Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of Popular Power for the

University Education IUTAI
San Cristobal EdoTachira

ISOSTATIC STRUCTURES
E
HYPERESTATIC

Deymison Smith
Cáceres Vargas
CI 26673262
 Difference between isostatic and hyperstatic structure

ISOSTATIC STRUCTURE

• They are those in which the union between elements has no rigidity.
• They maintain the angles formed by their elements in case of deformation.
• The failure of one of its elements cannot be absorbed by the rest of the structure because of the
that this would collapse totally or partially.

In simpler terms, isostatic beams are those that only have two supports.
and are freely supported on these. The main advantages are their lightweight and their high
corrosion resistance. It is used for coatings.

Disadvantages: if the calculations of a section (beam), frame, etc... fail, the structure comes down.
contrary to the hyperstatic ones, they have a reserve to reach the safety mechanism

In this beam (the isostatic one), the characteristics of the supports are not of interest, so only calculations are made.

the elements of the beam itself.

There are two basic types of isostatic beams, and from them combinations can be made, the
the difference lies in the load condition.

Drawing 2
Drawing 1
 Drawing 3

The data we must take into account are:

• The load (the weight and its distribution on the beam)
• The length of the beam (in meters)

UNKNOWN
The unknowns are:
The reactions (R)
The shear force (V)

The flexion (M)

Basic formulas:
BASIC FORMULAS
Reacciones: RA = WLb /L RB = WLa /L
Cutting: V = WL / 2
Bending: M = WL2 / 8

To determine the "internal forces" in isostatic structures we only need the principle of
static equilibrium. Since the complete analysis of a structure requires the calculation of the
deformations of it, we inevitably have to resort to the constitutive relations of the
materials that make it up and geometric relationships in the deformed structure, from which
we can calculate the deformations. Such as deflections at the center of beams and rotations of the
ends of the bars.
HYPERSTATIC STRUCTURE

• They are those in which the union between elements has a notable rigidity.
• In case of deformation, the angles formed by its elements are preserved.
• The failure of one of its elements CAN be absorbed by the rest of the structure.

In this type of structures, it is not enough to apply the principle of static equilibrium, it is also
we must apply the physical relationships between stresses and strains of the material that forms the
structure. With this information, it is possible to calculate the internal forces and deformations throughout
the structure.

COMMON TYPES OF HYPERSTATIC STRUCTURES

• Continuous beam: The most commonly used hyperstatic structure in practice is the beam.
continues in 2, 3 or more sections.

Drawing 4

• Lattice beams.

Drawing 5
 In general terms, the advantages that hyperstatic structures present can
summarize in:
• Lower cost of the material, allowing to obtain structures that under the same loads
require a smaller cross-section in their constituent elements. This aspect results from
the continuity between the different structural members, achieving a better
distribution of the internal stresses produced by applied loads. Likewise, the
continuity allows for the materialization of matter elements, lights, and consequently a smaller amount of

supports for equal section, or the use of smaller sections for equal lights.

• This type of structures (hyperstatic) often have higher safety factors.

associates that the structures are statically determined (isostatic) by virtue of their
capacity for redistribution of internal solicitations.

• They present greater rigidity, meaning that when a known load is applied, they experience lesser
deformations.
• Many times the realization of hyperstatic structures responds to the minimization of
errors in the work.

The most significant disadvantages are:

• Sensitivity to displacements of links (Bonds), as they can lead to
severe problems when the foundation conditions of the structure are improper, or
land settlements occur.
• Temperature variations, poor manufacturing, or placement misalignments generate
significant induced deformations.
Usually reinforced sections are required due to changes in the sign of bending moments, in the
close to a rigid knot.

The instability in the structures

Instabilities are all the forces or actions that affect the stability of an object.
being able to dump it or move it from its original location. They can occur simultaneously and
they are the result of poor weight distribution due to a deficient design of the supports and the shape.

Consequently, an unstable structure is one in which the components that make it up are
arranged in such a way that it is susceptible to collapsing or falling down when subjected to action
from a load.
 Causes of structural instability

There are several ways for a structure as a whole or some of its elements to become
unstable, which largely depends on the structural geometry and the characteristics of the
loads. In the first case, the spatial geometry of the structure, the materials that
they make up and their mechanical properties, as well as the type of connections and supports. The
loads are influenced by their spatial distribution, behavior (even if they are affected by a
deformation of the structure) and the system of forces or reactions.

Types of instabilities

Three types are distinguished according to the effect they produce on structures:

• Sliding: when a limit value is exceeded on the contact surface between two solids.
producing the displacement of one of them.

• Tipping: in this case, the moment with respect to the ground plane exceeds a certain limit value
making the structure rotate on its bases.

• Elastic instability: it is a nonlinearity phenomenon that occurs when there is no

static equilibrium between the displacements and forces of the structural elements.

Geometric instability: There are some structures that are unstable despite applying the
previous criteria are either statically determined or even indeterminate. The instability is
it stems from an insufficient number or inadequate arrangement of the supports in a setting
inadequate parts of the structure. In the first case, it is said that the structure has a
external geometric instability and in the second case an internal instability.

