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41St Ieee CDC Las Vegas, Nevada December 9th 2002
41St Ieee CDC Las Vegas, Nevada December 9th 2002
Charalambos D. Charalambous
Nickie Menemenlis
Message
Signal
Source
Source
Encoder
Channel
Encoder
Modulator
Modulated
Transmitted
Signal
Wireless
Channel
User
Source
Decoder
Estimate of
Message
Channel
Decoder
Estimate of
Demodulator
Received
Signal
Area 2
Short-term
fading
Log-normal
shadowing
Transmitter
Tim
ty
r
e
p
ro
p
s
n
io
t
ia
r
va
t2
(t2)
t1
t0
(t1)
(t0)
Cl (t ; ) ri (t ; )e ji (t ; ) (t i (t ))
i 1
i (t ) :
N (t ):
C (t ; ) Re
N (t )
r (t; )e
i 1
j i ( t ; )
jc t
(t i (t ))
N (t )
I i (t ; ) cos ct Qi (t ; ) sin ct (t i (t ))
i 1
I i (t ; ) ri (t ; ) cos( i (t ; ))
Qi (t ; ) ri (t ; ) sin( i (t ; ))
ri (t ; ) I i2 (t ; ) Qi2 (t ; )
Qi (t ; )
i (t ; ) tan
I
(
t
;
)
i
In-phase component
Quadrature component
Attenuation
Phase
yl (t ) ri (t ; i (t ))e
i 1
y (t ) Re{ yl (t )e
j c t
j i ( t ; i ( t ))
sl (t i (t )) nl (t )
N (t )
sl (t ) :
d 0
P(d ) P(d0 ) , d d 0
d
d 0 : Reference distance, i.e. d 0 1 m. for indoors
P%
(d )
kPL ( d )[ dB ]
e
, log-normal, k ln10
20
Pt
P%
(d ) : received power at d
Pt :
1
( x x )2 / 2 x2
f ( x)
e
, x E[ x], x2 Var ( x)
2 x
1
x2
2
2
f (r )
exp (ln r x ) / 2 x , E[ r ] exp x , r 0
2
2 x r
y0
y
ve , N
a
w 1,
g
n n=
i
m n};
o
inc , n,
O(x0 ,y0 ,z0)
h
t
n
n r n,
:{
=
En
n
n
x0
v
direction of motion of mobile
on x-y plane
E (t ) En (t )
n 1
En (t ) Re rn e jn e jc (t n ) rn cos(c (t n ) n ), n 1, K N
2
x0 cos n cos n y0 sin n cos n z0 sin n
c n
rn , n , n , n n1 :
N
E0
rn : signal attenuation coefficient; n : U 0, 2 , E[r ]
N
2
n
En (t ) Re rn e jn e
j c n ( t n )
n 1
n 1
n :
Doppler shift
I (t ),
x E[ I (t )] E[Q(t )],
I (t ),
Q(t ) : N (0, x2 )
I (t ) I
d (t ) ,
I (t ) I d (t ) :
N ( x , x2 )
E[r ]
x,
2
With specular component: r : Ricean
r
f (r ) 2 exp rs2 r 2 / 2 x2 I 0 rrs / x2 ,
x
RE ( ) @E E (t ) E (t ) ( ) cos c c( ) sin c
E0
( ) E I (t ) I (t )
E cos n ,
2
E
c( ) E Q(t )Q(t ) 0 E sin n
2
For n : uniform in (0, 2 ]
E0
2 v
( )
J
cos
0
p( ) d , c( ) 0
cos
,
2sin m
0,
E0
,
4 f m sin m
SD ( f )
E0
4 f m sin m
,
2
f fm
f m cos m f f m
1 2 cos m 1 ( f / f m )
sin
,
1 ( f / fm )
f f m cos m
f m : Maximum
Doppler frequency
Cl (t ; ) ri (t ; )e ji (t ; ) (t i (t ))
i 1
i (t ) :
N (t ):
Cl (t ; ) ri (t ; )e ji (t ; ) (t i (t ))
i 1
t 0
3. Space-frequency, space-time
c t ; f @F c t ; c t ; e j 2f d
t 0
F c
Cl (t ; f ) @F Cl (t ; ) Cl (t ; )e j 2 f d
Sc ; f @Ft F c t ; Ft c t ; f
c t ; f e j 2t d t
f 0
c t ; 0 e j 2t d t
2. Scattering function
Sc ; @Ft c t ;
1
@Ff
S ; f
c
c t ; e j 2t d t
Sc ; f e j 2f d f
Power Delay
Profile
t=0
Power Delay
Spectrum
|c(f)|
|c(t;f)|
t=0
Bc
Tm
c( t;)
F
f
t
Ft
WSSUS
Channel
Sc(; f)
S ( ; ) d
Ft
Sc( ;) Scattering
Function
|c(t)|
S ( ; )d
Sc( )
Tc
Ft
Doppler Power
Spectrum
Bd
f=0
f=0
Sc()
