Past PerfectFORM

[had + past participle] Examples: You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and noncontinuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples: She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: You had previously studied English before you moved to New York. Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples: George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Active Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Passive NON-CONTINUOUS VERBS Abstract Verbs to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist... Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong... Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...

SIMPLE PAST/PAST PERFECT I can't believe I (get)

that apartment. I (submit)

my application

last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who (arrive)

before me. Most of them (fill, already)

out their applications and were

already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did. I (try)

to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord

(want) because I (have)

some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't up listing my father as a reference.

recommend me. I (end)

It was total luck that he (decide)

to give me the apartment. It turns out that the to high school together. He decided that I could have

landlord and my father (go)

the apartment before he (look)

at my credit report. I really lucked out!

SIMPLE PAST/PRESENT PERFECT/PAST PERFECT

1. When I (arrive)

home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.

2. Since I began acting, I (perform)

in two plays, a television commercial and a publicly before I came to

TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) Hollywood in 1985. 3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already)

without me. fired.

My boss (be)

furious with me and I (be)

4. When I (turn)

the radio on yesterday, I (hear)

a song that the song in years, and it

was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not)

(bring)

back some great memories.

5. Last week, I (run)

into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not) a great deal. I

each other in years, and both of us (change)

(enjoy)

talking to her so much that I (ask)

her out on a date.

We are getting together tonight for dinner. 6. When Jack (enter)

the room, I (recognize, not)

him a beard. He

because he (lose)

so much weight and (grow)

looked totally different! 7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) by the time Europeans first (arrive)

in the New World.

8. I (visit)

so many beautiful places since I (come)

to Utah.

Before moving here, I (hear, never)

of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or

Canyonlands. PRESENT AND PAST WITH NON-CONTINUOUS VERBS 1. a. Look, I (have)

two tickets for the circus. two tickets for the circus.

b. Look, I (hold)

2. a. We (be)

there for more than half an hour by the time the show began. there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.

b. We (wait)

3. a. Sam (sit)

in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at

me. b. Sam (be)

in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at

me. 4. a. One clown was juggling while he (balance)

a glass of wine on his head. a glass of wine on his head.

b. One clown was juggling while he (have)

5. a. I (love)

the circus ever since I was a child. to the circus ever since I was a child.

b. I (go)

6. a. Right now, I (see)

two elephants doing tricks in the ring. at two elephants doing tricks in the ring.

b. Right now, I (look)

ORDER THESE SENTENCES. THE FIRST WORD IS MARKED. 1. Ottawa capital is of Toronto the, but is Ontario the Canada capital of.

2. Don't Porsche own I a 3. Father Madrid soon as arrive you call your as in 4. letf sushi restaurant ate I and the the 5. it cancelled football game was because the raining was 6. wanted confused to I know didn't which was job, I too I to decide 7. at noon today the coach free offer tennis lessons will 8. will meeting I be tonight the at 9. women man George Clooney handsome most consider a 10. 11. 12. and I talked on Paul for hours four the phone in oven the pie delicious smells the Friday John piano each us gives lessons

WORD Brainy (brain) Clumsy (clumsily, clumsiness) Creepy Dodgy (dodge) Fussy (fuss)

TRANSLATION

Greedy (greed, greedily, greediness) Nasty (nastily, nastiness) Sulky (sulk, sulkily, sulkiness) Slimy Naughty (naught, naughtily) Mean Surly (surliness) Charming (charm) Headstrong Conceited (conceitedly) Moody (mood) Bigot (bigoted, bigotry) Brash Fretful (fretfully) A brat Forgetful (to forget)

European Union The European Union (EU) is a unique political and economic community with supranational and intergovernmental dimensions. It is composed of twenty-seven member states primarily located in Europe. In 1957, six European countries formed the European Economic Community (EEC) by the Treaty of Rome. Since then the EU has grown in size through the accession of new member states and has increased its powers by the addition of new policy areas to its remit. In 1993, the Maastricht Treaty established the base of the current legal framework.

