Literature Review on Carbon Dioxide Capture

by Absorption

Shashank Srivastava M.Tech (EST) 601101025

Introduction
Anthropogenic activities have caused concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to rise significantly over the last 200 years, contributing to the global warming problem and carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for the largest portion of the worlds annual emissions of GHGs. Its emissions from industrial waste gases, particularly flue gases from coal-fired power stations, have become a major target for reduction.

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The removal of CO2 from gas streams can be achieved by a number of separation techniques including absorption into a liquid solvent, adsorption onto a solid, cryogenic separation, permeation through membranes, and chemical conversion. Among these techniques, absorption into a liquid solvent is the most suitable process for removing CO2 from high-volume flue gas streams.

Absorption
Absorption is a process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter into bulk phase gas, liquid, or solid material.

An important advantage of the chemical absorption technology is that it can be applied to the power plants.

Ways to Capture CO2

Chemical Absorption Technology

In this technology, CO2 is captured from the flue gas of power plants by using a chemical absorbent such as amine solutions. Amine solvent performance could be improved as much as 30% by the use of mixed solvents. CO2 capture was effective in the temperature range of 6070C, while regeneration occurred in the range of 120200C.

Solvent- MDEA(methyl di-ethanol amine)

MDEA is the most widely used because it has a faster rate of reaction with CO2. Which allows absorption to take place in a shorter column. However, the operating cost of the absorption process using MEA is prohibitively high mainly because of The significant amount of energy required for solvent regeneration and operational problems such as corrosion and solvent degradation

Blended Alkanolamines
At the present time, AMP(2-amino- 2-methyl-1propanol) and MDEA (N-methyldiethanolamine) are receiving a great deal of attention because they require relatively low energy consumption for solvent regeneration. leading to significant savings in process costs.

CO2 Absorption Capacities in Aqueous and Its Blend with MDEA and TEA in the Presence of SO2

The presence of SO2 in the gas decreases the CO2 absorption rate. The blend of 15% wt AEE[2-(2 Aminoethylamino)ethanol] + 10 wt % MDEA represents an interesting solvent. which could be used as absorbent for the removal of CO2 from emission into the atmosphere by industries.

2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol(AEE),N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) and triethanolamine (TEA)

CO2 absorption capacity of 15 wt % AEE solution might be slightly enhanced by the addition of MDEA in both the absence and the presence of SO2 in absorbed gas. In contrast, the addition of TEA decreases the CO2 absorption capacity of AEE solution when the absorbed gas contains SO2. Therefore, the mixtures containing AEE + MDEA might represent the more suitable solvents as those constituted with AEE + TEA.

Factor effecting the efficiency

Efficiency decreased as the liquid-gas ratio decreased because a large amount of gas was inserted within a limited time frame. High CO2 loading ratio, reaction and absorption capacity decreased. When 5% wt NH3 was added to 25% wt AMP, CO2 removal efficiencies were 100% and 99% when gas flow rates were 5 and 7.5 l/min, respectively.

Factor Effecting the efficiency

Gas flow rate of 7.5 l/min was determined, after the effects of corrosiveness were taken into consideration CO2 removal efficiency by the AMP is highest at the regenerator temperature is 110 oC. The best regenerator temperature for NH3 is about 80 oC When 5% wt. NH3 was used, the amount of CO2 absorption was the highest and the scale formation problem was almost absent.

Hence, 25 wt% AMP + 5 wt% NH3 was the best concentration.

Effect of operating time on CO2 removal efficiencies of blended absorbents (wt% AMP/wt% NH3).

Effect of CO2 absorption amount as a function of regenerator temperatures in blended absorbents (wt% AMP/wt%NH3).

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It was discovered that the CO2 absorption rate on the addition of NH3 into 25% wt AMP solution at 15 kPa increased by 15.6 to 61.6% compared to that of the aqueous 25% wt AMP solution without NH3 in which the absorption increases to 30%. This was due to the enhanced mass transfer because the amount of CO2 absorbed into the gas-liquid interfacial area increased with increasing NH3 concentration. Viscosity is an important property in solvent selection because low viscosity will reduce pumping costs and mass-transfer resistances during CO2 absorption

ILs(Ionic Liquids)
Some specific ILs(Ionic Liquids), which can absorb CO2 quickly, have been synthesized and investigated. It took only 4 min for poly-ILs to reach their 90% absorption capacities and about 30 min to reach their full capacities. CO2 absorption could be almost completed within 5 min. IL amine solutions reached over their 90% absorption capacity within 15 min, and the reaction was completed after 25 min.

Kinetics
Good kinetics, such as with MEA and DEA, will reduce the solvent flow, but this benefit will be offset by an increase in the heat duty necessary to recover the CO2 in the gaseous phase. On the contrary, weak kinetics, such as with MDEA, will lead to a higher solvent flow but to a lower energy consumption for reversing the reaction and stripping the carbon dioxide

Conclusion
It is clear that there is no single unique solution for CO2 emissions. Developing and technologies for such a complex problem where the removal of CO2 also checks the gaseous pollutants such as NOx and Sox Therefore, there is a great need for further research and developed to improve CO2 capture technologies and energy saving to lower the cost.

References
1. Danielle, Bonenfant; Murielle, Mimeault; and Hausler, Robert; Estimation of the CO2 Absorption Capacities in Aqueous 2-(2Aminoethylamino)ethanol and Its Blends with MDEA and TEA in the Presence of SO2. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46, 8968-8971 2 Aroonwilas, A. D.; and Veawab, A.; Characterization and Comparison of the CO2 Absorption Performance into Single and Blended Alkanolamines in a Packed Column . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 2228-2237.

3. Sang,Wook.; and Kwang,Joong ; Simultaneous absorption of CO2 and SO2 into aqueous AMP/NH3 solutions in binary composite absorption system. Chem. Eng., 26(3), 705-710 (2009).
4.Danielle, Bonenfant; Murielle, Mimeault; and Hausler, Robert; Estimation of the CO2 Absorption Capacities in Aqueous 2-(2Aminoethylamino)ethanol and Its Blends with MDEA and TEA in the Presence of SO2. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46, 8968-8971

References
5. Jean-Marc G. Amann and Chakib Bouallou Kinetics of the Absorption of CO2 in Aqueous Solutions of NMethyldiethanolamine + Triethylene Tetramine .Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 37613770. 6. Sang,Wook.; and Kwang,Joong ; Chemical absorption of carbon dioxide into phenyl glycidyl ether solution containing THA-CP-MS41 catalyst. Chem. Eng., 27(6), 1868-1875 (2010) 7. Miller, M. B.; Luebke, D. R.; and Enick, R. M.; CO2-philic Oligomers as Novel Solvents for CO2 Absorption. Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 62146219 8. Young, E, K; Jeong, H.C; Sung Chan Nam, and Yeo Yoon CO2 Absorption Characteristics in Aqueous K2CO3/Piperazine Solution by NMR Spectroscopy Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 93069313. 9. Chen, Yu; Jin, Han; and Mu, Tiancheng; Determination of Absorption Rate and Capacity of CO2 in Ionic Liquids at Atmospheric Pressure by Thermogravimetric Analysis. Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 58105815.

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