6/20/2017

SEMINAR/WORKSHOP IN THE PREPARATION Objectives of this Presentation

OF DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN
Department of Interior & Local Government
June 19-23, 2017
Presented by:
Virgilio B. Columna, m.eng., F.ASEP, F. PICE
Civil Structural Engineer
Specialist in Structural Engineering, PICE
Past President, ASEP (2013-2014)
Chairman of the Board/President,
V.B. Columna Construction Corporation
Trustee, IPROVE Global, Inc.
1.
2.
Wilfredo S. Lopez, F.ASEP, F.PICE
WSLOPEZ Engineering Services
Structural Engineering Specialist, PICE
Past President, ASEP (2008-2009)
Former Chief, Structural Division,
BOD, DPWH
Trustee, IPROVE Global Inc.
To discuss the principles and procedures in
the structural analysis and design of
buildings.
To discuss and to familiarize the
participants with the various structural
design parameters required in the
preparation of the detailed engineering
design of buildings.

Contents of the Presentation:

Outcomes
1. Introduction: Overview
At the end of this presentation, the participants Stages of Design of Buildings PART I
are expected to: 2. Components of Structural Analysis &
Design of Buildings
1. acquire knowledge in the application of
Basis of Design; Modeling;
design parameters use in structural design Analysis procedures; Design procedures;
of building structures. Detailing; Working drawings
2. apply the knowledge learned in the 3. General Design Parameters: Loads &
preparation of structural design and Actions PART II
Wind/EQ Load Provisions
analysis of buildings especially in the
design of evacuation centers.

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PART I: Overview of Design Consultants/Professionals

Planning, Materials, Aesthetics, Cost (Value)
Structural Analysis & Design of Buildings
Building Plans

Proposed Building
Budget, Requirements
Architectural
Structural/Civil/Geotechnical
Construction Electrical/Mechanical
Makati Skyline
Sanitary/Plumbing
MMEIRS 2004
Permits Electronics
Supervision/Inspection
Maintenance
Building Design & Construction Process

Stages of Design of Buildings Stages of Design of Buildings

Schematic Design Schematic Design

Stage Stage Components:
1. Basis of Design
Design Issues
Detailed Engineering Detailed Engineering 2. Modeling
New Requirements
Design Stage Design Adjustments Design Stage 3. Analysis procedures
Value Engineering 4. Design procedures
5. Detailing
Contract Documentation Contract Documentation 6. Working drawings
Stage Stage

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1. Preparation of Basis of Design

Components of the Structural Analysis &
Design of Buildings a. Project Requirements
a.1. Architectural layout which shows the following:
1. Basis of Design building footprint
space allocations
2. Modeling area usage
3. Analysis procedures partition layout
4. Design procedures building elevations and floor-to-floor heights
5. Detailing intended materials to be used (i.e. partitions,
finishes, ceilings, etc.)
6. Working drawings equipment layout, if any
other information that may impact the structural
design,

b. the geotechnical (soil) requirements or constraints

d. Design Criteria
d.1 Design References:
National Structural Code of the
Philippines, Vol. 1 7th Ed. (NSCP 2015)
American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE 7-10)
Sample Soil boring log & behavior
under ultimate soil bearing capacity
1997 Uniform Building Code
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC)
c. design intentions on how to structurally support
the requirements.

3

d. Design Criteria (cont.)
d.2 Strength of Materials:
i. 28-day concrete cylinder strength, f’c
Columns, Shear Walls,
Beams, Slabs, Retaining Walls
Other structural elements
ii. Yield strength, fy, of steel
reinforcement
iii. Yield strength, Fy of structural steel
iv. Strengths of connectors, etc.
d. Design Criteria (cont.)
d3. Design Loads (cont.)
ii. Live Load – covers anticipated loads
coming from use or occupancy of an
area; NSCP recommended values for
uniform and concentrated live loads
are listed in Table 205-1, Chapter 2 –
Minimum Design Loads.
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d. Design Criteria (cont.)
d3. Design Loads
i. Dead Load – covers fixed weights to
include own weight and
superimposed fixed elements,
topping + finishes, ceiling+ ME/EE
utilities, partitions (movable and
fixed)
d. Design Criteria (cont.)
d3. Design Loads (cont.)
iii. Wind Load – covers anticipated loads
coming from exposure to wind.
NSCP 2015, Section 207
contains provisions that govern
wind loads and wind design
procedures.
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d. Design Criteria (cont.)

