GRAVITY

MODEL
PLANNING TECHNIQUES

Priyanka Sinha 2023MTPLM001

Bhavya Shekhawat 2023MEP006
What is Gravity Model?
The gravity model is a way to predict how things, like people
or goods, move between two places. It's called the "gravity"
model because it's a bit like how gravity pulls objects
together.
newton’s model

What does the gravity model do?

It predicts spatial interaction.Spatial interaction:Daily
commuting, , travel, international trade.

What does the gravity model illustrate?

It illustrates that spatial interaction in not based solely upon
distance because it also incorporates population as a factor
as well.
PUSH AND PULL FACTOR
PUSH PULL
Political Freedom
instability Multicultural
Lack of Marriage
education Good quality
Freedom of education,
poor treatment opportunities
Lack of safety for studies
Lack of freedom Lots of job
Racism, opportunities
discrimination Environment
Lack of gender High tech
equality Strong economy
Natural Safety
disasters
Poor economy
Lack of quality
healthcare
TYPES OF GRAVITY MODEL
TRADE GRAVITY MODELS MIGRATION GRAVITY HEALTHCARE
MODELS ACCESSIBILITY MODELS
Based on economic considering factors like factors like population
factors, such as GDP, employment opportunities, distribution, distance to
distance, and economic cost of living, and distance healthcare facilities, and
policies. healthcare capacity.

ECONOMIC URBAN HEALTHCARE

PLANNING PLANNING PLANNING

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TRIP DISTRIBUTION RETAIL GRAVITY MODELS

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Duis vulputate nulla at ante
TOURISM GRAVITY MODELS
MODELS rhoncus, vel efficitur felis
condimentum. Proin odio
factors such as factors such
odio. as population factors like tourist
population, distance, and density, income levels, and attractions, travel
road capacity proximity to competitors distance, and travel costs.

TRANSPORTATION RETAIL TOURISM

PLANNING PLANNING PLANNING
MIGRATION GRAVITY MODELS
The migration gravity model is a theoretical framework used
in the study of migration patterns. It is named after the law
of gravity because it borrows the concept of gravitational
pull to explain the movement of people between two
locations. The migration gravity model suggests that the
flow of migrants between two places is directly
proportional to the size of the populations in those places
and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

Mij is the flow of migrants from location i to location j. Vision

Pj are the populations of locations i and j, respectively.
Dij is the distance between locations i and j.
City 1
The model assumes that larger populations at both the
City 2
origin and destination increase the likelihood of
migration, while greater distances between locations act
City 3
as a deterrent to migration.
 EXAMPLE - WHICH CITY HAS A GREATER POLE?
New York City and Los Angeles or El Paso and Tucson.

El Paso population= 703,127 NYC metropolitan population= 20,124,377

Tucson population= 790,755 LA metro population= 15,781,273
Distance = 263 miles Distance =2462 miles
(703127 x790755)/(263x263) (20124377 x 15781273)/(2462 x 2462)
=8,038,300 =52,394,823

Source- Google earth Source- Google earth

• It's important to note that while the
migration gravity model provides a
useful conceptual framework, migration
is a complex phenomenon influenced
by a variety of economic, social,
political, and cultural factors.
Therefore, the model is a simplification
and may not capture all the nuances
of migration dynamics in every
situation. Researchers use it as a
starting point to understand and
analyze migration patterns but often
incorporate additional variables and
considerations to enhance its accuracy.

