Senior High School
NOT
General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 2
Chemical Bonding and the Shapes of
Molecules
Department of Education ● Republic ofPhilippines
the
General Chemistry I- Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Code
Quarter 2 - Module 2: Chemical Bonding and the Shapes of
Molecules
First Edition, 2020
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Senior High School
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 2
Chemical Bonding and the Shapes of
Molecules
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Table of Contents
What This Module is About................................................................................................................... i
What I Need to Know.............................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module........................................................................................................... . ii
Icons of this Module............................................................................................................................... . ii
What I Know ..................................................................................................... ...................................... .. iii
Lesson 1:
Types of Bonding and their Properties .......................................................1
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1
What’s New ................................................................................................... 1
What Is It ...................................................................................................... 2
What’s More : …............................................................................................
3
What I Have Learned: ................................................................................... 4
What I Can Do: …. ........................................................................................ 4
Lesson 2:
Lewis Structures and Bond Formation ......................................................5
What’s In. ........................................
............................................................... 5
What’s New ................................................................................................... 5
What Is It ...................................................................................................... 6
What’s More A …. ......................................................................................... 11
What’s More B: .............................................................................................. 11
What I Have Learned .................................................................................... 12
What’s I Can Do ............................................................................................ 12
What I Have Learned .................................................................................... 19
What’s I Can Do ............................................................................................ 19
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 20
Assessment: (Post-Test)
............................................................................................................ 21
Key to Answers
............................................................................................................................ 22
References................................................................................................................................... 26
Module 2
What This Module is About
When you look at everything around you and what it is made of you, you will
understand that atoms seldom exist on their own just as huma ns cannot survive alone.
More often, the things around us are made up of different atoms that have been
bonded together.The bondingof atoms or molecules is one of the most essential
processes in chemistry because it permits all sorts of different molecules and
combinations of atoms to form, which then make up matters in the world we live in.
In this module, we examine the relationship between the electronic structure of
atoms and the type of chemical bonds they form. Moreover, the role of chemical bonds
and lone pairs on the geometry and polarity of a molecule is discussed.
What I Need to Know
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70);
2. Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76);
3. Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic
elements of the representative block (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77);
4. Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-
g-78);
)
-
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module
What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know This is an assessment as to your level of
knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through
various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.
What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-
tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.
What I Have Activities designed to process what you
Learned have learned from the lesson
What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-
case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
ii
Types of Bonding and their
1 Properties
What I Need to Know
Atoms usually interact with other atoms or group of atoms. They might be
connected by strong bonds and formed into molecules or crystals, or they might also
form temporary, weak bonds with other atoms. These bonds hold molecules together
and are essential to the chemistry of our bodies and to the existence of life itself. In
this lesson, we examine the models of chemical bonding and their properties, and how
they influence the behavior of the substances around us.
Figure 1.Three-dimensional structure of the flavonoid isorhamnetin. The figure shows
bonding of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms to each other.
What’s New
Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle
Directions:Complete the crossword puzzle below
1
What Is It
Why do atoms bond at all? The answer is that atoms are trying to reach the
most stable or lowest-energy state that they can. Usually, atoms become stablemore
when their orbital of the outermost energy level or valence shell is filled with electrons,
satisfying the octet rule. If atoms don’t have this arrangement, they reach it by gaining,
losing, or sharing electrons via chemical bonds.In chemicaling,
bond
only valence
electrons, electrons located in valence shell of the element, are involved.
Figure 2. Energy diagram of bonded vs nonbonded atoms
Types of Bonding
1. Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed when metals onthe left(side
Group 1(A) and Group
2(A) of the periodic table and nonmetals on the right side (except noble gases, group
8A) interact. This type of interaction is observed between
ms with
atolarge differences
in their tendencies to lose or gain electrons and is achieved via electron
Once
transfer.
the electrons have been transferred to the non-metal, both the metal and the non-
metal become ions. The metal becomes positively charged and the nonmetal becomes
negatively charged. An ionic compound is formed when the two oppositely charged
ions attract each other. For instance, positively charged sodium ions and negatively
charged chloride ions attract each other to make sodium chloride, or table salt.
Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points. They are
hard and brittle and conduct electricity when dissolved. in
Some
watercommon ionic
compounds are magnesium bromide (MgBr),2 magnesium oxide (MgO), and
potassium bromide (KBr).
Figure 3.Common elements that form ionic bonds (Orange = metals;
Green = nonmetals)
2
2. Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by sharing electrons
(rather than fully gaining or losing them). Covalent bonds are more common than ionic
bonds in the molecules of living organisms. These bonds mostly occur between
nonmetals or between two of the same (or similar) elements.
One, two, or three pairs
of electrons may be shared between atoms, resulting in single, double, or triple bonds,
respectively. The more electrons that are shared between two atoms, the shorter and
stronger their bond will be.
Single bond Double bond Triple bond
Figure 4.Structures of some common covalent compounds
Compounds formed through covalent bonding are brittle solid, have relatively
low melting and boiling points, and are poor conductor of heat and Several
electricity.
covalent compounds have high vapor pressure, which makes them volatile and good
as fuels. Propanemethaneand
, gasoline are all covalent compounds that readily
undergo combustion, producing energy as a bi-product. Water and almost all the
biomolecules that govern the chemistry in our bodyare formed through covalent
bonds.
What’s More
Activity 2: The Name is Bond… Chemical Bond
Directions: Fill out the table below with correct answers. The first one is done for you.
Type of Good conductor of High Boiling High Melting
Compound
Bond heat or electricity? Point? Point?
NaCl ionic Yes Yes Yes
CH4
HCl
N2
O2
H2O
KBr
MgCl2
PCl3
CO
CaF2
3
What Have I Learned
Activity 3:What type of bond do you form?
Directions:Imagine yourself and the people around you as atoms. Just like atoms,
you need to form bonds to be more stable. Your attitude, talents and potentials, love
and care, advises and compliments, and the things you treasure should serve the
function of electrons. Based on your understanding on the concept of ionic and
covalent bonds, what type of bond do you want to form with other people? What do
you want to do with your electrons? Support your answer. Your answer should not be
less than 7 sentences and not more than 10sentences.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Activity 4:Sketch it!
Direction: On a short bond paper, draw a real-life scenario or situation in which the
concept of ionic or covalent bonding is demonstrated or applied. Below your
illustration, write at least five sentences describing your output and explaining how the
situation is related to the concept of the type of chemical bond you chose. For example,
you choose the concept of covalent bonding and you will draw a scene where two
puppies are sharing a piece of bone and explain why the scenario is demonstrating
the concept of covalent bonding.
Follow-up Question: (Write your answer at the back of your drawing)
‘’What is the importance of chemical bonding in chemistry and in our life?’’
4
Lewis Structures and Bond
2 Formation
What’s In
In lesson 1, we have learned that atoms transfer or share their electrons
to
other atoms to become more stable, thus forming new substances. In this lesson, the
bonding models will be represented through Lewis dot symbols and structures and the
bond formation of atoms will be illustrated. Furthermore, we will learn how to predict
bonding and formula of molecular compounds though Lewis structures and the
application of the octet rule.
What’s New
Activity 1: Meet the Nobles
Directions:Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
1.To what group in the periodic table do
elements
the listed in the table
belong?
2. Why are these elements called the noble gases? What is their common
characteristic?
3. Why are light bulbs filled with argon gas rather than oxygen gas?
4. How many valence electrons do noble gases have?D
raw the Lewis dot symbol of
the noble gas Xe.
5. Can we relate the number of valence electrons with the stability of the element?
5
What Is It
Lewis Dot Symbols
Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols.
From the previous module, the number of valence electrons of a main block
element is usually equivalent to its group number. For instance, Carbon is a Group
4(a) element, thus it has 4 valence electrons. The number of valence electrons of
Fluorine is 7 because it is in Group7(a). Magnesium has 2 valence electrons
because it belongs to Group2(a).
Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and
chemical reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each
valence electron in an atom of the element. The dots are placed on the four sides of
the symbol—top, bottom, left, and right—and each side can accommodate up to
two electrons. The choice on which sides to place two electrons rather one electron
is arbitrary since all four sides are equivalent. It is recommended that we spread out
the dots as much as possible. In general, we cannot write simple Lewis dot symbols
for the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides because they all have
incompletely filled inner shells.