d3. Design Loads (cont.)
Some important wind parameters:
Occupancy Category
Basic Wind Speed at the project site
Roughness Category
Exposure Category
Topographic Effects
Enclosure Classification

d. Design Criteria (cont.) d. Design Criteria (cont.)

d3. Design Loads (cont.)
iv. Earthquake Load – covers anticipated
loads coming from the effects of
seismic ground motion. NSCP 2015,
Section 208 contains provisions that
govern earthquake loads and
earthquake-resistant design
procedures
d3. Design Loads (cont.)
Some important seismic parameters :
Seismicity of site/Zone Factor
Seismic Source Type
Soil Profile type
Distance or nearness to source
Seismic Importance Factor
Structural System

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Seismic Importance Factor, I 2. Modeling

From the architectural layout, a structural model
is developed as follows:
a. Structural Framing Scheme
i. foundation plan – location & markings of
column-footings, walls footings, slab-on-fill,
retaining walls, footing-tie-beams
ii. floor framing layout – location & markings
of shear walls, main girders/beams, intermediate
beams, floor system, roof framing systems,
stairwells, and columns (for planted columns).

2. Modeling 2. Modeling
a. Structural Framing Scheme (cont.) a. Structural Framing Scheme (cont.)
iii. Type of construction based on project iv. Main lateral-resisting system based on
duration, complexity, accessibility of material over-all size and height of building, occupancy,
procurement, economy, etc. anticipated lateral loads, allowable sizes of
Reinforced-concrete (RC) members, etc.
Structural Steel
Wood
Mixed-type
others

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2. Modeling 2. Modeling
a. Structural Framing Scheme (cont.) a. Structural Framing Scheme (cont.)
v. Superstructure framing system and load vi. Foundation system
path for gravity and lateral loads spread footings with or without tie beams
Bearing walls vs. columns [vertical combined footings or strapped footings
members] mat foundation
Conventional beam-slab vs. Flat-slab piled foundation
[horizontal members]
Rigid Diaphragm vs. flexible diaphragm

NSCP Sec. 208.4.6 Structural Systems NSCP Sec. 208.4.6 Structural Systems
Structural systems shall be classified as one of
the types listed in Table 208-11 and defined as
follows:

Bearing Wall System

A structural system without a complete vertical
Non Building System load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or
bracing systems provide support for all or most
Seismic Zone 4 gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
&2 provided by shear walls or braced frames.

Table 208-11

7

NSCP Sec. 208.4.6 Structural Systems
Building Frame System
A structural system with an essentially complete
space frame providing support for gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or
braced frames.
Moment-Resisting Frame System
A structural system with an essentially complete
space frame providing support for gravity loads.
Moment resisting frames provide resistance to lateral
load primarily by flexural action of members.
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NSCP Sec. 208.4.6 Structural Systems
Dual System
A structural system with the following features:
1. An essentially complete space frame that provides
support for gravity loads.
2. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or
braced frames and moment-resisting frames (SMRF,
IMRF, OMRF). The moment resisting frames shall be
designed to independently resist at least 25 percent of
the design base shear.
3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total
design base shear in proportion to their relative
rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system
at all levels.
SMRFs are recommended in seismic zone 4
IMRFs are recommended in seismic zone 2
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Concrete Moment-Resisting Frame with Shearwalls

(Dual System)

NSCP Sec. 208.4.6 Structural Systems

SW
Systems Concepts
Optimal Performance Achieved by:
- (Sec. 404.4.4)
Structure Period:
- (Sec. 208.4.1)
Along Long. Dir - (Sec. 208.4.5)
T = 0.915 sec
- (Sec. 208.9)
Along Trans. Dir
T = 0.607 sec - (Sec. 208.4.5)
- (Sec.418)
- (Sec.418/208.7.2.3)
Sample 3D-Dual Frame System

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Sec. 421.9.3 Seismic Load Path Sec. 412 Diaphragms

Sec. 208.5.1.3 Horizontal Distribution of Shear

Sec. 412 Diaphragms Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular

Sec. 208.5.1.3 Horizontal Distribution of Shear Structures : Table 208-9)

Zone 4
NSCP

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2013 Bohol EQ

Soft Storey Failure

Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular
Structures : Table 208-9) Structures : Table 208-9)