LIMITATIONS
CULTURAL FACTORS
EG: INDIA VS. USA
INDIA VS. CHINA
 TRAFFIC FLOW MODEL
Conceptually based on Newton's law of
Gravitation
F=Gx M1 M2/ d2
F = Gravitational force between bodies 1 and 2.
G = constant
m₁= mass of body 1
m₂= mass of body 2
d = distance between body 1 and 2
Similarly, it is applied to trip interchanges:
the magnitude of the trip interchange
between zones i and j is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the trip
productions of zone i and the trip
attractions of zone j and is inversely
proportional to the distance between two
zones.
TRIP DISTRIBUTION MODEL
The decision to travel for a given purpose is
called trip generation.
These generated trips from each zone is then
distributed to all other zones based on the
choice of destination. This is called trip
distribution which forms the second stage of
travel demand modeling.
For example, if the trip generation analysis results in
an estimate of 200 HBW trips in zone 10, then the
trip distribution analysis would determine how many
of these trips would be made between zone 10 and
all the other internal zones.
In addition, the trip distribution process considers
internal-external trips (or vice versa) where one end
of the trip is within the study area and the other end
is outside the study area.
 SINGLE CONSTRAINED VS. DOUBLY CONSTRAINED
When information is available about the
expected growth trips originating in each zone
only or the other way, trips attracted to each
zone only
Tij = Trips between zone i and j
Pi = Trips produced in zone i
A; = Trips attracted to zone j
1 Fij = Friction factor(travel time factor) =
tij = travel time between i and j
Kij = zone adjustment factor
For population less than 1,00,000, Kij = 1
c = exponent, at first stage, it is assumed as 2
When information is available on the future number
of trips originating and terminating in each zone.
Ajk = adjusted attraction factor for attraction zone j,
iteration k
Ajk = A; when k = 1
Cjk = actual attraction total for zone j, iteration k
A; = desired attraction total for attraction zone j
j = attraction zone number, j = 1, 2, ..., n
n = number of zones
k = iteration number, k = 1, 2, ..., m
m = number of iterations
EXAMPLE
A small town has been divided into three traffic zones. An origin-destination survey was conducted earlier
this year and yielded the number of trips between each zone as shown in the table below. Travel times
between zones were also determined. Provide a trip distribution calculation using the gravity model for
two iterations. Assume Ki =1. The survey's results for the zones' travel time
in minutes were as follows:
The following table shows the number of productions
and attractions in each zone: ZONE 1 2 3

ZONE 1 2 3 Total
1 6 4 2

Production
250 450 300 1000
s 2 2 8 3

Attractions 395 180 425 1000 3 1 3 5

The following table shows travel time versus friction factor.

Time(m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
in)

Friction
82 52 50 41 39 26 20 13
factor
SOLUTION
Since Kij = 1, this
ITERATION 1 factor does not
affect calculations.

ZONE 1 ZONE 2
T11=250 x ((395 x 26) / ((395 x 26) + (180 x 41) + (425 x 52))) T21 = 450 x ((395 x 52) / ((395 x 52) + (180 x 13) + (425 x 50)))
T11=250 x (10,270 / 39,750) T21=450 x (20,540 / 44,130)
T11 = 65 T21 = 209
T12=250 x ((180 x 41) / ((395 x 26) + (180 x 41) + (425 x 52))) T22 = 450 x ((180 x 13) / ((395 x 52) + (180 x 13) + (425 x 50)))
T12=250 x (7,380 / 39,750) T22=450 x (2,340 / 44,130)
T12 = 46 T22= 24
T23 = 450 x ((425 x 50) / ((395 x 52) + (180 x 13) + (425x50)))
T13 = 250 x ((425 x 52) / ((395 x 26) + (180 x 41) + (425 x 52)))
T23=450 x (21,250 / 44,130)
T13=250 x (22,100 / 39,750)
T23=217
T13 = 139
ZONE 3
T31 = 300 x ((395 x 82)/((395 x 82) + (180 x 50) + (425 x 39)))
T31=300 x (32,390 / 57,965)
T31 = 168
T32=300 x ((180 x 50) / ((395 x 82) + (180 x 50) + (425 x 39)))
T32=300 x (9,000 / 57,965)
T32 = 46
T33 = 300 x ((425 x 39) / ((395 x 82) + (180 x 50) + (425 x 39)))
T33 = 300 * (16,575 / 57,965)
T33= 86
 TRIP MATRIX FOR ITERATION 1

ZONE 1 2 3 PRODUCTIONS

1 65 46 139 250

2 209 24 217 450

2 168 46 86 300

Computed
442 116 442
attractions

Given attractions 395 180 425

THE RESULTS SUMMARIZED IN MATRIX TABLE REPRESENT A SINGLY CONSTRAINED GRAVITY MODEL. THIS
CONSTRAINT IS THAT THE SUM OF THE PRODUCTIONS IN EACH ZONE IS EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF
PRODUCTIONS GIVEN IN THE PROBLEM STATEMENT. HOWEVER, THE NUMBER OF ATTRACTIONS
COMPUTED IN THE TRIP DISTRIBUTION PHASE DIFFERS FROM THE NUMBER OF ATTRACTIONS GIVEN. FOR
ZONE 1, THE CORRECT NUMBER IS 395, WHEREAS THE COMPUTED VALUE IS 442. VALUES FOR ZONE 2 ARE
180 VERSUS 116, AND FOR ZONE 3, THEY ARE 425 VERSUS 442.
TO CREATE A DOUBLY CONSTRAINED GRAVITY MODEL WHERE THE COMPUTED ATTRACTIONS EQUAL THE
GIVEN ATTRACTIONS, CALCULATE THE ADJUSTED ATTRACTION FACTORS ACCORDING TO THE FORMULA

