नापा जाए)
 NITI has collected data indirectly through National family health survey (NHFS)
12 indicators A household is considered deprived if _ _
1. Nutrition (1) A woman (15 to 49 years) or a man (15 to 54 years) is considered
undernourished if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is below 18.5 kg/per square
meter
(2) Children under 5 years of age are considered malnourished → if their
score of height-for-age (stunting) or weight-for-age (under- weight) is below
minus two standard deviations from the median of the reference population.

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 12 indicators A household is considered deprived if _ _
Even if a single member of the household is identified as undernourished, the
entire household is treated as deprived in nutrition.
2. Child-Adolescent If any child under 18 years of age has died in the household in the five-year
Mortality period before the survey.
If any woman in the household who has given birth in the 5 years preceding
the survey has not received at least 4 antenatal care visits for the most recent
3. Maternal Health birth or
has not received assistance from trained skilled medical personnel during the
most recent childbirth.
4. Years of If not even one member of the household aged 10 years or older has
Schooling completed six years of schooling.
If any school-aged child is not attending school up to the age at which he/she
5. School attendance
would complete class
If a household cooks with dung, agricultural crops, shrubs, wood, charcoal,
6. Cooking Fuel
or coal.
If the household has unimproved or no sanitation facility or it is improved
7. Sanitation
but shared with other households.
If the household does not have access to improved drinking water or safe
8. Drinking Water
drinking water is at least a 30-minute walk from home (as a round trip).
If the household has inadequate housing the floor is made of natural
9. Housing materials, or the roof or wall are made of rudimentary materials e.g. Mud,
clay, earth, sand and dung.
10. Electricity If the household has no electricity.
If the household does not own more than one of these assets - radio, TV,
11. Assets telephone, computer, animal cart, bicycle, motorbike, or refrigerator; and
does not own a car or truck.
12. Bank Accounts If no household member has a bank account or a post office account.

🔠⁉️MCQ. According to the National Multi- dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) constructed by the
NITI Aayog, a household is considered deprived if _ _ (CDS-2023-I)
1. a single member of the household is identified as under-nourished
2. the body mass index of a woman member, between 15 years and 49 years of age, is below
18.5 kg/m²
Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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🔠⁉️MCQ.Which one of the following indicators is included in the National (MPI)? (CDS-2023-I)
(a) Years of schooling (b) Literacy rate (c) Life expectancy (d) Per capita income
64.5.3 NITI-MPI 2024 Report: Nearly 25 cr lifted from Poverty in 9 years
Year 2005 2013 2015 2019 2022-23
Population 55.36% 29.17% 24.85% 14.96% 11.28%
• 24.82 crore people escaped multidimensional poverty in 9 years (from 2013–14 to 2022–23).
• It means 2.75 crore people escaping it every year.
• India is all set to reach single-digit poverty levels during 2024.
• Thus, India is much ahead of the target of reducing poverty in by half, by the year 2030.

64.5.4 📐NITI-MPI 2024 Report: → best performing states

Earlier in 2021's report, NITI observed that

 Highest Poverty in 2021's Report? 1) Bihar (52% Population is poor) 2) Jharkhand (42%
Population), 3) Uttar Pradesh (38% Population), 4) MP (36%) 5) Meghalaya (32%)
 Lowest Poverty in 2021's Report? Kerala (0.71%), Goa (3.76%), Sikkim (3.82%), Tamil Nadu
(4.89%) and Punjab (5.59%)
Now in 2024's report, NITI observed:

Best Rank How many people escaping poverty during 2013–14 and 2022–23
1) Uttar Pradesh 5.94 crore people escaping poverty
2) Bihar 3.77 crore escaping poverty
3) MP 2.30 crore escaping poverty
4) Rajasthan 1.87 crore.