Drawing 6
 Drawing 7

loads and deformations

Every structural element subjected to the action of loads deforms. In most of the
In some cases, the deformations are imperceptible and must be measured with the help of instruments.
We can classify structural elements according to their shape: one-dimensional elements
dominant; for example:
• beams
• columns
• pillars
• drivers.
elements with two dominant dimensions; for example:
• tiles
• anti-seismic partitions
• sheets
• vaults
The elements can also be classified according to the material that constitutes them,
Considering that the quality of the material used is crucial in the importance of deformations:
["Steel","Reinforced concrete","Prestressed concrete","Plain or mass concrete","Wood","Masonry"]
made of brick or stone

Loads: The loads that act on the structural elements can be:
 Drawing 8

• Concentrated loads: these are loads in which the total force is applied over an area.
very small, which ideally can be assimilated to a point
• Uniformly distributed loads: these are loads that act along the
element with a uniform value; when the distributed load is over an element
of two dominant dimensions, we have a uniformly distributed load extended
a surface.
• Variable distributed loads: these are distributed loads that act on the beam, but
with variable values. The same concept extends to the extended loads to the
dominant two-dimensional structural elements.
The origin of a load can be:
• Permanent loads: they are the loads due to parts of the construction that are not
structural, but they are permanently fixed to the same one.
• Service loads or overloads: they are the loads of use, they are the ones that must be resisted.

designed structure.
 • Loads due to weather phenomena: they are caused by wind to snow.
• Seismic loads: These are the ones generated by an earthquake, tectonic or volcanic; including earthquakes.

originated by human action (induced seismicity).

Drawing 9

• Pressures or pushes: loads originating from the push of soils, liquids, with direction
predominantly horizontal.

Deformations in beams
To address the analysis of hyperstatic or statically indeterminate beams is
It is necessary to analyze the deformations that the beam will experience after being loaded. The different
Loads on the beam generate shear and bending stresses in the bar, and in turn cause it to deform.
The analysis of deformations basically has two objectives. On the one hand, to be able to obtain
new conditions, which translated into equations, allow us to solve the unknowns in beams
hyperstatic. On the other hand, the deformations themselves must be limited.

Deformation in beams: Elastic line or elastic

We will call elastic line the curve formed by the neutral fiber once the beam is loaded.
considering that it was initially straight.

Assumptions: To establish a series of relationships within the section,

We indicate that it is a beam, whose material is requested within the range.
disproportionality between tensions and deformations, and where conservation is accepted.
of flat faces. In other words, where Hooke's law and the hypothesis of are fulfilled
Bernoulli-Navier.
 Drawing 10

Calculation method
There are different methods to approach the analysis of deformations in beams:
• Method of moment area
• Metodo de doble integracion
• Conjugate beam method

Through them, we will seek to determine the curvature angle of the elastic line and its
deflections or arrows.
1. Method of moment area:The knowledge of calculating turns and displacements is
necessary to understand the effects that external loads produce inside
the beam. This method is based on the relationship between the moment M and the curvature and
provides practical and efficient means to calculate the slope and deflection of the curve
elasticity of beams and frames.

The method has two theorems. The first relates curvature to the slope of the curve.
elastic and the second the curvature with the deflection.

THEOREM 1

The area under the curvature diagram between two points A and B is equal to the change in the
slopes between those two points on the elastic curve.
 Illustration 11

Theorem 2:
According to the small angle theory, if we sum all the displacements
we obtain the vertical deviation between the tangents at A and B.

The theorem is "The deviation of the tangent at a point A on the elastic curve with
Regarding the extended tangent from another point B, it is equal to the moment of the area under the curve.
between points A and B with respect to an axis A. It is always satisfied when there is no in the curve.
discontinuities due to joints. This deviation is always perpendicular to the original position of
the beam is called deflection.

Illustration 12
 2. Double integration method: It allows calculating the slopes and deflections of the beam in
any point. The difficulty lies in isolating the constants of integration.

3. Conjugate beam method: This method is based on the same principles as the method
of the area moment but differs in its application. It consists of generating a new fictitious beam
of the same length and with the same supporting conditions as the original beam, but
loaded with the bending moment diagram of the original beam divided by El. From this
the way the angle of the tangent drawn at any point of the elastic beam is
given by the shear (Q) of the new beam.

Illustration 13

Deformation of frames

A portal is a structure formed by three bars, two pillars, and a lintel, joined by nodes.
rigid. If one end is fixed and the other is free, the statically determinate frame is studied.
If a support is placed at the free end, a statically indeterminate frame is generated. The
The portal is subjected to load with weights. The points of application of the load can be moved. Two
comparison clocks record the movements of the portal under load.

By applying different methods (first-order elasticity theory, principle of

superposition of mechanics and the principle of virtual work) moment diagrams are calculated
bending for the statically determinate and indeterminate portal. From the equation to which
The diagrams of bending moments respond to the differential equation of the line.
elastic. From the elastic line and its integrations, displacements can be calculated and
the support force in free support.
With a second portico, in the shape of an S, it can be demonstrated that various methods can be
apply to any type of portico.

Illustration 14
Illustration 15

Deduction of the equations of angular deformation

Imagine a portal that has been subjected to any loading system: its own weight, load
long live, earthquake force, wind, etc.

As a result of the application of this loading system, the structure undergoes deformations.
(rotations and displacements) at the nodes and in turn forces are generated in each of the
elements of the structure.

Illustration 16
Taking the element i - j of the portal system after deformation, we have:

Illustration 17