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Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular
Structures : Table 208-9) Structures : Table 208.9)

Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular
Structures : Table 208-10) Structures : Table 208-10)

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Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular

Structures : Table 208-10)

Sec. 208.4.5 Configuration Requirements (Irregular

Structures : Table 208-10)

Sky World Hotel,

Baguio City 1990 EQ

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Sec. 208.5.1.3 Horizontal Torsional Moments Sec. 208.5.1.3 Horizontal Torsional Moments

Plan Configuration: Asymmetry in Stiffness Failure due to torsion

Torsional Forces
Bohol EQ 10.15.13

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Sec. 208.6 Overstrength Factor, ῼ0

Failure due to torsion 57

Bohol EQ 10.15.13

Sec. 208.7 Detailed System Design Requirements

3. Analysis Procedure
Any system or method of construction to be used
shall be based on a rational analysis in
accordance with well established principles of
mechanics that take into account equilibrium,
general stability, geometric compatibility and
both short-term and long-term material
Seismic properties. The analysis shall include, but not be
Zone 2 & 4 limited to, the following :
a. Stability against overturning
b. Self-straining forces
c. Anchorage

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3. Analysis Procedure 3. Analysis Procedure

a. Stability against overturning a. Stability against overturning
Every structure shall be designed to resist the
overturning moment caused with adequate
Factor of Safety (FOS).

SAI Building, Manila Photos courtesy of

Phil. Daily Inquirer 7/24/04 Engr, Ting Torres

3. Analysis Procedure 3. Analysis Procedure

b. Self-straining forces
Provisions shall be made for anticipated self-
straining forces arising from differential settlement
of foundations and from restrained dimensional
changes due to temperature, moisture, shrinkage,
heave, creep and similar effects.
c. Anchorage
Anchorage of all building components shall be
provided and adequately detailed to resist
forces that result from the application of the
prescribed forces.

1990 Luzon EQ Negros EQ 2012

1964 Niigata Eq, Japan Surigao EQ 2017

16

3. Analysis Procedure
ACTION (FORCE OR EXCITATION) may be -
STATIC – constant, slowly applied load; or
DYNAMIC – time varying loads
STRUCTURE – consists of elements or components
made of materials and connected in a specific
geometric arrangement.
Materials may be ELASTIC or INELASTIC
RESPONSE may be LINEAR or NONLINEAR
3. Analysis Procedure
Permitted methods of analysis: NSCP Sec. 406
a. The simplified method for analysis of
continuous beams and one-way slabs for
gravity loads;
b. First-order Analysis;
c. Elastic second-order Analysis;
d. Inelastic second-order Analysis;
e. Finite element analysis.
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3. Analysis Procedure
ACTION : Dead Load, Live Load, Wind Load, Seismic, etc.
STRUCTURE: Material, Components, Geometry, Supports, etc.
RESPONSE: Displacements, Stresses, Moments, Shears, etc.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – determination of the RESPONSE
of a STRUCTURE due to external ACTIONS.
3. Analysis Procedure
Methods of Analysis:
• Moment Distribution Method: first order
• ACI Moment Coefficient: simplified method
• Factor Method: first order
• Portal Method: first order
• P-delta Effect : Second order
• Stiffness Method/Finite Element
Method (FEM) : computer-aided: first/second
order
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Sec. 208.5.1.3 PΔ Effects 4. Design Procedure

P P P Structural Design Methods:
Δ1 Δ1 Δ
V 2
V V • Working Stress Design/Allowable Strength
Design (WSD/ASD)
• Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
h h h • Plastic Design/Limit State Design
• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Ma Ma Va Ma Va
Va
a b c

Va = V Va = V Va=V
Ma = V*h Ma = (V*h)+(P*Δ1) Ma = (V*h)+P(Δ1+Δ2)

4. Design Procedure 4. Design Procedure

NSCP Chapter 4: Structural Concrete NSCP Chapter 5: Structural Steel

Resistance LOAD & RESISTANCE

Strength
Reduction ϕ ULTIMATE STRENGHT
DESIGN: USD
Factor FACTOR DESIGN: LRFD

Factor

WORKING STRESS (Nominal Strength)

DESIGN: WSD (Required Strength: LRFD)

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4. Design Procedure 5. Detailing Procedure