64.5.5 🤲💸📏 deshi methods → 📊🍪👕🏠 Bare Necessities Index (BNI) By 📙📙 ES21
 Nobel Winner Economist Dr. Amartya Sen defines poverty as a failure to achieve certain
minimum basic needs. Therefore, access to “the Bare Necessities” such as Food, Housing, Water,
Sanitation, Electricity, Clean Cooking Fuel are a Sine-Qua-Non / Prerequisite for poverty
alleviation and a decent life. [अमर्त्य सेन के हिसाब से ग़रीबी का मतलब है न्यूनतम ज़रूरतों या क्षमताओं को हासिल करने में
विफलता. अत: ग़रीबी उन्मूलन के लिए भोजन, आवास, पेयजल, स्वच्छता, बिजली इत्यादि ज़रूरी/ न्यूनतम आवश्यकता की
चीजे/सुविधाए लोगो को मिले यह अनिवार्य है]
 So, 📙📙 ES21Vol1Ch10 prepared a Bare Necessities Index to quantify this approach. (उक्त सोच/
दृष्टिकोण के मात्रात्मक रूप से मूल्यांकन के लिए आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण ने बनाया है ‘ज़रूरी आवश्यकता / बुनियादी आवश्यकता सूचकांक’)
 With 5 Dimensions viz., water, sanitation, housing, micro-environment, and other facilities and
26 indicators.
5 26 indicators (सं के तक). [Note: following table contains only
dimensions[आयाम notable/imp/exam-worthy indicators, & NOT all 26 indicators.]
💦1) Water 📊Indicators: (सं के तक)
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पानी  Source of Water? tanker-truck/ river, dam, stream etc [आपके घर में पेय जल
कै से हासिल करते हैं ],
 Distance from water source [आपका घर पेयजल स्रोत से कितना दूर है],
 Method of collection: through tap, carrying pot over head etc. [पानी कै से
जमा करते है? नल से, सर पे मटके पे लाते है?]
🔍Implications: [प्रभाव /असर]
If water source away from home→ Water hauling→ daughters' education
suffers, since they will have to fetch water. [यदि पेय जल का स्रोत घर से बहुत दूर होगा -
लड़कियों की शिक्षा में हानि, क्योंकि उन्हें रोज़ पानी भरने के लिए दूर दूर तक चलते जाना होगा]
📯Related Scheme: Jal Jeevan Mission for Piped water supply
🚽2) Sanitation 📊Indicators: nature of toilet, whether exclusive use for household /
स्वच्छता community toilet? etc [शौचालय का प्रकार]
🔍Implications of Open Defecation: [खुले में शौच का मानव जीवन पर प्रभाव /असर]
 Infection, Disease, IMR/MMR [खुले में शौच से बीमारियां / मृत्यु]
 safety and modesty, ⏬School attendance of girls, women Unconsciously
⏬Intake of food and water so as to avoid going in the daytime →
Malnutrition. [सुरक्षा और गरिमा को ध्यान में रखते हुए दिन के समय खुले में शौच में न जाना
पड़े इसलिए लड़कियाँ स्कू ल नहीं जाती, महिलाएँ भोजन और पानी कम लेती है जिसे कु पोषण की
समस्या बढ़ती है]
📯Related Scheme: Swachh Bharat Mission
🏠3) Housing 📊Indicators: House condition, Nature of wall and roof etc. [मकान और छत की
मकान आवास स्थिति]
🔍Implications: Dilatated House = vulnerability to Crime, Disaster,
Diseases. [जर्जरित मकान में अपराध, आपदा, और बीमारियों का प्रभाव/भेध्यता ज़्यादा]
📯Related Scheme: Pradhan Mantri Aawas Yojana
🦟4) Micro- 📊Indicators:
Environment  Drainage system of the household [गटर व्यवस्था का प्रकार]
सूक्ष्म पर्यावरण  flies/mosquitoes problem during the last 365 days. Did govt authorities
came to tackle that problem? [मच्छर की समस्या के लिए क्या पिछले एक वर्ष में सरकार
मदद करने आयी थी?]
🔍Implications: Vulnerability to Diarrhea jaundice malaria etc. [उक्त सुविधाएँ
नहीं होंगी तो बीमारियों का प्रकोप ज़्यादा]
🍜5) Other 📊Indicators:
facilities  🔌Electricity (📯Related Scheme: Saubhagya Yojana)
 🍜Cooking fuel: LPG, firewood, dung cake (📯Related Scheme: Pradhan
अन्य सुविधाएँ
Mantri Ujjwala Yojana) [रसोई में इस्तेमाल होने वाले ईंधन का प्रकार]

