Chapter 6

Operational Amplifiers

Lecturer: Dr. Tran Vu Hoang

 Outline

Ø Introduction

Ø Practical Op-Amp Circuits

 Introduction

• a very high gain

differential amplifier
• with a high input
impedance (typically a few
meg- Ohms)
• low output impedance
(less than 100 W).
• perform mathematical
operations such as
addition, subtraction,
integration, and
differentiation—thus the
term operational
Introduction
Introduction
 Introduction
• Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-loop or
closed-loop.
• Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback from
output back to the input. In the open-loop configuration the gain can
exceed 10,000.
• Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control the gain of
an op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a negative feedback. A
negative feedback reduces the gain and improves many characteristics of
the op-amp.
 Introduction

• The signal input is applied to the inverting (–) input

• The non-inverting input (+) is grounded
• The resistor Rf is the feedback resistor. It is connected from the output to the
negative (inverting) input. This is negative feedback.
 Ideal Op-amp Characteristics

• Open-loop gain G is infinite

• The Rin is infinite:
• i+ = i- = 0
• v+ = v-
• Rout = 0:
• vout = G.vin
 Introduction

Practical AC equivalent circuit Ideal AC equivalent circuit

 Outline

Ø Introduction

Ø Practical Op-Amp Circuits

 Practical Op-Amp Circuits – Inverting Amplifier

• Gain can be determined from external

resistors: Rf and R1.
iF RF

Iin-
RI i- +Vcc
• Unity gain – Voltage gain is 1 iI vid
vi Vin-
-Vcc
vo
Iin+
Vin+

• The negative sign denotes a 180o phase

shift between input and output.
Practical Op-Amp Circuits – Noninverting Amplifier

$% $( '$)
!" = $ x x !(
& '$% $(

vB +Vcc
R2
vB +Vcc
vA
vi
-Vcc
vo vi R3 vA
-Vcc
vo
RF
RI RF
RI
 Exercise

Calculate the output voltage using the following circuit for resistor components of
value Rf = 470k, R1 = 4.3k, R2 = 33k, and R3 = 33k for an input of 80 !V.
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits – Unity Follower

!" = !$
Rc
+Vcc +Vcc

vi -Vcc vi -Vcc
vo
vo
RF
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Inverting Summing Amplifier
R& R& R&
!" = − !' + !) + !*
R' R) R*
R1
v1
i1 R2 iF RF
v2
i2 R3
v3 +Vcc
i3 vid
-Vcc
vo
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier
R % + R ' !( + !) + !*
!" =
R' *
R1
v1 i1 R2 vB +Vcc
v2
i2 R3
v3 -Vcc
vo
i3 vA
RF
RI
 Exercise

Find Vo1 and Vo

Vo1
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Differential Amplifier
$% $) '$* $)
!" = . !& - !+
$& '$% $* $*

v1
RI RF +Vcc vo1 RI RF
v1 A1
VA +Vcc -Vcc
+Vcc
R2 R2 A3
v2 -Vcc -Vcc
VB vo vo
+Vcc
R3 v2 A2
R3

-Vcc o2v
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Integrator
t
1
vo = - òi CI dt + VCI (0 ) • The output is the integral of the input.
• This circuit is useful in low-pass filter circuits.
CI 0
vi
iC = iI =
RI iC CI
t RI
1 +Vcc
vo (t ) = - ò vi dt + VCI (0 )
RI C I 0 iI
vi -Vcc
vo
Rc
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Integrator
t
1
vo (t ) = - ò vi dt + VCI (0 ) 1
t

RI C I 0 vo (t ) = - ò vi dt + VCI (0)
RI CI 0
t
1 Vp p
vi = VP sin wt vo (t ) = - ò
RI CI 0
V p sin w tdt = +
vRI CI
sin(w t +
2
)
vi
Vm

-Vm t
vo

t
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Integrator

t
1
vo (t ) = -
RI C I ò v dt + V (0)
0
i CI

vi
Vm

-Vm t
vo

t
Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Differentiator
dvi
vo (t ) = - RDii = - RDCD
dt
RD

CD
iR
+Vcc
ii
vi -Vcc
vo
Rc
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Differentiator
dvi
vo (t ) = - RDii = - RDCD
dt
vi = V P sin wt
dvi d (V p sin wt ) æ pö
vo (t ) = - RDC D = - RDC D = RDC DV pw sin ç wt - ÷
dt dt è 2ø
vi
Vm

-Vm t
vo

t
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Comparator
vi
+Vcc
t

vi -Vcc vo vo
Vcc

t
-Vcc

v i =v + > v- = 0V v o = +VCC
v i =v + < v- = 0V v o = -VCC
Zero-Level Detection
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Comparator

+Vcc vi

vi vo vo
-Vcc Vcc

t
-Vcc

v i =v - < v+ = 0V v o = +VCC

v i =v - > v+ = 0V v o = -VCC
Zero-Level Detection
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Comparator

vi
+Vcc vref
t

vi -Vcc vo vo
Vcc

Vref t
-Vcc

NonZero-Level Detection
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Comparator

vi
+Vcc vref
t

vi -Vcc vo
vo Vcc

Vref t
-Vcc

NonZero-Level Detection
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Schmitt trigger
+Vcc
vo
-Vcc
vi +Vcc

RF vo -βVcc
0
+βVcc
vi
RI -Vcc

vi
Vm
UTP
t
LTP
-Vm
vo
Vcc

t
-Vcc
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits
Schmitt trigger
RF
i
RI
+Vcc
i v+
vi -Vcc vo

vi
Vm
UTP
t
LTP
-Vm
vo
Vcc

t
-Vcc