EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
PREPARED BY: ENGR. PAULINE PERALTA SARMIENTO
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. DEFINE EARTHQUAKE/SEISMIC LOAD AND ITS
PARAMETERS
2. SOLVE FOR THE DESIGN BASE SHEAR
LATERAL LOAD
• Lateral loads are live loads that acts parallel to the ground.
• The common lateral loads on structures are WIND LOAD,
EARTHQUAKE LOAD, WATER, AND EARTH PRESSURE.
SEISMIC LOAD
• The term seismic load refers to the amount of seismic energy—that is, waves of
energy that pass through the earth—that a structure would have to withstand in a
given area.
Calculating seismic loads entails taking the following into account:
• seismic parameters at the construction site
• The kind of materials that were utilized to build the structure
• The standard of a structure's construction
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• SECTION 208 – EARTHQUAKE LOAD – NSCP 2015
• SECTION 208.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of the succeeding earthquake provisions is primarily to
design seismic-resistant structures to safeguard against major structural
damage that may lead to loss of life and property. These provisions are not
intended to assure zero-damage to structures nor maintain their functionality
after a severe earthquake.
• List of Parameters needed in the design
1. Seismic Zoning
2. Seismic source type
3. Site Characteristics
4. Occupancy Category
5. Configuration
6. height
7. Structural system
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
Earthquake loads are dynamic in nature, meaning they are always active
and/or changing, and require a complex dynamic analysis. Section 208 of
the NSCP presents the Static Force Procedure as an alternative method of
analysis for earthquake loads. The procedure consists of replacing the
dynamic seismic force at the building's base with a single static force
known as the Design Base Shear.
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
STEP 2: SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL DESIGN BASE SHEAR, V
STEP 3: DETERMINE THE ELASTIC FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD OF
VIBRATION OF A STRUCTURE
STEP 4: DETERMINE THE LATERAL/SHEAR FORCE FOR EACH FLOOR
LEVEL
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
Only applied to buildings of any occupancy (including single
family dwellings) not more that three stories in height excluding
basements that use light-frame construction.
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
STEP 2: SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL DESIGN BASE SHEAR, V
STEP 3: DETERMINE THE LATERAL FORCE FOR EACH FLOOR LEVEL
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
1. Seismic Zoning
Section 208.4.4.1 – Seismic Zone: There are only 2 seismic zones
in the Philippines, Zone 2 and 4. Zone 2 covers provinces like Sulu, Tawi-
tawi, and Palawan (except Busanga) while the rest of the country is
under Zone 4.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
2. Seismic source type
SECTION 208.4.4.2
Defines the types of seismic sources.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
2. Seismic source type
Procedure to determine the seismic source type of the location
of a project:
1. Using PHIVOLCS FAULT FINDER in the home section, tap the Philippines
Fault Systems tab. Then press active fault based on location. Indicate
the exact location of your project. The application will show details that
indicate the distance of the nearest active fault trace, fault name, etc.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
2. Seismic source type
SECTION 208.4.4.2
Defines the types of seismic sources.
Procedure to determine the seismic source type of the location of a
project and the Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor, Na and Nv.
2. Find for the Maximum Moment Magnitude, M in Richter scale, of the
Fault.
3. Determine Near-source Factor, Na and Nv.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
2. Seismic source type
Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor, Na and Nv.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
2. Seismic source type
Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor, Na and Nv.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
2. Seismic source type
Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor, Na and Nv.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
3. Site Characteristics
Soil Profile type – Site-specific
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
3. Site Characteristics
Soil Profile type
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
3. Site Characteristics
Soil Profile type
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
3. Site Characteristics
Soil Profile type
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
3. Site Characteristics
When the soil properties are
not known in sufficient detail,
assume it as Soil Profile type D
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
4. Occupancy Category
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
4. Occupancy Category
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
5. Configuration
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
5. Configuration
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
5. Configuration
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
6. Height, hx
Height above the base to level x in meters (for each floor)
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
Determination of R, (numerical coefficient representative of
the inherent over-strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-force-
resisting systems)
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN
7. Structural system
determination of R,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 2: SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL DESIGN BASE SHEAR, V
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 2: SOLVE FOR THE TOTAL DESIGN BASE SHEAR, V
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 3: DETERMINE THE ELASTIC FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD OF
VIBRATION OF A STRUCTURE, T
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 3: DETERMINE THE ELASTIC FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD OF
VIBRATION OF A STRUCTURE, T
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 4: DETERMINE THE LATERAL/SHEAR FORCE FOR EACH FLOOR
LEVEL
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
• STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE
STEP 4: DETERMINE THE LATERAL/SHEAR FORCE FOR EACH FLOOR
LEVEL
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A three story residential building in Brgy. Tinamnan, lucban,
Quezon has the following parameters:
w1=280 kN w2=230 kN w3=210kN
h1=4 m h2=2.7 m h3=2.7 m
Soil Profile Type D
Located at 10 km from the seismic source type C
Regular Concrete Structure
Ordinary reinforced concrete moment frame
Calculate the design base shear and the distributed force at each level.