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  🍜Kitchen type [रसोईघर का प्रकार], Bathroom [स्नानगृह का प्रकार]
🔍Implications:
 Wood / charcoal / dung / kerosene → Indoor air pollution → Mother
⏬
and child health । लकड़ी /गोबर = घर में वायु प्रदूषण के चलते स्वास्थ्य को नुक़सान
 Firewood / dung collection: 1) Girls / daughters' education suffers in this
labour. 2) Deforestation. ईंधन के लिए लकड़ी बटोरने के चक्कर में बेटियों की शिक्षा को हानि
, जं गलों की कटाई से पर्यावरण को नुक़सान
⏫
 Electricity =Mobile internet television radio usage : Education of child,
Democratic awareness of adults. बिजली उपलब्ध होगी तो मोबाइल इंटरनेट टेलीविज़न
का प्रयोग बढ़े, जिससे बच्चों की शिक्षा तथा वयस्क में देश दुनिया के समाचार और चुनावी/लोकतांत्रिक
जागृति बढ़ती है
 Based on availability of above facilities → Arithmetic Mean (Average) → Bare Necessities
Index score will be computed → score range from 0 to 1. (उक्त सुविधाओं की उपलब्धता के हिसाब से औसत
निकाला जाएगा और एक सूचकांक बनेगा)
 Higher the score/value of index, better is the access to the bare necessities (सूचकांक में जितने ज़्यादा
मार्क्स मिलेंगे वो अच्छी बात होगी)
 green, yellow and red, colors will be used in the maps show the level of a State in providing
access to bare necessities to its households. (भारत के नक़्शे पर विभिन्न रंगों में इसे अंकित किया जाएगा)
 Using above data, 📙📙 ES21also created sub-indices such as Drinking Water Accessibility
Index, Sanitation Index etc [उक्त डेटा की मदद से आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण ने कु छ और भी घटक-सूचकांक बना दिए जैसे पेयजल
उपलब्धता सूचकांक, स्वच्छता सूचकांक इत्यादि]

64.5.6 📊🍪👕🏠 BNI index Findings (सूचकांक से क्या तथ्य सामने आए?)
😍Highest progress Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Goa, Mizoram,Sikkim

😢Lowest progress Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Tripura (इन राज्यों में प्रगति अच्छी नहीं)
Area wise Score is better for urban areas than rural areas (गाँव के मुक़ाबले शहरों में ज़रूरी-
आवश्यकताएं अधिक मात्रा में उपलब्ध)
⏫
 Economic Survey appreciated schemes for bare necessities such as Swachh Bharat Mission
(SBM), National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana
(PMAY), Saubhagya, and Ujjwala Yojana. [ज़रूरी आवश्यकता उपलब्ध करवाने में मोदी सरकार की विविध योजनाओं
की प्रशं सा की गई- आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण द्वारा]
 BNI has ⏫ for all the states from 2018 (Modi-raj) compared to 2012 (Congress Raj).
Consequently, from 2012 to 2018’s National Family Health Surveys show ⏬in infant mortality,
health outcomes improved etc. Here 📙📙ES21’s tone is similar to Thalinomics (Ref Pillar4C).
कु ल मिलाकर 2012 की तुलना मे 2018 में ज़रूरी आवश्यकता सूचकांक में बढ़ोतरी हुई. जो दर्शाती है कि कांग्रेस सरकार की अपेक्षा
मोदी सरकार ने बेहतर काम किया. इससे पहले महँगाई वाले थालीनोमिक्स मुद्दे में भी आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण कु छ ऐसी ही बातें कर चुका है.

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64.5.7 📊🍪👕🏠 ✍️️BNI index Analysis: Conclusion / Significance? [निष्कर्ष /महत्व]
🤩Tracking BNI will help in following ways [इस सूचकांक पे निगरानी रखने से निम्न फ़ायदे होंगे]
 SDG monitoring. E.g. Goal 6 focuses on water and sanitation, Goal 7 electricity and clean
cooking fuel. (सतत् विकास लक्ष्यों में भारत की प्रगति पर निगरानी में मदद)
 Schemes implementation can be improved with real time monitoring, geo-tagging of assets,
social audit, direct benefit transfers wherever possible. (इस सूचकांक द्वारा मिले आंकड़ों को देखते हुए विभिन्न
योजनाओं को ज़्यादा प्रभावी रूप से, ज़्यादा सतर्क ता से लागू किया जाए।)
 Improved the Transparency, Accountability, Good-Governance. (पारदर्शिता, जवाबदेहीता और सुशासन में
मदद होगी)

64.5.8 Poverty Removal in Rural Areas - 📙ES23

Year 1960 2007 2021
% population living in rural area 80 70 65
 47% of population in India depends on agriculture – said 📙ES23.
📙
 Then ES23 as appreciated following schemes in improving rural economy. It also applauded
variety of insurance, pension, loans / financial inclusions schemes that we have already learned
pillar1D (Jeevan Jyoti, Mudra, Vay Vandana, Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan etc). I will not mention
them here again to save the number of pages.