NSCP Chapter 5: Structural Steel Reference Documents:
NSCP Volume 1: Chapter 4 for Structural Concrete

Ω
Chapter 5 for Structural Steel
NSCP Earthquake Design Manual
Safety ALLOWABLE STRENGTH
ACI 315-99: Details and Detailing of Concrete
Factor DESIGN: ASD Reinforcement

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY is an ability of a structure through

strength, redundancy, ductility, and detailing of
reinforcement to redistribute stresses and maintain overall
(Nominal Strength) stability if localized damage or significant overstress occurs.
(Required Strength:ASD)

Reference Model Codes

NSCP 2015 Vol 1, 7th Edition: ACI Manual of Concrete
Chapter 4: Structural Concrete Practice 2007
Chapter 5: Structural Steel
ASEP Earthquake Design Manual

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Sec. 418.6 Flexural Members of Special Moment Sec. 418.6 Flexural Members of Special Moment
Frames Frames
Shear Reinforcement for Beams (designed to resist Shear Reinforcement for Beams (designed to resist
seismic load) seismic load)
Spacing of stirrups:
Expected Plastic at 2h distance:
Hinge
d/4
6 *smallest bar diameter
150 mm
Beam First hoop shall be located
2h 2h Beam not more than 50 mm
2h from face of support
Confined
Confined 2h
Region
Region
Confined
Rest = d/2
Confined Region
Region

Sec. 409.7.6 Transverse Reinforcements (Beams) Sec. 418.7 Special Moment Frame Subjected to
Bending and Axial Load
Spacing shall not exceed
d/2 for beams designed Confined
lo
Expected Plastic Region
Hinge not to resist seismic load
lo : depth of
If vs exceeds 0.33 √fc’ Expected member
Plastic Hinge
max. spacing d/4 1/6 clear
span
Beam
450 mm
(see Table 409.7.6.2.2) Clear spacing of ties along lo :
¼ least column dimension ; 6 bar dia. Confined
Confined So = 100+ ((350-hx)/3) = 100 ≤ so ≤ 150 Region lo
Confined Region
Region hx ≤ 350 mm
Beyond lo , s : 6 bar diameter;: 150 mm

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6db, 75 mm
min.

6db, 75 mm min ext. 6db

6db ext.
Consecutive crossties
must have their 90 –
degree hooks on
opposite sides of
x column.

x x x
X must not exceed 350 mm

6db, 75 mm min
extension.

Sample Detailing of Structural Members: From ACI 315-99

Typ. seismic-resistant details: column transverse reinforcements

Shear Failure, insufficient ties

Beam-Column Joint showing confinement zone

2017 Surigao EQ

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6. Working Drawings 4. Working Drawings

The working drawings describe all the works necessary to
complete a proposed project. The structural designer
must prepare the drawings and present all the
requirements in a clear & concise manner to address all
constructability issues. The drawings must include but not
limited to the following:

Construction Notes
Foundation drawings
Floor/Roof framing plans
Details

Suggested reference document: DPWH DO #56 s 1995: Quality Sample Construction Notes
of Plans

Sample Foundation Plan Sample Floor Framing Plan

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END OF PART I

Thank You for your

Attention!!!

Sample Detail Drawings

PART II: GENERAL DESIGN PARAMETERS: 1. WIND LOAD (NSCP 2015 SEC. 207):
LOADS & ACTIONS Buildings and other vertical
structures shall be designed
• Wind Load and constructed to resist wind
• Earthquake Load loads as specified and presented
in Sections 207A through 207F.

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Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:
MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (MWFRS) -an
assemblage of structural elements assigned to
provide support and stability for the overall structure.
The system generally receives wind loading from
more than one surface.
COMPONENTS AND CLADDING (C&C) -elements of
the building envelope that do not qualify as part of
the MWFRS.
Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:
BUILDING, LOW-RISE - enclosed or partially enclosed
buildings that comply with the following conditions:
1. Mean roof height h less than or equal to 18 m.
2. Mean roof height h does not exceed least
horizontal dimension.
he = h for Ѳ = 0 deg
Ѳ hr
h hr – height of ridge
he he– height of eave
h – mean roof height

Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:
BUILDING, ENCLOSED- a building that does not
comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.
Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:
BUILDING, OPEN - a building having each wall at least 80
percent open. This condition is expressed for each wall by
the equation:
Ao ≥ 0.8 Ag

Ao Ag
where ;
Ao = total area of openings in a
wall that receives positive
external pressure, in sq.m.
Ag = the gross area of that wall in
which Ao is identified, in sq.m.

