HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

CENG 95

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
The bituminous pavement is a
combination of mineral aggregate
and bituminous binders. The
mixture of rock material particles
with asphalt has created so many
names such as:

 Plant mix
Asphalt sheet
Road mix
Armor coat
Oil mat, etc.
Asphalt macadam
Asphaltic concrete
Mastic
National paving

Qualities of asphalt road

The surface must free from cracks or
raveling due to shrinkage and fatigue
failure
It must withstand weather condition,
including the effect of surface water, heat,
cold and oxidation

 It must be resistant to internal moisture

such as water vapor
It must posses a tight or porous
impermeable surfaces the case may be
suitable to underlying base on sub-base
It must be smooth riding and skid free
surface

 The success of an asphalt pavement lies

or depends of the construction quality of
the sub-grade, and the base course. On
the contrary, pavement failure would be
considered as a forgone conclusion.

A satisfactory asphalt pavement

could be attained under the
following construction
procedures:

 Viscous asphalt binder is heated to a fluid

condition and mixed with heated aggregates.
The mixture is then laid and compacted while
still hot.
Mixing liquid or emulsion asphalt with
aggregates at normal temperature is either by
plant or road mixing. The mixture is laid and
compacted at the normal temperature before
the solvent evaporates or the emulsion breaks.

 Spread and compact the clean crushed

stones, sprayed with heated or emulsified
asphalt binder over it. Cover the sprayed
pavement with fine aggregates. This
process is referred to as the penetration
method.

BITUMINOUS
CONCRETE PAVEMENT

 Term asphalt concrete refers to a dense

graded road surface made of hot mineral
aggregates, mixed with hot asphalt and
laid at high temperature with about 275
degree farenheight to 300 degree
farenheit.

 Highest type of dense bituminous

pavement concrete suitable for the most
heavily traveled roads. A prime coat is first
applied and treated base before asphalt
concrete is laid. The purpose is to bind
any loose particles of the base and
likewise act as bond between the base
and the pavement to deter rising moisture
from penetrating the pavement.

 The thickness of compacted asphalt

concrete pavement ranges from 2 inch for
lightly traveled road to 6inch or more for
roads where traffic is considerably heavy.

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
PAVEMENT FAILURES

 Caused by excessive loads. Heavy loads

creates deflection on the road surface,
with insufficient underlying strength.
Repetitious underlying of the excessive
load with roughen and crack the road
pavement will ultimately result to complete
failure of the roadway

 . Deflection on the road surface may be

the effect of the elastic deformation from
the consolidation of the base or subsoil or
from the combination of elastic and plastic
deformation. Repeated heavy wheel load
on highly resilient soil causes deflection
leading to fatigue failureof the asphalt
surface.

 Alligator or the map cracking of the

surface will be substantially evident.
Elastic deformation in the sub-grade
penetrate to depth of 6meters although
mostly to a depth from the surface.

 Surface failure
Base failure
Basement failure

MACADAM

MACADAM
John Loudon McAdam was born in
Ayr, Scotland in 1756. In 1787 he
became a trustee of the Ayrshire
Turnpike in the Scottish Lowlands
and during the next seven years this
hobby became an obsession. As
Surveyor-General of roads for the
Bristol Turnpike in 1816, McAdam first
put his ideas about road construction
into major practice.

 He also began to actively propagate

his ideas in two booklets called
Remarks (or Observations) on the
Present System of Roadmaking,
(which ran nine editions between 1816
and 1827) and A Practical Essay on
the Scientific Repair and Preservation
of Public Roads, published in 1819.

MACADAM is a type of road construction

pioneered by the Scotsman John Loudon
McAdam in around 1820. The method
simplified what had been considered stateof-the-art at that point. Single sized
aggregate layers of stone with a coating of
binder as a cementing agent are mixed in an
open-structured macadam.

 McAdam's method was simpler, yet more

effective at protecting roadways: he
discovered that massive foundations of
rock upon rock were unnecessary, and
asserted that native soil alone would
support the road and traffic upon it, as
long as it was covered by a road crust that
would protect the soil underneath from
water and wear.[9]

MCADAM'S METHODS

McAdam's method was more simple

and yet more effective at protecting
roadways: he discovered that
massive foundations of rock upon
rock were unnecessary, and asserted
that native soil alone would support
the road and traffic upon it, as long as
it was covered by a road crust that
would protect the soil underneath
from water and wear.

 Size of stones was central to the

McAdams road building theory. The
lower 200 mm road (7.8 inches) thickness
was restricted to stones no larger than 75
mm. (2.9 in) The upper 50 mm (1.9 in)
layer of stones was limited to 20 mm size
(.787 in ) and stones were checked by
supervisors who carried scales.

 A workman could check the stone

size himself by seeing if the stone
would fit into his mouth. The
importance of the 20 mm stone size
was that the stones needed to be
much smaller than the 100 mm width
of the iron carriage tires which
traveled on the road.

THANK YOU