64.6 🤲💸 P OVERTY → POVERTY REMOVAL (गरीबी उन्मूलन)

SDG Goal 1 aims to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. While it defines extreme poverty @$1.25
but nations are allowed to use their ‘national poverty line’ methods.

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 India’s SDG Goal1 Baseline Indicators in (brackets) Target-Goal-2030
Reduce atleast half of the BPL population. So, 21.9% population is BPL 10.95% population
(2011) then its half should be removed uplifted. → living below poverty
गरीबी रेखा से नीचे रहने वाले लोगों की सं ख्या को पहले से आधा करना line.
Number of homeless households per 10,000 households (presently ~11) 0 homeless
Households with min. 1 member with health insurance (~29% at present) 100% households
Improve Social Protection Schemes’ coverage: (सामाजिक सुरक्षा योजना) 100% households
- Number of eligible households receiving MNREGA jobs (85%)
- No. of eligible households receiving Maternity benefits (36%)
Over the years we have launched the following schemes for removal of poverty.
Note/Homework: Refer to Pillar1D for
 NSOAP (National Social Assistance Program- poor people given pension, insurance without
needing to pay premium/subscription fees),
 PMJDY (Jan Dhan Bank Account)

64.7 🤲💸:📯🧔 P OVERTY REMOVAL → MGNREGA (2005)

 2005: Parliament enacted MGNREGA Act.
 2006: starts in 200 districts → 2008: launched in whole country as Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme(MGNREGS महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी कार्यक्रम)
 Boss? Ministry of Rural Development → Centrally sponsored scheme → core of the core
scheme→ not 100% funded by the Union. कें द्र द्वारा प्रायोजित योजना → अति महत्वपूर्ण योजना
 Central Employment Guarantee Council under Chairmanship of Rural Development Minister.
It advises the Union Government on all matters related to MGNREGA implementation
 MGNREGA promises to give minimum 100 days of unskilled manual labour to rural household
whose adult members volunteer for it. Households are eligible for unemployment allowances if
employment not been provided within 15 days of demand.
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 MNREGA labourers are used for creating durable assets as per local needs e.g. ponds, wells,
cattle sheds, granary, vermicompost plants, crematorium; renovation of Anganwadi centres,
school buildings, playground (तालाब, कु एं , अन्न भंडार, वर्मी कं पोस्ट प्लांट, श्मशान। स्कू ली इमारतों का पुनरुद्धार,
खेलकू द के मैदान)
 No contractors / machinery allowed. (ठेके दार और यंत्रों की मनाई / इस्तेमाल वर्जित है)
 minimum 60% of the work in every district needs to be directly linked with agriculture and allied
activities.
 In any project, 60% of amt should go towards wages and 40% towards material. (ज्यादा हिस्सा वेतन में)
 Union bears 100% wage cost and 75% of material cost. (कें द्र इस अनुपात में पैसा देगा)
 (DATA) over 5 crore households have taken employment under the Scheme. More than 50% of
MGNREGA workers were women from 2018-2022
 Social audit by gram sabha once in every 6 months. (ग्रामसभा सामाजिक ऑडिट/ हिसाब की जांच करेगी )

64.7.1 💰
MGNREGA Wages
 Wages are linked to Consumer Price Index (Agriculture labour:AL). [Although PM Modi
thinking of linking it with CPI-Rural] (महंगाई के हिसाब से वेतन को बढ़ाया जाता है)
 👻😷Corona: Atma Nirbhar→ MGNREGA daily wages ⏫ from ₹182 to 202. So worker will get
Rs.20 extra than before. So, works for 100 days = ₹20x 100 days = ₹2000 more than before.
 Wages are different for every state because every state has different level of inflation. (हर एक राज्य में
महँगाई के अलग अलग दरों के हिसाब से, ये वेतन अलग हो सकता है)
Area 2023–24 2024–25
Lowest Daily Wage: ₹ 221 in MP and Chhattisgarh ₹ 234 in Arunachal and Nagaland
Highest Daily Wage: ₹357 @ Haryana ₹374 @ Haryana
Uttar Pradesh ₹230 ₹237
Goa ₹322 ₹356
ALL INDIA average ₹261 ₹289

64.7.2 👷🏻‍♀️MGNREGA - DBT: Mixed Model continued

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 MGNREGA Wages are transferred into the bank account of every worker thru Direct benefit
transfer (DBT).
 There are two methods of DBT used in MGNREGA (both designed by NPCi, ref Pillar1A1.)
DBT Channel ABPS NACH
Full Form Not IMP Aadhaar Based National Automated Clearing House
Payment System
Is Aadhar Yes Aadhar not required. This method is
Mandatory? used if the worker Aadhaar card is not
linked with his bank account.
How many workers 95% 5%**
used this system?
 **2023: government wanted to stop payments thru NACH system. But because of some
operational difficulties, government has decided to continue both the systems.
 Thus using of both ABPS and NACH system known as “Mixed Payment Model”.
 2024: Controversy / opposition going on because govt wants to shift completely to ABPS.