To produce a doubly constrained

ZONE 1
gravity model, repeat the trip
Ajk = (395/442) x 395 distribution computations using
Ajk = 353 modified attraction values so that the
numbers attracted will be increased
ZONE 2
or reduced as required. For zone 1, for
Ajk = (180/116) x 180 example, the estimated attractions
Ajk = 279 were too great. Therefore, the new
attraction factors are adjusted
ZONE 3
downward by multiplying the original
Ajk = (425/442) x 425
attraction value by the ratio of the
Ajk = 409
original to estimated attraction values.
APPLY THE GRAVITY MODEL FOR ALL ITERATIONS TO CALCULATE ZONAL TRIP INTERCHANGES USING THE ADJUSTED
ATTRACTION FACTORS OBTAINED FROM THE PRECEDING ITERATION. IN PRACTICE, THE GRAVITY MODEL BECOMES
ITERATION 2
Since Kij = 1, this
factor does not
affect calculations.
ZONE 1 ZONE 2
T11 = 250 x ((353 x 26) / ((353 x 26) + (279 x 41) + (409 x 52))) T21 = 450 x ((353 x 52) / ((353 x 52) + (279 x 13) + (409 x 50)))
T11=250 x (9,178 / 41,885) T21 = 450 x (18,356 / 42,433)
T11= 55 T21 = 195
T22 = 450 x ((279 x 13) / ((353 x 52) + (279 x 13) + (409 x 50)))
T12=250 x ((279 x 41) / ((353 x 26) + (279 x 41) + (409 x 52)))
T22 = 450 x (3,627 / 42,433)
T12=250 x (11,439 / 41,885)
T12 = 68 T22 = 38
T13 = 250 x ((409 x 52) / ((353 x 26) + (279 x 41) + (409 x 52))) T23 = 450 x ((409 x 50) / ((353 x 52) + (279 x 13) + (409 x 50)))
T13=250 x (21,268 / 41,885) T23 = 450 x (20,450 / 42,433)
T13=127 T23 = 217
ZONE 3
T31 = 300 x ((353 x 82) / ((353 x 82) + (279 x 50) + (409 x 39)))
T31 = 300 x (28,946 / 58,847)
T31 = 148
T32 = 300 x ((279 x 50) / ((353 x 82) + (279 x 50) + (409 x 39)))
T32 = 300 x (13,950 / 58,847)
T32= 71
T33 = 300 x ((409 x 39) / ((353 x 82) + (279 x 50) + (409 x 39)))
T33 = 300 x (15,951 / 58,847)
T33 = 81
 TRIP MATRIX FOR ITERATION 2

ZONE 1 2 3 PRODUCTIONS

1 55 68 127 250

2 195 38 217 450

2 148 71 81 300

Computed
398 177 425
attractions

Given attractions 395 180 425

THE RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED IN THIS MATRIX TABLE. NOTE THAT, IN EACH CASE, THE SUM OF THE
ATTRACTIONS IS NOW MUCH CLOSER TO THE GIVEN VALUE. THE PROCESS WILL BE CONTINUED
UNTIL THERE IS A REASONABLE AGREEMENT (WITHIN 5%) BETWEEN THE A THAT IS ESTIMATED
USING THE GRAVITY MODEL AND THE VALUES THAT ARE FURNISHED IN THE TRIP GENERATION PHASE.
• Most widely used trip distribution model
• Simple iterative process with computer
oriented technique.
• Consider land use types and different trip
purposes.
• Best Spatial difference measurement
between zones
• Over-estimation of densely populated
areas and under estimation of lightly
populated areas
• Uses aggregate data than
individual data.
• Cannot accommodate changes
between travel modes.
• Cannot define the trip making
behavior change.
• Calibration process is very
difficult.

ADVANTAGE LIMITATION