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Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:

These conditions are expressed by the following equations:
BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED - a building that complies
with both of the following conditions: 1. Ao > 1.10Aoi
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives 2. Ao > 0.37 m2 or > 0.01Ag, whichever is smaller, and
positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of Aoi/Agi ≤ 0.20
openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and
roof) by more than 10 percent.
where
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives Ao, Ag are as defined for Open Building
positive external pressure exceeds 0.37 sq.m or 1 percent of Aoi = the sum of the areas of openings
the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the in building envelope (walls and roof)
percentage of openings in the balance of the building not including Ao, in m2
envelope does not exceed 20 percent. Agi = the sum of the gross surface areas
of the building envelope (walls and
roof) not including Ag, in m2

To check if building is open, enclosed or partially enclosed: Assume:

L=8m he = 6 m Windward wall opening = 1.2 * 3.6 = 4.32 sm
Wind B = 20 m hr = 8 m Leeward wall opening = 1.2 * 2.4 = 2.88 sm
RW hr No sidewall and roof openings
SW h Check if building is open, enclosed or partially enclosed
WW
RL Area of windward wall and leeward wall = 6 * 20 = 120 m^2
LW
WW-windward wall
LW – leeward wall Area of one sidewall = (8 * 6) +( 2*4) = 56 m^2
B RW-roof windward
he SW Area of windward roof/leeward roof = 4.47*20 = 89.44 m^2
RL-roof leeward
SW-sidewall SQR(2^2 + 4^2)=4.47 m
L hr – height of ridge
Total area of building envelope= 2(120) + 2(56) + 2(89.44)
he– height of eave
L – dimension normal to ridge h – mean roof height = 530.88 m^2
B – dimension parallel to ridge

25

Assume:
L=8m he = 6 m Windward wall opening = 1.2 * 3.6 = 4.32 sm
B = 20 m hr = 8 m Leeward wall opening = 1.2 * 2.4 = 2.88 sm
No sidewall and roof openings
Check if building is open, enclosed or partially enclosed
Ao =total area of openings that receives positive external
pressure (windward) = 4.32 sq.m.
Ag =gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified = 120 sm
Aoi = sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope
(walls & roof) not including Ao = 2.88 sm
Agi = sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope
(walls & roof) not including Ag = 530.88- 120 = 410.88 sm
Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:
Surface Roughness:
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or
larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered
obstructions having heights generally less than 9.0 m. This
category includes flat open country and grasslands.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water
surfaces. This category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats,
and unbroken ice.
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Check if building is open, enclosed or partially enclosed:
Ao ≥ 0.80 Ag ∴ building is not an open building
4.32 ≱ 0.80 (120)=96 m^2
Check if building is open, partially enclosed or enclosed:
1. Ao > 1.10Aoi
2. Ao > 0.37 m2 or > 0.01Ag, whichever is smaller, and Aoi/Agi
≤ 0.20
Ao > 1.10 Aoi == 4.32 > 1.10(2.88) = 3.16 m^2
Ao > 0.37 sm or 0.01Ag whichever is smaller == 4.32 > 0.37;
4.32 > 0.01( 120)=1.2
Aoi /Agi ≤ 0.20 == 2.88/410.88 = 0.007 < 0.20
∴ building is partially enclosed
Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:
Surface Roughness:
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or
larger.
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Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water
obstructions having heights generally less than 9.0 m. This surfaces. This category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats,
category includes flat open country and grasslands. and unbroken ice.

Important Terms for Wind Load Analysis:

Exposure Category:
For each wind direction considered, the upwind
exposure shall be based on ground surface roughness
that is determined from natural topography,
vegetation, and constructed facilities.

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Analysis Due To Wind

Exposure C:
Exposure C shall apply for all cases where Exposures B or D
do not apply.