64.7.3 👷🏻‍♀️MGNREGA → 👛Budget-2023 allocation reduced than 2022

👛Budget-2023: MGNREGA allocation decreased with the hopes that economy un-lockdown →
villagers will return to cities for work so they’ll not need so much work under MGNREGA. (अर्थतंत्र
पुनर्जीवित हो रहा है तो अब गांव वाले वापस शहरों में रोजगार के लिए जाएं गे. तो गांव में इतना सब काम देने की जरूरत नहीं होगी)

64.7.4 👷🏻 🦶
‍♀️ MGNREGA → Bare Foot Technicians (BFT, 2015)
 Rural development ministry to give basic civil engineering training to 10,000 young workers.
 Benefit? Skill upgradation for the worker. He can find some other jobs in the construction sector.
 Such worker can also do better planning, layout, measurement and supervision of MGNREGA
work
64.7.5 👷🏻‍♀️🤳MGNERGA: Misc. Reforms / Apps / Portals
Name Usage
Yuktdhara Portal for planning the MGNREGA assets using Geographic information
system (GIS) and remote sensing. It’s developed with help of ISRO.
GeoMGNREGA portal for keeping track of assets through mobile based photo geo-
tagging

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 Name Usage
SECURE Portal an online application for preparation and approval for Mahatma
Gandhi NREGA works.
NeFMS Portal & National Electronic Fund Management System for DBT of wages to
NREGASoft Software workers’ bank account
project “UNNATI’ to upgrade the skills of MGNREGA workers (aged 18-40), so they can
find some other job/business. Stipend given during training.
Amrit Sarovar Project for construction/renovation of at least 75 Amrit Sarovars
(ponds) in each district of the country.
Jaldoot App rural development ministry and panchayati raj ministry’s jointly
developed App for monitoring the ground-water in the rural India. So
then MGNREGA projects can be planned to meet water shortage.
Ombudsperson App for complaints related to MGNREGA
Gram Samvaad Mobile Here citizens can find information about the money allotted to their
App village under various rural development schemes, It has initiated
debate at the gram panchayat level why development is not happening
despite the release of funds.
JanMnREGA an asset tracking + feedback app for MGNREGA assets.
National Mobile Helps taking attendance of the worker, along with geo-tagged photo.
Monitoring Software
(NMMS) App

64.7.6 🏎️ MGNREGA: problems/suggested reforms/way-forward

Shifted to Mains Handout. #Prelims-RAFTAAR 🏎️
🔠❓MCQ. Who are eligible to benefit from the MGNREGA Act?(Prelims-2011)
a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households
b) Adult members of below poverty line (BPL) households
c) Adult members of house holds of all backward communities
d) Adult members of any household
🔠❓MCQ. Which one of the following is not an objective of MGNREGA? (CDS-i-2020)
a) Providing up to 100 days of skilled labour in a financial year b) Creation of productive assets
c) Enhancing livelihood security d) Ensuring empowerment to women
64.7.7 (👻 🧱⛏ 💸🤲👷
: ‍♀️)Atma-Nirbhar → PM Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA)
 PM started this “GKRA” from Bihar's Telihar village in 2020-June.

 🧔Boss? Rural Dev Ministry coordinates with other ministries e.g. roads, mines, Jal Shakti etc.
 🌐Where? 6 states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Odisha
to help the returnee migrants. चुनिंदा राज्यों में लागू किया जाएगा जहां पर प्रवासी मजदूर बड़ी मात्रा में वतन वापस आए हैं