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
SAMPLE PROBLEM
=three story residential
building in Brgy.
Tinamnan, lucban,
Quezon 1. Design Parameters
seismic zone 4
=Seismic Load: • Seismic zoning = Zone 4,
near-source factor:
w1=280 kN Seismic Zone Factor Z= 0.4
Na= 1.0
w2=230 kN • Seismic Source Type Seismic Response Coefficient:
Nv= 1.0
w3=210kN Location of the project: Ca=0.44Na
• Site characteristics
=Soil Profile Type = D Brgy. Tinamnan, Lucban, =0.44(1.0)
Soil Profile Type D
=10 km away from the Quezon =0.44
Seismic Response
seismic source distance from the nearest Cv=0.64Nv
Coefficient
=Seismic source type C fault: 10 km =0.64(1.0)
=Regular Concrete Seismic source type C =0.64
Structure seismic zone 4 near-source • Occupancy category:
=Ordinary reinforced factor: = residential building, O.C. =
concrete moment frame IV
(standard occupancy structures)
• Configuration:
=regular structures
• Height:
= 4+2.7+2.7 = 9.4 m
• Structural system
(ordinary reinforced concrete
moment frame) R= 3.5
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
SAMPLE PROBLEM
=three story residential
building in Brgy.
Tinamnan, lucban,
Quezon • Occupancy category:
• Configuration:
=Seismic Load: = residential building, O.C. =
=regular structures
w1=280 kN IV
• Height:
w2=230 kN (standard occupancy structures)
hn= 4+2.7+2.7 = 9.4 m
w3=210kN • Structural system
=Soil Profile Type = D (ordinary reinforced
=10 km away from the concrete moment frame)
seismic source R= 3.5
=Seismic source type C
=Regular Concrete
Structure
=Ordinary reinforced
concrete moment frame
Seismic importance factor,
I=1.0
Ip=1.0 (importance factor for
non structural component)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
=three story residential
building in Brgy.
Tinamnan, lucban,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
Quezon
2. Total Design Base Shear, V
=Seismic Load: Period of Vibration, T (using method
𝑪𝒂 𝑰
w1=280 kN 𝑽= 𝑾 A- for all buildings)
w2=230 kN 𝑹𝑻
3
V= design base shear
w3=210kN 𝑇= 𝐶𝑡 (ℎ𝑛 )4
Ca= Seismic response coefficient 3
=height h1=4 m I= importance factor 𝑇 = 0.0731(9.4)4
h2=2.7 m R= Response reduction factor 𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄
h3=2.7 m T=Period of Vibration
=Soil Profile Type = D W= total seismic load total seismic load
=10 km away from the 𝑊 = 𝑊1 +𝑊2 +𝑊3
seismic source 3. Period of Vibration, T (using 𝑊 = 280 + 230 + 210
=Seismic source type C method A- for all buildings) 𝑾 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵
=Regular Concrete 𝟑
Structure 𝑻 = 𝑪𝒕 (𝒉𝒏 )𝟒 Total design base shear, V Roof deck
=Ordinary reinforced Fn= FX(3F)+Ft
𝐶𝑎 𝐼 W3
concrete moment frame 𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅𝑇
Z=0.4 0.44 1.0 3rd F
𝑉= 720𝑘𝑁 W2
Na=1.0 3.5 0.392431
Nv=1.0 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑵
Compare with the maximum base 2nd F
Ca=0.44 Ct=0.0731 ( for reinforced concrete FX(2F) W1
Cv=0.64 shear
moment-resisting 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
I=1.0 frames) 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊
𝑅 V
Ip=1.0 GF
R=3.5
hn=9.4 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM
=three story residential
building in Brgy.