The EU created a single market which seeks to guarantee the freedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital between member states. It maintains a common trade policy, agricultural and fisheries policies, and a regional development policy. In 1999 the EU introduced a common currency, the euro, which has been adopted by thirteen member states. It has also developed a role in foreign policy, and in justice and home affairs. Passport control and customs checks between many member states were abolished under the Schengen Agreement.

With over 492 million citizens the EU generates an estimated nominal GDP of 8.6 ($10.7) trillion in 2007. It represents its members in the WTO and observes the G8 summits. Twenty EU countries are members of NATO. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the European Court of Justice and the European Central Bank. EU citizens elect the Parliament every five years.

Questions about the text 1. How many members has the EU? 6. 27. We don't know. 2. The euro is used in all the countries of the EU. True. False. We don't know. 3. Passport control between many member states was abolished. True. False. We don't know. 4. What is the estimated nominal GDP of the EU? 8,600,000. 8,600,000,000. 8,600,000,000,000. 5. Only twenty EU countries are members of NATO. True. False. We don't know.

George Orwell
George Orwell was the pen name of British author Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 190321 January 1950). Noted as a political and cultural commentator, Orwell is among the most widely admired English-language essayists of the twentieth century, though he is best known for two novels he wrote in the late 1940s, the political allegory Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The latter described a totalitarian dystopia so vividly that the adjective 'Orwellian' is now commonly used to describe totalitarian mechanisms of thought-control . Eric Blair was born in 1903 in Motihari, Bengal, in the then British colony of India, where his father, Richard, worked for the Opium Department of the Civil Service. His mother, Ida, brought him to England at the age of one. He did not see his father again until 1907, when Richard visited England for three months before leaving again until 1912. Eric had an older sister named Marjorie and a younger sister named Avril. With his characteristic humour, he would later describe his family's background as "lower-upper-middle class."

During most of his career Orwell was best known for his journalism, both in the British press and in books of reportage such as Homage to Catalonia (describing his experiences during the Spanish Civil War), Down and Out in Paris and London (describing a period of poverty in these cities), and The Road to Wigan Pier (which described the living conditions of poor miners in northern England). According to Newsweek, Orwell "was the finest journalist of his day and the foremost architect of the English essay since Hazlitt. " Contemporary readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The former is an allegory of the corruption of the socialist ideals of the Russian Revolution by Stalinism, and the latter is Orwell's prophetic vision of the results of totalitarianism. Orwell had returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and anti-Communist, but he remained to the end a man of the left and, in his own words, a 'democratic socialist' . Orwell is also known for his insights about the political implications of the use of language. In the essay "Politics and the English Language", he decries the effects of cliche, bureaucratic euphemism, and academic jargon on literary styles, and ultimately on thought itself. Orwell's concern over the power of language to shape reality is also reflected in his invention of Newspeak, the official language of the imaginary country of Oceania in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Newspeak is a variant of English in which vocabulary is strictly limited by government fiat. The goal is to make it increasingly difficult to express ideas that contradict the official line - with the final aim of making it impossible even to conceive such ideas. (cf. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis). A number of words and phrases that Orwell coined in Nineteen Eighty-Four have entered the standard vocabularly, such as "memory hole," "Big Brother," "Room 101," "doublethink," "thought police," and "newspeak." The comprehensive edition of Orwell's work was edited by Peter Davison and published in 20 volumes in 1998.

Questions about the text

1. George Orwell's real name was Eric Arthur Blair. True. False. We don't know. 2. He was born in England. True. False. We don't know. 3. He worked as a journalist. True. False. We don't know. 4. Animal Farm is an allegory of the corruption of the Russian Revolution. True. False. We don't know. 5. In his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four he invented a language called Newspeak. True. False. We don't know. 6. The term Big Brother was invented by him. True. False. We don't know.