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 ⏰Duration? 125 days. To build Panchayat Bhavans, Community Toilets, Rural Mandis, Rural
Roads, Cattle Sheds, Anganwadi Bhavans Etc. with help of returnee migrants. कोरोना महामारी में वतन
वापस हुए श्रमिकों को रोजगार देने के लिए ग्रामीण बुनियादी अवसं रचनाओं का निर्माण करेंगे
64.7.8 🌆 Rajasthan→ Indira Gandhi Shehri Rozgar Guarantee Yojana by Rajasthan Govt (2022)
Rajasthan State Govt scheme similar to MGNREGA but for urban / city area people. 100 days work
guaranteed in areas such as as tree plantation, cleaning ponds, collecting garbage and catching stray
animals, environment and water conservation, cleanliness and sanitation, stopping defacement of
property, heritage conservation etc.
64.7.9 Rajasthan → Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023
All rural & urban families of Rajasthan given
• employment guarantee of 125 days every year
• minimum pension of Rs 1,000 per month for aged/disabled/single women, etc. This, pension
will also be automatically by 15% per year
• Controversy? State government does not have enough money to pay such huge expenditure-
Combine with the fact that state government also wanted to revert from NPS to OPS for the
state government employees (Ref#1D)= huge expenditure will go in pensions alone.
64.7.10 🤲💸 📯🧔
: Poverty Removal → National Livelihood Missions =Skill+Loan
- In the late 70s, Govt had launched Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Training
of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) and a half dozen other schemes
- PM Vajpayee restructed them into Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY-1997), Swarna
Jayanti Sahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY-1999)
- ManMohan restructured them into National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM-2011) & Urban
Livelihood (NULM-2013) → Modi added Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana in prefix.
Table 1: They’re Core Schemes (Not 100% funded by Union)
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana: National Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana: National Rural
Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NURM) Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
राष्ट्रीय शहरी आजीविका मिशन राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण आजीविका मिशन
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry of Rural Development
1. Give urban poors skill training and loan 1. Bring min.1 woman from each poor
for self-employment → Govt pays its household to Self Help Group (SHG: स्वयं-
interest subvention via PAISA Portal सहायता समूह) → give them training and loans
Portal. for candle/soap/handicraft etc. biz. Total 8
2. Develop vendor markets for urban crore+ poor women have joined in 81 lakh
vendors (शहरी विक्रे ता) . SHG.
3. Shelters for homeless people. (बेघर लोगों 2. Give training to rural men.
के लिए आश्रय स्थल।) 1+2= They’ll do self employment or skilled
wage employment = More income then
working as farm labourers.

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64.7.11 DAY-NRLM: Community Resource Persons (सामुदायिक सं साधन व्यक्ति)
 SHG members also given training to become Pashu Sakhi (Animal husbandry advisor), Krishi
Sakhi, Bank Sakhi, BimaSakhi, PoshanSakhi (Nutrition advisor) etc.
 So they can act as Community Resource Persons (CRPs) to advise/help other villagers. (सदस्यों को
तालीम दी जाती है ताकि वे अन्य गांव वालों की भी पशुपालन, खेती-बाड़ी, बैंक - बीमा बचत, पोषण आदि के बारे में सलाह दे सके . )

👷🏻 🧱
64.7.12 ‍♀️ DAY-NULM: NIPUN - construction workers skill upgradation (2022)
 Boss? Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs
 Objective? Skill training/upgradation of 1 lakh construction workers. So they can find jobs
within India and in foreign countries as well.
 ‘NIPUN’= National Initiative for Promoting Upskilling of Nirman workers.
 It’s a sub scheme of Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission
मकान विनिर्माण के मजदूरों का कौशल्य-वर्धन. ताकि भी भारत में भी, और विदेशों में भी रोजगार हासिल कर सकें .

64.7.13 NRLM → Lakhpati Didi

• Boss? Ministry of Rural Development
• Scheme: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
• Under this scheme, 3 lakh self-help groups formed with 9 cr women.
• 2023: Independence Day: PM Modi said “aim of creating 2 crore ‘Lakhpati Didis’ in villages.”
Matter Present 👛 Interim-Budget-2024
How many women SHG-Members earning
₹ 1 lakh per year?
1 crore women 🎯 Target: 3 cr women
64.7.14 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → DAY-NRLM/NULM → sub-schemes (उप-योजनाएं )
SUB-SCHEMES FEATURES
Startup Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP-2015): training, loan,
SVEP
marketing assistance etc. to villagers.
Upto ₹3 lakh loan @7% Interest. Government will pay 4.50% interest subsidy on
SHG Bank loans
it. So SHG needs to pay 7 MINUS 4.5%= 2.5%
Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana (AGEY-2017): interest-free loans given to
AGEY SHG to buy public transport vehicle so they can earn ₹ ₹ by transporting
passengers.
SonChiraiya A brand logo for marketing of urban SHGs’ products by Urban Affairs Ministry.
MKSP Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana: To help women farmers.
Prajiwala inviting ideas, solutions and actions to transform rural economy from
Challenge individuals, Social Enterprises, Start up, Private Sector, Civil Society etc.