Figure 1. Lewis dot symbols of some main block elements
The Octet Rule and Bond Formations
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain, lose or share electrons
to have eight electrons in the valence shell or attain the same number of electrons
as the noble gas nearest to them in the periodic table. Noble gases are known as
stable elements as evidenced by their general lack of reactivity. All the noble gases
except Helium have eight valence electrons, that is why many atoms undergoing
reactions end up with eight valence electrons.
Octet rules does not generally apply to the d or f electrons. Only the s and p
electrons are involved in the octet rule, making it useful for the main group elements
(elements not in the transition metal or inner-transition metal blocks). Main group
elements have an octet which corresponds to an electron configuration ending with
s2p6. However, there are some exceptions to the octet rule: boron and aluminum
readily form compounds in which they have six valence electrons, rather than the
usual eight predicted by the octet rule. Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and chlorine are
common examples of elements that form an expanded octet or form compounds in
which they have more than 8 valence electrons. Moreover, in some cases, having
6
an odd number of electrons in a molecule guarantees that it does not follow the
octet rule.
7
For instance, table salt or NaCl is the result+of Naions and
-
Clions bonding
together in an ionic bond. If sodium metal and chlorine gas react under the right
conditions, they will form salt. Since sodium is a metal, it loses an electron, becomes
positively charged and the chlorine gains that electron and becomes negatively
charged. The resulting salt is mostly unreactive — it is stable. It will not undergo any
explosive reactions, unlike the sodium and chlorine that it is made of. (Note that each
line that connects two atoms represents two bonded electrons.)
Figure 2.Ionic bond formation of sodium chloride
Referring to the octet rule, sodium has one valence electron, so giving it up
would result in the same electron configuration as neon. Chlorine has seven valence
electrons, so if it takes one it will have eight (an octet) and achieve an electron
configuration as argon. It is also important to consider that atoms are more stable
when they have smaller charge or no charge at all.
Generally, the stoichiometry of a product of an ionic bond formation of a metal
and a non-metal is equal to the exchange of their charges. For instance, henw
magnesium reacts with nitrogen at elevated temperatures, a white solid compound,
magnesium nitride (Mg
3N2) is formed. Magnesium will lose 2 valence electrons to
2+
achieve an electron configuration as neon, thus becoming . Nitrogen
Mg will then
need 3 more electrons to become stable since it has only 5 valence electrons.
3-
Consequently, nitrogen will become forNgaining 3 more electrons.
Figure 3.Formation of magnesium nitride
In general, the product of ionic bond formation of the metals and non-metals in the
representative block is:
Figure 4.Formation of ionic bond product (M=metal; N= nonmetal; a and b =
charges)
In covalently bonded atoms, sharing of electrons is being exhibited by all atoms
involved to satisfy the octet rule. For example, two hydrogens share each of their
valence electron with each other to have two electrons in their valence shells through
a single bond. As a result, each hydrogen atom achieves an electron configuration as
helium, the nearest noble gas which has only 2 valence electrons.
2e- 2e-
Figure 5.
Covalent bond formation 2of H
Several atoms form multiple bonds to satisfy the octet. If two atoms share two
pairs of electrons, the covalent bond is called a double bond. This type of bond is much
stronger and shorter than single bonds. Carbon dioxide
2) is one
(COof the compounds
where double bonds are found.
FigureElectron
6. sharing of CO
2 through double bonds
A triple bond arises when two atoms share three pairs of electrons, as in the
nitrogen molecule2)(N
. This type of bond is much stronger and shorter than single and
double bonds.
