PASIV U ENGLESKOM JEZIKU

to je pasiv?
Pasiv nije glagolsko vrijeme (tense), nego nain (voice). U pasivnom obliku subjekt ne izvrava radnju nego ju trpi. Reenice koje sadre objekt (direktni i/ili indirektni) mogu biti u aktivu (active voice) ili u pasivu (passive voice). Kod transformacije aktivne u pasivnu reenicu ne smijemo promijeniti glagolsko vrijeme!

Objekt
Objekt je reenini dio koji nije nuan, ali je proiruje kao predmet radnje. Postoje izravni (direktni, blii) i neizravni (indirektni, dalji) objekt. Izravni objekt je u akuzativu ili rjee u objektnom genitivu. Radnja direktno prelazi na njega. Vozim automobil. (koga, to - akuzativ) Dajte mu vode. (koga, ega - genitiv) ili Dajte mu vodu. (koga, to - akuzativ) Neizravni objekt nije u akuzativu ni genitivu koji se njime moe zamijeniti, ve je obino u dativu, ali moe biti i u lokativu i drugim padeima. Radnja ne prelazi direktno, ve neizravno na njega. Piem pismo majci. (komu, emu? - dativ) Neizravni objekt moe biti izreen i prijedlonim skupom (prijedlogom i imenicom), pa se tada naziva prijedloni objekt i obino je u genitivu. Oduvijek je bio protiv promjena.

Zato trebamo pasiv?

U engleskom jeziku, vie nego u hrvatskom jeziku, pasivne reenice su esta pojava. U puno sluajeva vjerojatno niste niti svjesni da ste upotrijebili pasivnu reenicu. Koristei pasivne reenice pomiemo naglasak s osobe koja vri radnju (subjekt reenice) na samu radnju, npr. I made some mistakes. Mistakes were made.

to sve trebam znati kako bih napravio pasivnu reenicu?

Kako bismo pravilno stvorili pasivnu reenicu (ili obrnuto) nuno je poznavati sljedee dijelove reenice: SUBJEKT: vritelj radnje People have seen wolves in the street. PREDIKAT: glagol People have seen wolves in the street. OBJEKT:

People have seen wolves in the street. PRILONE OZNAKE: People have seen wolves in the street.

Ovo nisu svi dijelovi reenice, ali su nama za pasiv najpotrebniji. Takoer moramo poznavati i razlikovati glagolska vremena, kao i nepravilne glagole.

Tvorba pasivnih reenica

Objekt aktivne reenice postaje subjekt pasivne reenice. Subjekt aktivne reenice se u velikoj veini sluajeva ne mora posebno izricati. Ukoliko ga elimo ili moramo izrei, koristimo by frazu i stavljamo ju na kraj reenice. [My grandfather]S planted [this tree]O. [This tree] S was planted by my gradnfather.

to uiniti s glagolom?
Podsjetimo jo jednom: u tvorbi pasiva ne mijenjamo glagolsko vrijeme, nego samo nain! Za tvorbu pasiva nam je potrebano: - glagol biti (to be) u glagolskom vremenu izvorne aktivne reenice; npr. ako je aktivna u Present Perfect Simple, glagol biti takoer moramo staviti u to glagolsko vrijeme (have been) - past particip (past participle) glavnoga glagola Dakle, pravilo za tvorbu pasiva je: to be + past participle of the main verb Pogledajmo to na primjeru.

Aktivna reenica: to initi? 1. Pronaimo subjekt i objekt aktivne reenice. 2. Objekt aktivne reenice postavimo kao subjekt pasivne reenice.

We keep the butter here.

[We] keep [the butter] here. S O The butter ...

3. Odredimo glagolsko vrijeme u aktivnoj reenici: Present Simple. Slijedite pravilo: glagol to be moramo staviti u Present Simple, dakle am, is ili are (ovisno o licu). Glagol keep je glavni glagol i njega stavljamo u past participle, dakle kept. U reenici to izgleda ovako: Ostatak reenice (prilonu oznaku) smo prepisali, a subjekt glavne reenice u ovom sluaju nismo ukljuili.
Aktivna reenica: Pasivna reenica:

The butter is kept here.

We keep the butter here.

The butter is kept here.

Jo nekoliko primjera za Present Simple:

A: [We]S wash [our car] O every weekend. P: [Our car] S is washed every weekend.