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64.7.15 💰 NRLM: Institutions / funds
Feature Description
SHGs, livelihood collectives, producers’ cooperatives/companies, hubs
Institutions of Poor
of production
Training, Capacity With help of SHGs, their federations, government functionaries,
Building and Skill bankers, NGOs, community resource persons (CRPs) & other
Building stakeholders
Community Investment
with help of SHGs, this CIF fund is formed.
Support Fund (CIF)
A part of the CIF money is shifted to as Vulnerability Reduction Fund
Vulnerability Reduction
(VRF) - to (1) to help poor families (2) give interest free loans to poor
Fund (VRF)
families.
National Special Fund With help of State governments, to reduce poverty and empower rural
Support poor;
Activities related to market research, market intelligence, technology
Infrastructure Creation
extension, developing backward and forward linkages, building
and Marketing Support
livelihoods collectives
Sensitive Support setup at the national, state, district and sub-district levels. These
Structures support structures are staffed with dedicated professionals;

🔠❓Which one of the following statements about the DDU – GKY is not correct?(CDS-2021-i)
(a) It is a skill training programme. (b) It is for rural youth from poor families.
(c) Its objective is placement in wage employment.
(d) It relies entirely on skill training by Government agencies.
🔠❓MCQ. How does the NRLM help the poor?(Asked in UPSC-Pre-2012)
1. By setting up a large no. of new manufacturing industries and agribusiness centres in rural areas.
2. By strengthening ‘self-help groups’ and providing skill development.
3. By supplying seeds, fertilizers, diesel pump-sets, micro-irrigation equipment for free to farmers.
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
🔠❓MCQ. Which is the earliest launched scheme of the Govt of India? (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)
a) Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana b) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
c) Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana d) Deendayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana
64.8 🤲💸:📯🧔 D EEN DAYAL UPADHYAYA GRAMEEN KAUSHALYA YOJANA
- Rural Youth given FREE skill training using public and private sector training org.
Timeline Event
1999 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) launched by restructuring an earlier

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 scheme called Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
SGSY was split/renamed into two parts: (1) NRLM to form SHGs (2) ‘Aajeevika
2010
Skill’ for skill programs.
• was declared the ‘Antyodaya Diwas’ in honour of Pandit Deen Dayal
2014: 25th Upadhyaya’s 98th Birth Anniversary.
September • Ministry of Rural Development renamed ‘Aajeevika Skills’ as Deen Dayal
Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)

64.8.1 ㈢ DDU-GKY - 3 tier structure (तीन श्रेणी/चरण)

3 tier
(1) National Unit
(2) State Skills Missions
(3) Project Implementing
Agencies (PIAs)
function / responsibilities
responsible for policy, central investments and technical support;
under Ministry of Rural Development
responsible for state investments, implementation and monitoring
controls;
these are both public and private training partners. They work for
skill training, and placements.

64.8.2 💰 DDU-GKY → Funding quota for Beneficiary (किस समुदाय को कितना पैसा जाएगा?)
Funding Category Funding Category
50% allocation to SC/ST groups 33% allocation to women
15% allocation to minorities 3% allocation to PH

64.8.3 🙋🏻DDU-GKY - Beneficiary? (कौन है लाभार्थी?)

Rural youth from poor families, belonging to following groups:
• (a) MGNREGA worker family who completed 15 days of work;
• (b) Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) household; [later this Yojana/scheme was
subsumed into PM-JAY ₹5 lakh health-insurance scheme.]
• (c) Antyodaya Anna Yojana card household; (d) BPL PDS card households;
• (e) NRLM-SHG household; (f) Household under auto inclusion parameters of SECC 2011.
Age limit: 15 to 35 years. Higher age limit for SC/ST/Women/PH.
64.8.4 DDU-GKY → placement / jobs (कितनों को नौकरी मिलेगी?)
• Minimum of 70% trainees must get job-placement.
• they must earn get a minimum salary of ₹ 6,000 per month or the minimum wages for given
job, whichever is higher.
64.8.5 🧑‍🏭
DDU-GKY → JK and NE special focus- ROSHNI and Himayat
Under DeenDayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) : two sub-schemes
• ROSHNI program: for left wing extremist affected areas of 9 States. Mandatory residential
course with 40% coverage to women candidates
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 • Himayat program: for All youth of the UT of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh are covered
under this scheme with 100% central funding.
64.9 🤲💸:📯🧔 P OVERTY REMOVAL → DISHA COMMITTEES (2016)

Boss? Ministry of Rural Development (ग्राम विकास मं त्रालय)

