Meiosis

Sex-Cell
Formation

Meiosis
Sexual reproduction occurs only
ineukaryotes. During the formation
ofgametes, the number
ofchromosomes is reduced by half,
and returned to the full amount when
the twogametes fuse
duringfertilization.

Reproduction
Individual organisms come and go,
but, to a certain extent, organisms
transcend time through producing
offspring. Reproduction in animals
occurs in two primary ways: through
sexual reproduction and
throughasexual reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction
In sexual reproduction, two individuals
produce offspring that have genetic
characteristics from both parents.
Sexual reproduction introduces
newgenecombinations in a population
through genetic recombination.

Gametes
In animals,sexual
reproductionencompasses the fusion
of two distinctgametes(sex cells) to
form a zygote.
Gametes are produced by a type of
cell division calledmeiosis.
The gametes arehaploid(containing
only one set of chromosomes) while
the zygote isdiploid(containing two
sets of chromosomes).

 In most cases, the malesex cell,

called the spermatozoan, is relatively
motile and usually has aflagellum.
On the other hand, the female
gamete, called the ovum, is nonmotile and relatively large in
comparison to the male gamete.

Types of Fertilization
There are two mechanisms by
whichfertilizationcan take place.
The first is external (the eggs are
fertilized outside of the body);
The second is internal (the eggs are
fertilized within the female
reproductive tract).

Phases of Meiosis
Two successive nuclear divisions occur,
Meiosis I (Reduction) and Meiosis II
(Division). Meiosis produces 4 haploid
cells. Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells.
The old name for meiosis was
reduction/ division.

Meiosis I reduces the ploidy level from

2n to n (reduction) while Meiosis II
divides the remaining set of
chromosomes in a mitosis-like process
(division). Most of the differences
between the processes occur during
Meiosis I.

I. PROCESS OF MEIOSIS
in mitosis, there is replication of the
DNA, then a division of the
chromosomes /cytoplasm
in meiosis, there is a replication of
the DNA, then the chromosomes get
shuffled up, the
chromosomes/cytoplasm divide, then
they divide a second time
because the cell only copies the
chromosomes once but divides twice,
it is sometimes calledREDUCTION

A)INTERPHASE
single-stranded chromosomes are
replicated (duplicated) to from doublestranded chromosomes

B) FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION

PROPHASE I
homologous double-stranded
chromosomes line up, forming a
TETRAD(that is four chromatids
lined up in a row); this is called
SYNAPSIS
while they are lined up, ends of the
chromosomes can switch places; this
process of shuffling up the genetic
information is calledCROSSINGOVER

PROPHASE I

METAPHASE I
as in mitosis, the tetrads line up in
the equatorial plane (middle) of the
spindle in the cell

ANAPHASE I
the homologous chromosomes of the
tetrad separate from each other and
move to different ends of the cell
this is calledDISJUNCTION

TELOPHASE I
the first meiotic division ends as the
cytoplasm divides into two daughter
cells

C) SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION

the second mitotic division is much like
mitosis; no further replication of
chromosomes occur

PROPHASE II
the spindle forms for the second time
the chromosomes move toward the
center of the spindle

METAPHASE II
the chromosomes become attached
to the spindle in the center of the
spindle
the chromosomes are STILL DOUBLESTRANDED

ANAPHASE II
the centromeres divide and the sister
chromatids separate
now, the SINGLE-STRANDED
chromosomes move toward opposite
ends of the spindle

TELOPHASE II
both daughter cells from the first
mitotic division divide forming FOUR
monoploid cells, having only one set
of chromosomes

II. GAMETOGENESIS
(GAMETE= sex cells) (GENESIS=
creation)
the production of sex cells
occurs in specialized organs called
gonads
TESTES (males) OVARIES (females)
some organisms have one or the
other
others have both male and female

A)SPERMATOGENESIS
(SPERM= sperm) (GENESIS=
creation)
)the production of sperm
)a primary sex cell in the testes
undergoes meiosis (replication and
division) andproduces 4 functional
monoploid sperm cells

B) OOGENESIS
(OO= egg) (GENESIS= creation)
the production of egg cells
a primary sex cell in the ovary
undergoes meiosis and forms ONLY 1
EGG
a primary sex cell in the ovary
undergoes meiosis and forms ONLY 1
EGG
besides1 functional ovum (egg), 3
non-functional polar bodies are

III. FERTILIZATION
the union between a monoploid (n)
sperm nucleus with a monoploid (n)
egg nucleus
forms a diploid (2n)ZYGOTEwhich
contains one set of chromosomes
from each parent

A)EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
)gametes fuse outside the female
parent (externally)
)in this process, the female produces
a large number of eggs because...
1) the eggs can be crushed
2) the eggs can be eaten
3) the eggs can dry out
4) the eggs might not survive
)occurs in aquatic vertebrates such
as fish and amphibians

B) INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
gametes fuse within the female
parent in her moist reproductive tract
(internally)
females produce fewer eggs
because they are protected inside
the mother
occurs in most terrestrial vertebrate
animals C) PARTHENOGENESIS
the development of an unfertilized
egg without fusion with a sperm
occurs in insects (drone or worker

Thanks For
Watching our
Presentation

Group 5
(8-Newton)

Leader:
Serilla, Elizabeth

Members:
Radaza, Jhean Mary
Siguenza, Danica
Tipo, Eloisa Marie
Ventenilla, Alessandra Joy
Venterez, Erika Mae
Wong, Hanna
Sabangan, Mark Joshua
Santos, Mark Gabriel
Sapetin, Jasler Russel
Ugalde, Vincent