GENERATOR PROTECTION

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. OVER CURRENT (51) NGR/ NGT SELECTION STATOR E/F 90-95% (64S) STATOR E/F 95-100% (64S) DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (87) VOLTAGE CONTROLLED O/C (51V) VOLTAGE RESTRAINED O/C (51V) UNBALANCE ARMATURE CURRENT (46)

CONTENTS
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. ROTOR E/F (Ist & 2nd STAGE) (64F1 & F2) FIELD FAILURE (LOSS OF EXCITATION) (40) OVER FLUXING (59 V/Hz) OVER VOLTAGE (59) IN - ADVERTANT ENERGISATION (27/50) U/F & O/F (81 U & O) MOTORING (RPR) (32) POLE SLIP (78)

Stability Curve
Unit Can generate max 125 MW if prime mover P (MW) is capable. C
Rotor Current Limit
B 100, 0.8

0.8
0.87

Stator Stability Limit Flame Stability

25,0.2 100 Q (Lag) A 0.8 MVAr D Q (Lead)

Over Current Protection 51

Over Current in generator can occur due to system disturbance accompanied by generator or line tripping. O/L withstand capacity as ANSI C50.13 1977 Stator Current % 116 130 154 226 Time (sec) 120 60 30 10 Generally wired for alarm to allow operator to take corrective action at 105%

O/C Relay Chr

TD K t = Operation time

T = ---------- x ------------------ + L K, = Constant 7 (I/Is)-1 I = Current measured L = Constant, TD Time Dial Curve Std Inv Standard IEC K 0.14 0.02 L 0

Very Inv
Ext. Inv Long Inv

IEC
IEC UK

13.5
80 120

1
2 1

0
0 0

Very Inv

IEEE

3.922

0.0228

NGR SELECTION
Limit the E/F Current Current Limitation based on Generator Capability Curve.
Current Amps 80 70 Generator core damage

Repairable Damage 25 No damage 0,0 1 2 3 4 Time In Sec 12

NGR CALCULATION
To limit the E/F current at 100 amps : (V/3) Required NGR resistance : --------Current If other generators are ungrounded then unbalance current becomes a line current & insulation will be stressed Don't mix-up different types of grounding. Dont Earth NGR body

Neutral Grounding Transformer

If NGT Resistance is 0.9 Ohm Resistance Rp =0.9*(11/3/240)2 0.9*700 = 630 Ohm Max. E/F Current = (11000/3)
--------------630 = 10 Amps

R Trafo 11/3/240

U3<

STATOR E/F 90 95%

Phase to ground faults are very severe leading to melting of steel laminations & possibility of core damage. E/F current setting : 5 Amp % winding unprotected = 5/100 = .05*100=5% % winding protected = 100-5 = 95% In NGT scheme Neutral to ground voltage is sensed by the relay but it is insensitive to 3rd Harmonic voltage

Stator E/F 95 100%

Very close to the neutral. If first E/F is not sensed by the relay & meanwhile 2nd E/F developed then E/F current is not limited by the NGR/NGT. E/F current is very high All the generators are produce the 3rd harmonic voltages under normal condition and if fault is near neutral then 3rd harmonic voltages are markedly comes down & this is used for detection.

Neutral Grounding Transformer

Tuned for 50Hz & Block 150 Hz

Filter

R Trafo 11/3/240

64 ND

U3<

Uf

Tunned For Tunned For 50 Hz 150 Hz No Trip

Tunned to permit 3rd Harmonic

Trip

 At Unity Power factor :

PF Var 3rd H & Internal EMF relay is malfunctioned so 95 %

When 5 volt setting is done then chance of malfunction is increased due to relay has to operate at 50 Hz & block 3rd Harmonics

Differential Protection (87)

Unit Type Protection For Stator phase to phase fault Turn to turn fault cant detected Damage of the winding & stator core Two Scheme
High Impedance Low impedance

Differential Protection
Slope =Io/Ir, If Io>Ir Relay Operates

RC

RC

Iop
(IS-IL) Operate

OC

IR=(IS+IL)/2

Case Study for PS class CT

For 5P10 or 15 class CT is saturate in external heavy faults. And at that time a fault is occurred in the zone then the CT is not sense the fault & does not operate. So PS class CT is should be recommended for 5P10 differential protection even in numerical relays In this transformer one no. coil is burnt

Fault

Voltage Controlled O/C Relay

Backup of Differential Protection Two time/ current Chr During Sustained O/L or External Faults in system
Relay assumes long inverse Chr Voltage is near normal

During Close in faults

Voltages collapses Relay assumes normal IDMT Chr Under Voltage element is used to step change in relay setting

Voltage Controlled O/C Relay

Switch over from one curve to other curve when voltage is less than 30% If Generator directly connected to bus bar W/O GT then, occurrence of faults in the System then always voltage External Fault shrinks and relay O/L Chr malfunctioned
Operating Time
Fault Chr

PSM

Voltage Restrained O/C Relay

Only one IDMT Type Chr. Chr is modified continuously as per terminal voltage. Distance type impedance relay (21) is the back up protection. Used for terminal feed static excitation system When terminal voltage falls pickup current values are also falls linearly.

Voltage Restrained O/C Relay

Iy is set 1.5 to 2 rated When, 1.0 Iy Vt>0.8,
Ipickup = 1.5 Rat

Vt>0.2,
Ipickup = 0.3 Rat

0.2 Iy

Current

DMT time delay = 1 Sec

Ux1 0.2

Ux2 Voltage 0.8

Negative Sequence Protection Unbalance Armature Current (46)

Open phase of a line One open pole of a CB Non linear system loading A close unbalance fault not cleared properly Stator winding fault. This is Back up protection for uncleared system faults I2 rated current can melt the rotor Ia + 2Ib + Ic I2 = ---------------------------Where = 1.0 120 3

Negative Sequence Protection

5th & 11th Harmonics make a problem I22t = K For Air Cooled M/C For H2/ Water Cooled
K = 10 to 20
I2 PU K = 40 to 60

I22t = 20

High K > High Cost So K is kept 10 -15 Continuous Current withstands

Air Cooled M/C = 30 to 40% H2 / Water Cooled M/C 10 to 15%

Time In sec

Set the relay below the above withstand values for alarm (5 to 10 Sec Delay)