Figure 7.Electron sharing of2 through
N a triple bond
For the non-metallic elements (Families 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A), they can accept
a complementary number of shared bonds to reach the octet state. Family 4A can
share 4 covalent bonds (4 + 4 = 8), whereas Families 5A, 6A, and 7A can share 3, 2,
and 1 covalent bond(s), respectively, to achieve the octetUsually,
state. the formula
of their product is equal to the exchange of the individual number of lacking electrons
they need to reach octet. As for the reaction of carbon and chlorine, carbon needs 4
more electrons while chlorine needs one more electron to satisfy the octet,4. hence CCl
CCl
4 (Carbon tetrachloride)
Writing Lewis Structures
Lewis structuresare diagrams that show the bonding
between atoms of a
molecule, and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule.A Lewis
structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule. Lines are drawn between
electrons that are bonded to one another. Excess electrons that are
onded
not b
or
lone pairsare represented as pair of dots and are placed next to the atoms on which
they reside. According to Brown, these procedures should be followed when writing
Lewis structures:
8
9
Note that the central atom is the least electronegative atom in the molecule.
Electronegativityis the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons. It
increasesfrom left to right across a period and decreases down a Moreover,
group.
check theformal charge of each atom. It is imperative to remember that atoms are
more stable when they have lesser charge or no charge at all. Negative formal charges
should be assigned to more electronegative atoms. The overall formal charges of the
atoms being bonded should be equal to the overall charge of the compound.
Figure 8.Lewis structures of some common compounds
9
Example: Lewis structure of phosphorus trichloride or PCl3
10
What’s More (A)
Activity 2.1: Predicting Chemical Products
Directions: The following pairs of atoms form ionic or covalent compounds when
bonded. Complete the table below with the needed details. Two answered rows serve
as examples.
Lewis dot
Charge of each
Lewis dot symbol of
Type of ion after electron
Atoms symbol of each ion if Formula of the
Bond transfer if ionic
involved each atom ionic bond is Product
bond is formed
formed
Na, Cl ionic Na+ Cl- Na+
NaCl
Not
C, I covalent Not applicable CI4
applicable
Mg, Cl
Ca, F
Na, O
Ca, N
S, Cl
What’s More (B)
Activity 2.2: Writing Lewis Structures
Directions: Write the correct Lewis structure of each product.
1. CCI 2F2 - one of the compounds responsible for the depletion of stratospheric
ozone.
2-
2. SO 4- mostly found in the environment as a result of atmospheric and
terrestrial processes.
3. SOCl 2 - primarily used as a chlorinating reagent
4. HCN - highly toxic conjugate acid of a cyanide that is used as a chemical
weapon agent
11
What I Have Learned
Activity 3: Spotting Mistakes
Directions: The following Lewis structures are incorrect. Explain what is wrong with
each one and give a correct Lewis structure for the molecule. (Relative positions of
atoms are shown correctly.)
What I Can Do
Activity 4: Trek towards STABILITY
Directions : Atoms tend to lose or gain electrons and form bonds with other atoms to
reach their most stable state. Compare yourself to an atom and think of what you must
give up, gain and share in order to achieve your biggest dream in life and become
stable in the future. These could be your skills and talents, your best and worst
attitudes, strengths and weaknesses, knowledge etc. Put your answers in the table
below.
IN THE FUTURE, I WANT TO BECOME:
In order to achieve my goals, I In order to achieve my goals, I In order to achieve my goals, I
must give up the following: must gain the following: must share the following:
12
References
Brown, Theodore.
Chemistry: The Central Science.
New York:Pearson,2015.
Chang, R. and Goldsby, Chemistry
K. . New York: McGraw-Hill
Education, 2010.
“How to Draw a Lewis Structure”. Thoughtco. Accessed September 1, 2020.
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-draw
-a-lewis-structure
-603983
“Ionic and Covalent Bonds.”Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 29, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemen
tal_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_
Bonds
“Molecular Geometry.” Boundless Chemistry. Accessed September
3, 2020. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless
-
chemistry/chapter/molecular-geometry/
Molview. Accessed September 2020. molview.org
“Molecular Polarity.” Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed September 6, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Che
mistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theor
etical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecul
ar_Properties/Molecular_Polarity
Silberberg, Martin
. Principles of General Chemistry
. Boston: McGraw-
Hill Higher Education, 2013.
“The Octet Rule.” Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 30, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Che
mistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theor
etical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Elect
ronic_Configurations/The_Octet_Rule
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