Flat Fading
Frequency Selective
1. BS < BC Tm < Ts
2. Rayleigh, Ricean distrib.
3. Spectral chara. of transmitted
signal preserved
1. BS > BC Tm > Ts
2. Intersymbol Interference
3. Spectral chara. of transmitted
signal not preserved
4. Multipath components resolved
Channel
Channel
Signal
Signal
BC
BS
freq.
BS
BC
freq.
Fast Fading
Slow Fading
Signal
Signal
Doppler
BD
BS
freq.
Doppler
BS
BD
freq.
yl (t ) Cl t ; sl (t )d Cl t ; f Sl ( f )e j 2 ft df
Cl t ;0 Sl ( f )e j 2 ft df C t ;0 sl (t )
(t )e j (t ) sl (t );
Sl ( f ) @F sl (t )
Cl t ; f @F Cl t ;
(t): Rayleigh or Ricean
Gaussian
noise
source
Shaping
filter
90o phase
shift
Input
Signal
xl (t)
Gaussian
noise
source
Balanced
modulator
Shaping
filter
Balanced
modulator
Rayleigh
fading
signal
W i 1
W
yl (t ) Cl t ; sl (t )d Cl t ; f Sl ( f )e j 2 ft df
1 N (Ts ) n
n
Cl t ; sl t
W i 1
W
W
W: bandwidth of real band-pass signal
Input
Signal
xL(t)
Tapped-delay line
Delay-line
r0(t)ej0(t)
direct
path
...
r1(t)ej1(t)
rL(t)ejL(t)
Chapter 1: References
G.L. Turin. Communication through noisy, random-multipath channels. IRE
Convention Record, pp. 154-166, 1956.
P. Bello. Characterization of random time-variant linear channels. IEEE
Transactions in Communications, pp 360-393, 1963.
J.F. Ossanna. A model for mobile radio fading due to building reflections:
Theoretical and experimental waveform power spectra. Bell Systems
Technical Journal, 43:2935-2971, 1964.
R.H. Clarke. A statistical theory of mobile radio reception. Bell Systems
Technical Journal, 47:957-1000, 1968.
M.J Gans. A power-spectral theory of propagation in the mobile-radio
environment. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VT-21(1):27-38,
1972.
H. Suzuki. A statistical model for urban radio propagation. IEEE
Transactions in Communications, 25:673-680, 1977.
T. Aulin. A modified model for the fading signal at a mobile radio channel.
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VT-28(3):182-203, 1979.
A.D.Saleh, R.A.Valenzuela. A statistical model for indoor multi-path
propagation. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 5(2):128137, 1987.
Chapter 1: References
M. Gudamson. Correlation model for shadow fading in mobile radio
systems. Electronics Letters, 27(23):2145-2146, 1991.
D. Giancristofaro. Correlation model for shadow fading in mobile radio
channels. Electronics Letters, 32(11):956-958, 1996.
A.J. Coulson, G. Williamson, R.G. Vaughan. A statistical basis for lognormal shadowing effects in multipath fading channels. IEEE Transactions
in Communications, 46(4):494-502, 1998.
E. Biglieri, J. Proakis, S. Shamai. Fading channels: Information-theoretic
and communication aspects. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
44(6):2619-2692, October 1998.
W.C.Jakes. Microwave mobile communications, New York, WileyInterscience, 1974.
K. Pahlavan, A.H. Levesque. Wireless Information Networks, New York,
Wiley-Interscience, 1995.
J.G. Proakis. Digital Communications, Mc-Graw-Hill, New-York, 1995.
T.S. Rappaport. Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall, 1996.