6.4 Food Digestion

JANGAN PERNAH BERHENTI BELAJAR_
TERUSKAN USAHA
August/02/2012
NURULHUDA:SMKSEGAMBUT2012BIOLOGI 6.4FOOD DIGESTION
6.4 FOOD DIGESTION

I LOVE FOOD!!!~
1.4 Analysing food digestion
Discuss the following: a) glucose, amino acids and lipids are always required by the cell to carry out metabolic processes, b) complex substances like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids need to be digested. Draw and label parts of the human digestive system. A Discuss the functions of digestive juices, including saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and other substances, i.e. hydrochloric acid and bile that aid the process of digestion. Discuss the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats on the following aspects: a) specific location of each digestive process, b) chewing of food, c) movement of food, d) glands involved, e) digestive enzymes, f) suitable pH for each enzyme action, g) substrates and products. Identify the parts of digestive system in ruminants and rodents. Discuss the digestion of cellulose in ruminants (eg. cow) and rodents (rabbit). Use graphic organiser to compare NURULHUDA:SMKSEGAMBUT2012BIOLOGI August/02/2012and contrast the process of 6.4FOOD DIGESTION cellulose digestion in humans,
A student is able to: ? state the substances required by the cell to carry out metabolic processes, ? list the complex substances that need to be digested, ? explain the necessity for digestion of complex substances, ? draw and label the human Digestive system, substances that aid in the process of digestion in human, ? describe the functions of the digestive juices and substances, ? explain the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the human body, ? identify parts of digestive system in ruminants and rodents involved in the digestion of cellulose, ? describe the digestion of cellulose in ruminants and rodents, ? compare and contrast the digestive process in humans, ruminants and rodents, design experiments to study the digestion of starch and proteins
SUBSTANCES NEEDED IN CELL METABOLISM

1. METABOLISM : Chemicals reactions in cells that keep them alive, growing and dividing. 1. Metabolic processes are divided into :
Catabolism breaking down substances to produce energy and simple molecules Anabolism using energy (ATP) to synthesise new cell components from simple molecules
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GLUCOSE
Broken down to produce chemical energy, (ATP) adenosine triphosphate, supply energy for all metabolic activities
Substances needed for metabolic process in cells

1. 2. 3. 4.
AMINO ACIDS
1. Basic building blocks of proteins 2. 22 different amino acids are used to synthesise the different types of proteins required by the human body
LIPIDS
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Triglycerides : energy storage molecules Phospolipids : major building blocks for cell membrane Hormones vitamins
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CARBOHYDRATES into
Simple sugar (glucose)
Digestion of Complex Substances
PROTEINS
into
Amino acids
into
LIPIDS (fats)
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Fatty Acids + Glycerols

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Human Digestive System
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1. Human digestive system consists of a muscular tube (alimentary canal)/ gut 2. About 9 meter long from mouth to anus. 3. Alimentary canal : consists of 4 different layers of tissues
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NURULHUDA:SMKSEGAMBUT2012BIOLOGI Alimentary canal 6.4FOOD DIGESTION
/ Gut
1. Secretes mucus to lubricate the food we eat 2. Protects alimentary canal from damage 3. In mouth, stomach, small intestine; secretes digestive juices
1. Contain blood and lymph vessels take away absorbed nutrients 2. Network nerves that coordinate muscular contractions
1. Inner mucosa
peristalsis
2. Sub- mucosa
Alimentary Canal
3. Muscle Layer
1. Is build by inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal muscle layer
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4. Serosa
1. Protects the gut wall from friction with other organs in the abdomen
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The Main Parts of the Alimentary Canal

1. MOUTH
Swallowing Food
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1. For chewing. 2. No chemical digestion of proteins and lipids in the mouth!! 3. Digestion of carbohydrates ---->>>
a) Carbohydrates : begins in mouth, continue and completed in small intestine, BUT NOT digested in STOMACH!!! b) Solid broken down by chewing c) Three pairs of salivary glands the parotid, sublingual, and mandibular glands (all secretes saliva into the mouth)
Saliva has 5 MAIN components :

1. 2. 3. 4. Water : moisten and soften the food Lysozyme : kill bacteria Mucus : Lubricate food in the mouth Sodium salts (NaHCO3, Na3PO4) : Provide an alkaline and medium for amylase to catalyse the conversion of cooked starch and glycogen into maltose 5. Amylase : hydrolyses starch and glycogen (animal starch) to maltose.
amylase
August/02/2012 NURULHUDA:SMKSEGAMBUT2012BIOLOGI STARCH + water ----------------- > maltose 6.4FOOD DIGESTION 15
During The Chewing

1. The tongue pushes the bolus into the pharynx 2. The tongue blocks the mouth 3. Soft palate closes off the nose and the larynx (voice box) rises so that the epiglottis closes off the trachea 4. Easing the bolus through the pharynx into the oesophagus.
The tongue helps to mix food with saliva and assists in the formation of BOLUS!!!!
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2. OESOPHAGUS
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1.Esophagus is a muscular tube from the pharynx to the stomach 2.No DigestioN!!! & No AbsorBTioN!!!!....take place here!! NO!!!! 3.Mucus secretion by the epithelial cells of the mucosa~ 4.Movement of bolus downward to the stomach by muscular contraction called PERISTALSIS!!!
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3. STOMACH
1. Food enter stomach when cardiac sphinter relaxes!!! 2. Very little starch digestionn!!! & NO LipiD digestion!!!...occur here. 3. Chemical DIGESTION of PROTEIN start here!!!
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4. Tiny pits in stomach epithelium called gastric glands secrete gastric juice that contain following :
a) b) c) d) Pepsin (an enzyme) Rennin ( an enzyme) Mucus (protect stomach wall from HCl and pepsin) Hydrochloric acid
5. during this, stomach wall contracts to churn up and mix the food with gastric juices.
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6. Pepsin and rennin are secreted in an inactive form called pepsinogen and prorennin :
Pepsinogen + HCl Pepsin Prorennin + HCl Rennin
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7. Pepsin is protease that hydrolyses proteins into peptides : pepsin PROTEIN + water polypeptides 8. Rennin curdles milks by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casien.
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TAKE FIVE~ resttt Zzzz
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF COW
RUMINANT
Vertebrate Human
Do not produce cellulase to digest plant cellulose
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Problems of Food Digestion

Incomplete digestion of food Gall stones preventing the flow of bile
Reduced production of specific digestive enzymes
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Incomplete Digestion of Food
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6.4 Food Digestion

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JANGAN PERNAH BERHENTI BELAJAR_

NURULHUDA:SMKSEGAMBUT2012BIOLOGI 6.4FOOD DIGESTION