- District Development Coordination and Monitoring Committee (DISHA) = elected members of
(Parliament + State legislature + Local Governments: PRI,ULB) for efficient and time-bound
development of districts.
- They’ll meet once every quarter and assess the schemes implementation.
- DISHA Committee’s chairman will be the senior most MP (Lok Sabha) from the given district.
DM/Collector(IAS) will act as member Secretary to implement the Committee’s directives.
जिला कलेक्टर, विधायक और सांसद की समिति बनाकर सरकारी योजनाओं की समीक्षा करेंगे
64.9.1 🤲💸 📯🧔
: Poverty Removal → Mission Antyodaya (2017)
Boss? Ministry of Rural Development (ग्राम विकास मं त्रालय)
 It’s similar to those two timepass ‘Adarsh Gram Yojanas’ we learned in Pillar#5.
 Here Govt will implement the other ongoing schemes with more vigilance and accountability
with the help of Gram Panchayat, NGOs, SHGs, ASHA workers etc.
 Target? At least 50,000 Gram Panchayats become poverty free by 2020.
नया पैसा नहीं देंगे बस अन्य सारी योजनाएं अच्छे से लागू करो ताकि गरीबी दूर हो सके
64.9.2 🤲💸:📯🧔 Poverty Removal → RUDSETI (RSETI)
बेरोजगार नौजवानों को तालीम देने के लिए जिला स्तर पर प्रशिक्षण कें द्र शुरू करो
- Rural Development and Self- Employment Training Institute (RUDSETI / RSETI)
- To provide training to unemployed youth of of 18–45 years age group.
- Using 3-way partnership between MoRD (Ministry of Rural Development), state
governments and banks.
- The banks must setup at least one RSETI in a district, to provide training to rural youth.
Course Examples
papad, pickle and masala powder making vastra chitra kala udyami-
products based
embroidery, fabric painting, costume jewellery udyami ,women’s tailor
process based house aaya and beauty parlour management
After training → certificate given by ‘Assessment and Certification Board’.

(Batch: PCB11-RAFTAAR-Prelims-ONLY) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#6C HRD: Poverty → Page 1188

64.9.3 🤲💸 📯🧔
: Poverty Removal → SMILE 75 (भिखारी-मुक्त हो 75 शहर)
 By Social Justice Ministry to make 75 cities “begging-free”.
 To help beggars through rehabilitation, medical facilities, education, skill development,
economic opportunities etc.
भिक्षुओं का पुनर्वास, चिकित्सा सुविधाओं, शिक्षा, कौशल विकास, आर्थिक अवसर आदि
64.10 🤲💸:📯🧔 P OVERTY REMOVAL → DIRECTLY GIVE ₹ ₹ → UBI
Int-Budget-2019: We are spending ~₹ 12 lakh crores in schemes. Out of that ₹3.3 lakh crores in
subsidies. Yet, schemes/subsidies suffer from two problems.
 Inclusion Error (समावेश त्रुटि): Non-poor families receive benefits = “free rider” problem. ~40% of
Food subsidies wasted in this manner. (जो लोग वास्तव में गरीब है कि वो सरकारी योजनाओं की मज़े ले जाते हैं)
 Exclusion Error (बहिष्करण त्रुटि): Real Poor not receiving benefit. ~40-60% of real needy families
don't receive scheme benefit. (जो वास्तव में गरीब है उनको सरकारी योजना का लाभ मिल नहीं रहा)
 Leakage (रिसाव): 20-36% money allotted in PDS/MNREGA is gone in corruption by the
middleman / bureaucrats. (भ्रष्ट अफसर और दलाल पैसा गबन कर जाते हैं)
 Suresh Tendulkar Poverty Estimation Method (2011) says
o Any rural person who is spending monthly ₹ 816/> is not poor = annual ₹ 9800 />
o Any urban person who is spending monthly ₹ 1000/> is not poor = annual ₹ 12000/>
 So, Economic Survey 2017 suggested universal basic income (UBI) ie.. transfer money into poor
persons bank account directly to increase his purchasing power.
 Arguments in favour and against = Shifted to Mains Handout. #Prelims-RAFTAAR 🏎️
64.10.1 🤳🏻💸👟 Poverty Removal: DBT → E-Rupi
Refer to Handout Pillar1A1: Digital Payments. Already covered there.

Next Handout: PILLAR#6D: WEAKER SECTIONs, Women & Child Schemes

(Batch: PCB11-RAFTAAR-Prelims-ONLY) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#6C HRD: Poverty → Page 1189