PUMPS, VALVES,

& FANS
Moving fluids

Objectives

Comprehend the basic construction

and application of valves used
Comprehend the basic operation and
application of different pumps
Know Bernoullis principle, the
concept of pressure, & Net Positive
Suction Head
Be familiar with operation and
application of centrifugal & axial fans

Valves

Defn: devices which control the

amount and direction of fluid flow in
piping systems

Typically made of bronze, brass, iron,

or steel alloy

Components:
- Valve body
- Packing
- Disc
- Packing gland/nut
- Seat - Stem - Bonnet
- Wheel

Types of Valves

Two basic groups:

Stop valves - used to shut off or

partially shut off the flow of fluid ( ex:
globe, gate, plug, needle, butterfly)
Check Valves - used to permit flow in
only one direction (ex: ball-check,
swing-check, lift-check)

Special types:

Relief valves
Pressure-reducing valves
Remote-operated valves

Stop Valves

Globe Valves

Most common type of stop valve

Used in steam, air, water, & oil
lines
Disc attached to valve stem rests
against seat to shut off flow of
fluid
Adv: Used for throttling
Disadv: flow resistance

Globe Valve

Stop Valves

Gate Valves

Used when there must be

straight-line flow of fluid w/ min.
resistance
Gate usually wedge-shaped or a
vertical disc
Adv: No flow restrictions
Disadv: poor throttling

Gate Valve

Stop Valves

Butterfly Valves

Used in water, fuel, and ventilation

systems
Adv: small, light-weight, & quick-acting
Disadv: leaks early & only low-flow
throttle

Ball Valves

Similar to butterfly valves

Normally found in seawater, sanitary,
trim and drain, and hydraulic systems

Butterfly Valve

Check Valves

Controls direction of flow

Operated by flow of fluid in pipe
Types:

Swing check - disc moves through

an arc
Lift check - disc moves up and down
Ball check - ball is located at end of
stem and lifts to allow flow

Swing-check Valve

Relief Valves

Used to protect piping system

from excessive pressure
Opens automatically when
fluid pressure becomes too
high (pressure acts against
spring pressure)
Relieving pressure set by an
adjusting screw

Pressure-reducing
Valves

Used to automatically provide

a steady, lower pressure to a
system from a higher pressure
source
Used in air, lube-oil, seawater,
and other systems

Remote-operated
Valves

Valves that allow operation from

distant stations
Types:

Mechanical - uses reach rods and gears

Hydraulic - uses fluid and piston set up
Motor - uses and electric or pneumatic
motor
Solenoid - uses coil and core
mechanism to open or close on an
electric signal

Pumps

Pumps

Defn: device that uses and

external power source to apply
force to a fluid in order to move
it from one place to another
Must overcome:

(1) frictional forces from large

quantities of fluid
(2) difference in static pressure
between two locations

Must provide any velocity

desired

Pumps Bernoullis
Theorem

Pressure head: measure of fluids mech. PE

Velocity head: measure of fluids mech. KE
Friction head: measure of energy lost that
heats fluid
Z1 + P1/ + V12/2g = Z2 + P2/ + V22/2g + [(U2 U1) W Q]
q + wshaft = (h2 h1) + (v22 v12)/2 + g(z2 z1)
Z/z: fluid height; P: fluid pressure; : fluid density
V/v: fluid velocity
U: internal energy W/w: work
Q/q: heat transferred h: enthalpy g: grav. acceleration

BOTTOM LINE: Total energy within the control

volume is constant under SS conditions.

Components of Pumps

Drive mechanism (steam,

electric, gear)
Pump shaft
Impeller or piston
Casing

Types of Pumps

Positive Displacement

Fixed volume of fluid is displaced

during each cycle regardless of
static head/pressure pumping
against
Uses either a piston, gear, or
screw type (reciprocating, rotary
gear, rotary screw, etc)

Positive Displacement
Pump

Pumps

Non-positive Displacement:
volume of fluid is dependent on
static head/pressure

Centrifugal: impeller inside a case

(called volute). Impeller is a disc w/
curved vanes mounted radially (like
a paddle wheel)

Suction is the Eye -> fluid accelerated as it

travels outward & then enters volute

Propeller: uses prop inside casing to

move fluid -> not used much in Navy

Centrifugal Pump

Pumps

Jet pumps:

Bernoullis principle and no

moving parts
Velocity Head vs. Pressure head

hin + vin2/2

hout + vout2/2

Jet Pump

Types:

Eductor - used to pump liquids

Ejector - used to pump gases

Pump Characteristic
Curves

Pump Parameters:

N = pump speed, RPM

V = volumetric flow rate, GPM
Hp = pump head (discharge pressure),
psig
P = power required, Hp

Centrifugal Pump Laws

VN
Hp N 2
W N3

Positive Displacement
Pumps
N1
Hp

N2

N2 = ____

GPM

Centrifugal Pumps

Parallel Pumps

V2 = ____
Hp2 = ____

Hp
2 Pumps
1 Pump

GPM

Centrifugal Pumps

Series pumps (called staging)

V2 = ____

Hp

2 Pumps

Hp2 = ____

1 Pump

GPM

Net Positive Suction

Head

Defn: that pressure required at the

suction of a pump to prevent
cavitation
So what is cavitation?
- the formation of bubbles due to
low
pressure area and the
subsequent
collapse upon
migration to a high
pressure area
Cavitation causes noise and damage

Net Positive Suction

Head

Need enough pressure on the

suction side so that the pump
does not reduce pressure @ the
eye to cause P < Psat
If P < Psat, water flashes to vapor
causing damage to the pump
What are possible means of
providing NPSH to prevent
cavitation?

Fans

Same Principle as Non-positive

displacement pumps
Types:

Centrifugal: majority used for

compressors
Axial (like propeller): cooling fans

Fans

Questions

Question
s?