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Analysis Due To Wind (Sec. 207 NSCP2015) Analysis Due To Wind (Sec. 207 NSCP2015)
Allowed Procedures : For MWFRS Allowed Procedures: For C&C
1. Directional Procedure = for buildings of all heights, 1. Directional Procedure = Parts 3,4 & 5
for building appurtenances = Part 6 for building
(roof overhang & parapets) appurtenances (roof
and other structures. overhang & parapets)
2. Envelope procedure = for low rise buildings 2. Envelope procedure = Parts 1&2
3. Wind Tunnel Procedure = for any building or other 3. Wind Tunnel Procedure = for any building or other
structure structure

WIND PRESSURE: Directional Procedure: All Heights WIND PRESSURE: Envelope Procedure: Low-rise

Wind

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Analysis Due To Wind Analysis Due To Wind

Building For Design Occupancy Category
Basic Wind Speed, V
General Requirements Wind Directionality Factor, kd
Exposure Category
Topographic Effect, Kzt
MWFRS C&C Enclosure Classification
Internal Pressure Coefficient,
Low rise (GCpi)
h≤ 18 m
Directional Procedure
All Heights h>18 m:Parts 3,4 & 5
Envelope Procedure
Envelope Procedure
Directional Procedure h≤ 18 m: Parts 1&2
Building For Design Occupancy Category
General Requirements: Sec. 207A
MWFRS
All Heights Wind Pressure
Velocity Pressure Exposure
Directional Procedure Coefficient, Kz or Kh
Velocity Pressure, qz or qh
Gust effect Factor, G
External Pressure Coefficient, Cp or CN

Analysis Due To Wind Analysis Due To Wind

Building For Design Occupancy Category Building For Design Occupancy Category

General Requirements: Sec. 207A General Requirements: Sec. 207A

MWFRS C&C

Low rise h≤ 18 m Wind Pressure Low rise h≤ 18 m Wind Pressure

Envelope Procedure Velocity Pressure Exposure Envelope Procedure Velocity Pressure Exposure
Coefficient, Kz or Kh Coefficient, Kz or Kh
Velocity Pressure, qz or qh Velocity Pressure, qh
External Pressure Coefficient, (GCpf ) External Pressure Coefficient, (GCp )

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Analysis Due To Wind

Building For Design Occupancy Category

General Requirements: Sec. 207A

C&C

h > 18 m Wind Pressure

Directional Procedure Velocity Pressure Exposure

Coefficient, Kz or Kh
Velocity Pressure, qh
External Pressure Coefficient, (GCp )

Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Categories Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Categories

Fig. 207A.5-1A: Category III, IV & V Fig. 207A.5-1B: Category II Buildings

Buildings & other Structures & other Structures

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Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Categories Velocity Pressure:

Fig. 207A.5-1C: Category I Buildings

& other Structures

Velocity Pressure Topographic Factor: The wind speed-up effect shall be

Exposure Coefficient included in the calculation of design wind loads by using
the factor Kzt:
Kzt = (1 + K1K2K3)2

where K1, K2, and K3 are given in Fig. 207A.8.1. If site

conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the
conditions specified in Section 26.8.1 then Kzt = 1.0.

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Topographic Effects: Wind Directionality Factor:

Kzt = (1 + K1K2K3)2

Analysis Due To Wind

GUST-EFFECTS
Gust-Effect Factor, G: The gust-effect factor for a rigid
building or other structure is permitted to be taken as 0.85.

INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT

Internal Pressure Coefficients Internal pressure
coefficients, (GCpi), shall be determined from Table 26.11-
1 based on building enclosure classifications determined
from Section 26.10.

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External Pressure Coefficient, Cp

NOTE: Wind pressure is positive if towards the surface and

negative if away from the surface

NOTE: Wind pressure is positive if towards the surface and

negative if away from the surface

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2. SEISMIC LOAD (NSCP SEC. 208): SEISMIC LOAD (NSCP SEC. 208):
Structures and portions The purpose of the Surigao EQ 2017
earthquake provisions is
thereof shall, as a
primarily to safeguard
minimum, be designed against major structural
and constructed to failures and loss of life, not
resist the effects of to limit damage or
seismic ground motions. maintain function. Baguio EQ, 1990

Bohol EQ 2013

The Philosophy of the Code is to assure life safety: NSCP Sec. 208.4.8 Selection of Lateral Force
that is structures designed in accordance with the Procedure
Code must be able to:
 Resist minor earthquakes without damage.
 Resist moderate earthquakes without structural
damage but possibly with non structural damage.
 Resist major earthquakes
without collapse but possibly
with structural and
non-structural damage.