Tinamnan, lucban,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
Quezon
=Seismic Load: Compare with the maximum base 0.8 1.0 1.0
w1=280 kN shear 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑧=0.4 = 720
3.5
w2=230 kN 2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒛=𝟎.𝟒 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊
w3=210kN 𝑅
=height h1=4 m 𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝒙 𝟑𝑳 + 𝑭𝒕
𝑽 > 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒛=𝟎.𝟒 (Safeeee!)
h2=2.7 m 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2.5 0.44 (1.0)
(720kN) 𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝒙 𝟑𝑳 +𝟎
3.5
h3=2.7 m 𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝒙 𝟑𝑳
Thus use V=230.65 kN
=Soil Profile Type = D 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑵
=10 km away from the 4. Lateral/shear force for each
seismic source floor level
=Seismic source type C 𝑽 < 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Safeeee!)
=Regular Concrete T=0.392431 sec<0.7 ,
Structure Roof deck
Fn= FX(3F)+Ft
=Ordinary reinforced Compare with the minimum shear Force at the top, Ft W3
concrete moment frame values
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾 𝑭𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝑻𝑽 < 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑽 3rd F
Z=0.4 W2
Na=1.0 Ct=0.0731 𝟎. 𝟖𝑵𝒗 𝑰
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒛=𝟎.𝟒 = 𝑾
Nv=1.0 T=0.392431 sec 𝑹 according to section 208.5.2.3 Ft is
2nd F
Ca=0.44 W=720 kN considered 0 if T is less that 0.7 FX(2F) W1
Cv=0.64 V=230.65 kN 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.11 0.44 1.0 720𝑘𝑁
I=1.0 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 Therefore: Ft=0
V
Ip=1.0 GF
R=3.5 𝑽 > 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 (Safeeee!)
hn=9.4 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM
=three story residential
building in Brgy.
Tinamnan, lucban,
DESIGN BASE SHEAR
Quezon
4. Lateral/shear force for each Roof deck
=Seismic Load: Fn= FX(3F)+Ft
w1=280 kN floor level W3
lateral force at 2nd floor
w2=230 kN
𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝒙 + 𝑭𝒕 3rd F
w3=210kN 𝟑𝑳 FX(3F) W2 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 − 𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟎
=height h1=4 m 𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝒙 +𝟎 𝑭𝒙(𝟐𝑭) =
𝟑𝑳 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓
h2=2.7 m 𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝒙 𝟑𝑳 2nd F
h3=2.7 m FX(2F) W1 𝑭𝒙(𝟐𝑭) = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵
=Soil Profile Type = D (𝑽 − 𝑭𝒕 )𝒘𝒙 𝒉𝒙
=10 km away from the 𝑭𝒙 =
σ 𝒘𝒊 𝒉𝒊 V
Lateral force at 3rd floor
seismic source GF
=Seismic source type C 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 − 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟏
=Regular Concrete Column height Load, wx hx Wxhx 𝑭𝒙(𝟑𝑭) =
level
(m) (kN) (m) (kN-m)
𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓
Structure
=Ordinary reinforced First 4 0 0 𝑭𝒙(𝟑𝑭) = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑵
concrete moment frame
Second 2.7 280 4 1120
Z=0.4 Lateral force at roof deck,
Na=1.0 Ct=0.0731 Third 2.7 230 6.7 1541
Nv=1.0 T=0.392431 sec 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 − 𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒
𝑭𝒙(𝑹𝑫) =
Ca=0.44 W=720 kN Roof deck 210 9.4 1974 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟓
Cv=0.64 V=230.65 kN W=720 kN hn=9.4 m =4635 kN-m
I=1.0 Ft=0 𝑭𝒙(𝑹𝑫) = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
Ip=1.0
R=3.5 𝑭𝒏 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
hn=9.4 m
ANSWER:
lateral force at 2nd floor
𝑭𝒙(𝟐𝑭) = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 Roof deck
98.2315 kN
Lateral force at 3rd floor
𝑭𝒙(𝟑𝑭) = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑵
3rd F
76.6843 kN
Lateral force at roof deck,
𝑭𝒙(𝑹𝑫) = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
55.7342 kN 2nd F
𝑭𝒏 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵
Design Base Shear
𝑽 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑵 GF 230.65 kN
