Autonomous Cars

By:-M.M.Ihzan

Contents

What is an autonomous cars?

Features of self-driving cars
What Does the Car Look Like?
How does it work?
Diagram of Self-Driving car

Laser Scanner
Radar
Cameras
Processor
GPS Antenna
Range of Scanners, Radars and Cameras

Traffic Ahead
Test Drive
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
References

What is an autonomous cars?

An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car,
driver-free car, robot car or self-driving car.

What Does the Car Look Like?

Features of self-driving cars

A self-driving cars are capable of
Sensing its environment
Navigating without human input.
Fulfilling the human transportation
traditional car.
Making intelligent decisions.

capabilities

of

Maintaining an internal map and using that map to

find an optimal paths.
-Ex. road structures, pedestrians and other vehicles

How does it work?

The vehicle build a map of its environment
and precisely localize itself within that map.
It uses laser rangefinders and cameras.

The vehicle uses a probabilistic model to

track the predicted future path of moving
objects based on its shape.
Intelligence and makes decisions on its own (if
mistake is made it will alert driver)

It use its GPS to know where it is in relation to

other objects in the map.
It use inertial navigation unit, and sensors to
precisely localize itself.

Diagram of Self-Driving car

Laser Scanner

Processor

GPS Antenna
Cameras

Radar
Radar
Laser Scanner

Laser Scanner
The laser gives 360
degree understanding.
Car can sense objects
at the same time.
The laser helps to
determine its location.

Radar
Radar detects vehicles
far ahead.
Radar calculate other
vehicles speed.
So car can speed up or
slow down with other
vehicles.

Cameras
The cameras detects
traffic lights.
It helps cars onboard
computer to recognize
moving objects.
-Ex. Pedestrian, bicycles

Processor
Processor measures
small movements
made by the car.
It helps to accurately
locate its positions on
the map.

GPS Antenna
Its helps to know where it
is in relation to other
objects in the map.
As the vehicle moves,
new positional
information and sensor
data are used to update
the vehicles internal
map.

Range of Scanners, Radars

and Cameras
Short-range radar
Range of 0.2m to 30m

30
m

Mid-range scan
Range of 60m

60m

Long-range radar
Range of 200m

200m

Camera
Visual range of up to 500m

Traffic Ahead
Many carmakers developing prototype vehicles that are capable
of driving autonomously in certain situation.

BMW

MercedesBenz

Vehicles

5 Series
(modified)

S 500 Intelligent
driver research
vehicle

KEY
Technologi
es

Video camera
tracks lane
markings and
reads road
signs.
Read sensors
detect objects
ahead.
Side laser
scanners.
Ultrasonic
sensors.
Differential
GPS.
Very accurate
map.

Stereo camera
sees objects
ahead in 3-D
Additional
cameras reads
road signs and
traffic lights.
Short and long
range radar.
Infrared
camera,
Ultrasonic
sensors.

Nissan
Leaf EV
(modified)
Front and
side radar.
Camera
Front, side
and rear
laser sensor,
Fore wide
angle
cameras
shows the
driver the
cars
surroundings
.

Google

General
Motors

Prius and
Lexus
(modified)

Cadillac SRX
(modified)

LIDAR on the
roof detects
objects around
the car in 3-D
Camera helps
detect objects.
Front and side
radar.
Inertial
measuring unit
tracks position,
Wheel encoder
tracks
movement.
Very accurate
map.

Several laser
sensors.
Radar
Differential
GPS
Cameras
Very accurate
map.

Test Drive
Already sent out vehicles (over 140,000 miles through
traffic, residential, and highway)
Nevada-June 2011
Florida-April 2012
California-September 2012
Texas-September 2012

Trying to find green alternatives.

Advantages
React faster than humans.
360 degree perfection.
Allows more people to
commute.
Cannot get distracted,
sleepy, or intoxicated.
Actively engage the driver
(announcements like
approaching a crosswalk or
turn ahead)

Disadvantages
Expensive.
Cars reducing more
carbon.
Costs more gas.
Some times make wrong
decision.

Conclusion
Actually, I think it is a great idea once the
technology is perfected and locked down.
Sure we can't imagine something like it now, but
think off into the future.

Questions?

References
http://robohub.org/how-do-self-driving-cars-work /
http://
images.gizmag.com/inline/stanford-audi-tts-autonomous-car-race-c
ar-drivers-thunderhill-raceway-9.jpeg
http://
www.blogcdn.com/www.autoblog.com/media/2012/02/googleauton
omous-car-628.jpg
http://
www.autonomos.inf.fu-berlin.de/escape/sensors/migsensors/sensor
s/MIG_labels.jpg
http://
www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/google-self-dri
ving-car-537x369.jpg
http://
www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MercedesDistro
nicPlusThruWindshieldIllo-640x381.jpg
http://
images.gizmag.com/gallery_lrg/volvo-autonomous-cars-42.jpg
http://
cnet3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2010/03/26/9fc59e0c-f0fc-11e2-8c

Thank you