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NSCP Sec. 208.4.8 Selection of Lateral Force Sec. 208.4.8 Selection of Lateral Force
Procedure Procedure
LINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE (LSP): Sec 208.5.1
ELASTIC INELASTIC In the Linear Static Force Procedure or LSP, the effect
STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC of the ground motion on the building is converted to
1 2 3 4 a Design Base Shear, V. This V is converted into a set
of equivalent static lateral forces applied at the floor
levels.
NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR
MODAL STATIC TIME
ANALYSIS HISTORY-PUSH
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
RESPONSE
OVER
EQUIVALENT ANALYSIS
SPECTRUM
ANALYSISFORCE
LATERAL ANALYSIS The structure is modeled and its properties are given
inelastic Stepwise integration
static analysis of equation
of progressive of motion
yielding through the by its stiffness matrix, [K]. In this procedure, the [K]
structure
remains constant.

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Sec. 208.4.8 Selection of Lateral Force

Procedure
LINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE (LDP) : Sec. 208.5.3
In the Dynamic Analysis Procedure or LDP, an elastic
dynamic analysis utilizing the peak modal response
based on the response spectrum for all significant
modes is made.

To obtain the total response, the maximum modal

contribution of significant modes are combined in a
prescribed manner, e.g. SRSS or CQC method.

Sec. 208.4.8 Selection of Lateral Force

Procedure

NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE (NSP)

An example of a NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE is a
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS.
Oftentimes the Nonlinear Static Procedure is called
Pushover Analysis

NSP is not specifically provided in the NSCP and is

adopted as one of the analysis procedure use in
Performance Based Design (PBD) in addition to
Nonlinear Time History Analysis (NLTHA).
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37

Pushover Analysis an Inelastic Static Analysis Methods
courtesy of Barış Binici
Analysis due to Earthquake
NSCP Lateral (Seismic) Forces
The 2001 NSCP introduces the concept of
near-source factors.
Proposed structures close to an active fault are
to be designed for an increased base shear
compared to similar structures located
farther from an active fault.
6/20/2017
Sec. 208.4.8 Selection of Lateral Force
Procedure
NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE (NDP) OR
NONLINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
(NLTHA) 208.5.3.6.3
• nonlinear dynamic procedures consider the time
history of the ground shaking
• they incorporate inelastic member behavior under
cyclic earthquake ground motions
• they explicitly simulate hysteretic energy
dissipation in the nonlinear range
• being more rigorous they require more time and
computational effort and resources to perform
Linear Static
Force Procedure
(LSP)
V
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Design Base Shear, V: LSP NSCP Sec. 208.5.3.2 Ground Motion

Need not exceed: The ground motion representation shall, as a
minimum, be one having a 10-percent probability of
being exceeded in 50 years.

Shall not be less than:

Shall not be less than ( for Seismic Zone 4 only):

NSCP
2015

Fig. 208-1:Seismic Zone Map Fig. 208-2A: Seismic Source Types

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Table 208-4: Seismic Source Type SEC. 208.4.3.1 Soil Profile Type
Type Description Maximum Moment
Magnitude
Vs >1500 m/s
Faults that are capable of
producing large magnitude 7.0 ≤M ≤ 8.4 Vs = 760 TO 1500 m/s
A events and that have a high
rate of seismic activity Vs = 360 TO 760 m/s N> 50

B All faults other than A&C 6.5≤ M < 7.0 Vs = 180 TO 360 m/s N = 15 TO 50

Faults that are not capable Soft Soil : Vs <180 m/s N< 15
of producing large mag. EQs
C M < 6.5
and that have a relatively
low rate of seismic activity

Table 208-7: Seismic Coefficient, Ca Table 208-8: Seismic Coefficient, Cv

Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Type Type
Z= 0.20 Z= 0.40 Z= 0.20 Z= 0.40
SA 0.16 0.32Na SA 0.16 0.32Nv
SB 0.20 0.40Na SB 0.20 0.40Nv
SC 0.24 0.40Na SC 0.32 0.56Nv
SD 0.28 0.44Na SD 0.40 0.64Nv
SE 0.34 0.44Na SE 0.64 0.96Nv
SF To be determined from geotechnical SF To be determined from geotechnical
investigation & dynamic site response analysis investigation & dynamic site response analysis

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LSP: Vertical Distribution of Force Ft

