Ranu Pachauri Roll no.-601101022 M.

tech EST

INTRODUCTION
96.5% of the earths water is located in seas and oceans

Water shortage has been a problem

Seawater contains approximately 35,000 mg/L of salt Brackish water has lower salinity than seawater, often

ranging between 2,000-5,000 mg/L

 Drinking water standards require salinity levels below

250 mg/L Desalination has become a primary source of the drinking water production. Desalination, turning salty water into fresh water

Techniques RO for desalination emerged in the 1960s Electrodialysis Nanofiltration RO and NF are called pressure-driven membrane processes since the transmembrane pressure difference is the driving force ED the electrical potential difference is the driving force

 ED is an older membrane desalination process than

RO and NF A by-product of desalination is brine

 Types of Membrane
RO membranes

- effectively non-porous - exclude particles and even many low molar mass species such as salt ions, organics

 NF membranes

-relatively new -loose RO membranes - pores are on the order of ten angstroms or less - exhibit performance between that of RO and UF membranes

Desalination by reverse osmosis

Mainstream of membrane desalination technology
Salt rejection as high as 99.7 and 99.8%, can be

achieved Applicable for both seawater and brackish water desalination Can remove monovalent ions such as sodium and chloride

 The product water of the desalination process is

generally water with less than 500 mg/l dissolved solids, which is suitable for most domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses

Technical Description
Pretreatment: The incoming feedwater is pretreated to

be compatible with the membranes Pressurization: The pump raises the pressure of the pretreated feedwater to an operating pressure appropriate for the membrane and the salinity of the feedwater

Source: O.K. Buros, et. Al., The USAID Desalination Manual, Englewood, N.J., U.S.A., IDEA Publications

 Separation: The permeable membranes inhibit the

passage of dissolved salts while permitting the desalinated product water to pass through Water from a pressurized saline solution is separated from the dissolved salts by flowing through a waterpermeable membrane

 Stabilization: The product water from the membrane

assembly usually requires pH adjustment before being transferred to the distribution system for use as drinking water To reduce the concentration of dissolved salts remaining, a portion of this concentrated feedwaterbrine solution is withdrawn from the container

ADVANTAGE OF RO
Simple
Installation costs are low Low maintenance Lower energy consumption RO technologies can make use of use an almost

unlimited and reliable water source, the sea. Aside from the need to dispose of the brine, RO has a negligible environmental impact

 Makes minimal use of chemicals Can be used to remove organic and inorganic

contaminants Disadvantages Feedwater usually needs to be pretreated Membranes are sensitive Brine must be carefully disposed A risk of bacterial contamination of the membranes

Desalination by Nanofiltration
Pressure-driven membrane Properties in between RO and ultrafiltration (UF)

membranes Well-suited for treatment of municipal water or water from surface sources like rivers and lakes Used to remove pesticides and other organic contaminants Removing heavy dissolved salts and large organic molecules from water

 Diluted solutions of monovalent ions can mostly pass

through a nanofiltration membrane unhindered while most of the multi-valent ions (such as sulfate and carbonate) are retained.

SOURCE:fumatech.com

Nano filtration Benefits

Lower operating costs
Remove divalent ions such as calcium and magnesium

that contribute to hardness of water Lower energy costs Reduces salt (TDS) content of slightly brackish water Reduces heavy metals Reduces nitrates and sulfates Reduces turbidity

Desalination by Electrodialysis
The electrical potential difference is the driving force

for the mass (ions)transport Transport salt from one solution, the diluate, to another solution (concentrate) by applying an electric current Done in an electrodialysis cell

SOURCE:fumatech.com

Water desalination with natural zeolite membranes

Membranes that have a high zeolite content Essentially free of intercrystalline voids Offer high thermal and chemical stability Able to greatly reduce ionic content and almost

completely remove all toluene from synthetic process water at 85 C

Critical problems with membrane technology

Fouling
Energy consumption Costs Brine disposal Environmental impact

Recent Advances

SOURCE:kaust.edu

Membrane (MF or UF) as RO pre-treatment

SOURCE:kaust.edu

 Reduction in cost Elimination of fine filters in the RO systems Less membrane replacement cost (due to the lengthened membrane useful life) Less chemical consumption cost (less chemicals are needed for disinfection, coagulation )

Less maintenance cost

Less labor cost

Nanofiltration (NF) as Softening Step for RO

SOURCE:kaust.edu

 NF can not desalinate seawater to produce drinking water in one step Can be used successfully to treat the mildly brackish water Desirable to use NF in combination with RO for seawater desalination Higher recovery factor than conventional RO To reduce hardness, TDS, micro organisms, and turbidity Multivalent ions rejection: ~ 90% Monovalent ions rejection: 10-50%

 Process more environmentally friendly

Can operate at lower pressure Pre-treatment of seawater feed to RO using

nanofiltration prevents scaling by removal of scale forming hardness ions

Membrane Bioreactor as SWRO pretreatment

SOURCE:kaust.edu

Membrane Crystallization (MCr) Operating on the Brines of NF and/or RO

SOURCE:kaust.edu

 The reduction of the huge amount of brine

The enhancement of the overall water recovery factor The production of valuable crystalline products

Fullerenes prevent biofouling of membrane C60 carbon fullerenes or "buckyballs" Coating pipes and membranes with these nanoparticles Two-fold effect 1. Less bacterial attachment 2. Inhibit respiration

Nanotube membranes Cheaper desalination Hollow 50,000 times thinner than a human hair

SOUCE:Scott Dougherty, LLNL

Environmental Impact
RO a more environmentally friendly Lowest energy requirements Lower atmospheric emissions

No additional heating is involved

But it has the highest rate of brine discharge Require anti-scaling additives to enhance membrane

performance

Future Prospects for Membranes

Reduced fouling would make membranes even more

cost effective Increasing the pretreatment of the feed water before it reaches the membranes The membrane field has advanced immensely. Being economical, environmentally friendly, versatile, and easy to use, membranes area leading choice for water purification applications and should continue to be for many years to come.

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