A: [They] S repair [the bridge]O every two years. P: [The bridge] S is repaired every two years.

Ostala glagolska vremena u pasivu

Podsjetimo na pravilo: to be + V-ed (past participle)

Past Simple They broke the window. The window was broken.

Present Perfect Simple I have sold our old house. Our old house has been sold. Past Perfect Simple They hadnt collected the rubbish. The rubbish hadnt been collected. Future Simple They will meet you at the station. You will be met at the station. Present Continuous They are repairing the bridge. The bridge is being repaired. Past Continuous They were carrying the injured player off the field.

The injured player was being carried off

the field.

Ostala continuous glagolska vremena se gramatiki mogu pretvoriti u pasiv, ali se izuzetno rijetko koriste. Pogledajte zato: They will be repairing the road. The road will be being repaired.

Modalni glagoli
Modalni glagoli (modal auxiliary verbs) su: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would; need, dare, used to Takoer mogu tvoriti pasiv i to koristei pasivni infinitiv: (present infinitive) to keep > to be kept (perfect infinitive) to have told > to have been told

Napomena: modalni glagoli uz sebe veu infinitiv bez to

You must/should shut these doors. These doors must/should be shut. They should/ought to have told him. He should/ought to have been told.
TENSE/VERB FORM
Present Simple Present Continuous

ACTIVE
keeps is keeping

PASSIVE
is/are kept is/are being kept

Past Simple
Past Continuous Present Perfect Simple

kept
was keeping has kept

was/were kept
was/were being kept has/have been kept

Past Perfect Simple

Future Simple

had kept
will keep

had been kept

will be kept

Objekt i pasivne reenice

Samo glagoli koji imaju objekt mogu imati pasivni oblik: [John] S swimms [every day]A. - no O, no passive!

Neki glagoli mogu uz sebe imati dva objekta, direktni i indirektni (Od i Oi). Bilo koji od ta dva objekta moe biti subjekt pasiva.

[They] offered [us] Oi[a new flat]Od. Oi: [We] Swere offered a new flat. Od: [A new flat] Swas offered to us.
Kada indirektni objekt postaje subjekt pasivne reenice, mora biti u nominativu: Ill send her the books. She will be sent the books. Cijeli objekt postaje subjekt pasivne reenice, bez obzira koliko dugaak bio: He frightened [the pretty girl standing in the dark [The pretty girl standing in the dark corner] was corner]. frightened.

Uporaba pasiva
Kada nije potrebno spominjati vritelja radnje (agent), jer je jasno iz konteksta tko ju vri: The streets are swept every day. Your hand will be X-rayed. Kada ne znamo, ne znamo tono ili smo zaboravili tko vri radnju: The minister was murdered. My car has been moved! Ako je subjekt aktivne reenice openit, npr. people, one: He is suspected of receiving stolen goods. This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. Kada nas vie zanima radnja, nego onaj tko ju vri:

The house next door has been bought (by a Mr Jones). A new public library is being built (by our local council).

Ponekad se koristi iz psiholokih razloga, kako bi se ogradili od odgovornosti prilikom priopavanja neugodnih vijesti:

Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced. This letter has been opened! (Tom suspects Bill, but wishes to avoid giving the name)
Ako ipak elimo ili zbog smisla reenice moramo navesti vritelja radnje, koristimo by + akuzativ (zamjenice): Ako elimo spomenuti instrument koriten za vrenje radnje koristimo with: He was brought up by his (her) aunt.

He was killed with a knife.

Negacije u pasivu
Usporedite sljedee reenice: You cant do anything. > Nothing can be done. We are not doing enough. > Not enough is being done. > It is not being done enough. Nobody has seen him.> He hasnt been seen.

Upitne reenice
Upitne reenice moraju ostati upitne i u pasivu: Did you write that note on the fridge? > Was that note on the fridge written by you?

Has he posted my letters? > Have my letters been posted?

Are they producing ZXM in Spain? > Is ZXM being produced in Spain?

Vjebe
Our company builds roads/one road every year. Roads are built every year by our company. One road is built every year by our company. Our company is building two roads/a hotel. Our company built a hotel/4 hotels last year. Our company was building a hotel/five hotels. Our company has built a hotel/five hotels so far. Our company had built a hotel/five hotels before 1986. Our company will build a hotel next year. Our company could build a hotel. Our company must build five office buildings for a foreign customer.