Ft Wn
Fn
Fn
(V-Ft) Wxhx Vn Vx = Fx +…Fn +Ft
Wx+2 Fx =--------------
n
 Wihi x=1…n ; x ≈ n
i=1
Wx+1 Fx+1 Fx – design seismic
Ft=0.07TV <=0.25V
Fx+1 Vx+1 force at level x
Ft=0 if T<=0.7 sec Ft – portion of base
Wx Fx shear conc. at
x ≈ 1....n
Fx the top
hx ≈ h n Vx Vx= story shear

V V

Horizontal Torsional Moment Horizontal Torsional Moment

A F2
ex
CR
CR
ey B
CM d
Vx E-W
CM VxE-W
C
1 2 3 4 d

VxN-S F1 VxN-S
Torsional Moments: F = (R/∑R)V ± Mt Rd/∑Rd2 d-dist. of each
element from CR
Mty = Vx N-S (ex+exa) Mtx = Vx E-W (ey+eya) Direct Shear Torsional Shear

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Linear Static Force Procedure Sec. 208.6.4 Drift

Story Drift – displacement of one level relative
to the level above or below it.
Expected Maximum Inelastic Drift – 208.5.9
M = 0.7 R S (208-21)

m - total story drift due to

m design basis ground motion

F Drift Limitations – 208.6.5

•T < 0.7s: M ≤ 0.025 h

•T ≥ 0.7s: M ≤ 0.020 h
S - total story drift due to
V design seismic forces

Sec. 207.7.2.9 Building Separation Sec. 208.7.2.9 Building Separation

Sec. 208.6.4 Drift
Clear gap between adjacent buildings
MT =  (M12 + M22 )
M1 M2

MT

M1 & M2 are the displacements of adjacent

buildings

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Chapter 2. Minimum Design Loads Chapter 2. Minimum Design Loads

Sec. 203. Combination of Loads
Buildings, Towers, and other vertical structures
Sec. 203.3 Strength Design or LRFD
and all portions thereof shall be designed to resist the
specified load combinations  1.4 (D +F) (203-1)
D – dead loads  1.2 (D +F+T) +1.6 (L+H) + 0.5 (Lr. or R) (203-2)
L – live load except roof live load  1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R)+ (f1 L or 0.5 W) (203-3)
Lr – roof live load P - ponding load  1.2 D + 1.0 W + f1 L + 0.5 (Lr or R) (203-4)
 1.2 D + 1.0 E + f1 L (203-5)
E – earthquake load R –rain load
 0.90D + 1.0W +1.6H (203-6)
W – wind load T – load due to
 0.9 D + 1.0 E + 1.6H (203-7)
F – fluid pressure temperature change
H – soil lateral loads Impact Loads
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess
of 4.8kpa, and for garage live load; 0.5 for other live loads

Sec. 203. Combination of Loads Sec. 203. Combination of Loads

Sec. 409.3 Structural Concrete Sec. 203.4.1 Allowable Strength Design : Basic Load
Combinations
 1.4 D (405.31a)  D+F (203-8)
 1.2 D +1.6 L + 0.5 (Lr. or R) (405.31b)
 D+H+F+L+T (203-9)
 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R)+ (1.0L or 0.5 W) (405.31c)
 1.2 D + 1.0 W + 1.0L + 0.5 (Lr or R) (405.31d)
 D + H + F + (Lr or R) (203-10)
 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 1.0L (405.31e)  D + H + F + 0.75 [L + T + (Lr or R)] (203-11)
 0.90D + 1.0W (405.31f)  D + H + F + (W or E/1.4) (203-12)
 0.9 D + 1.0 E (405.31g)

NOTE: No increase in allowable stresses shall be

used in these load combinations

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Sec. 203. Combination of Loads Sec. 203. Combination of Loads

Sec. 203.4.2 Allowable Stress Design : Alternate Basic
Load Combinations
Note that the most critical effect may occur
 D + H + F + 0.75 [L + Lr + (0.6W or E/1.4)] (203-13) when one or more of the contributing loads
 0.60D + 0.6W + H (203-14)
are not acting.
 0.60D + E/1.4 + H (203-15)
 D + L + (Lr or R) (203-16)
 D + L + 0.6W (203-17) Note: Wind and seismic loads need not be
 D + L + E/1.4 (203-18) considered acting simultaneously.

NOTE: One-third increase in allowable stresses shall

be permitted in these load combinations

THANK YOU

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