1

CHAPTER 5
Read Chapter 5
Study examples and exercises.

Chapter 5 Outline

Electrolytes
NIEs
5 General Chemical Reactions
Redox
Acid/Bases
Molarity
Titration

IONIC COMPOUNDS

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially
reactions in water aqueous solutions.

KMnO4 in water

K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)

Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are present in aqueous
solutions?
The solutions conduct electricity!
They are called ELECTROLYTES
HCl, K2CrO4, MgCl2, and NaCl are

strong

electrolytes. They dissociate completely

(or nearly so) into ions.

K2CrO4(aq) ---> 2 K+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

ClNa

Negative
O atom

Positive
H atom

NaCl dissolving in water

Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are present in aqueous
solutions?
The solutions conduct electricity!
They are called ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are strong

electrolytes. They dissociate completely

(or nearly so) into ions.

Figure 5.2
Strong Electrolyte

Aqueous Solutions
Acetic acid ionizes only to a small extent, so it is a

weak electrolyte.

HC2H3O2(aq)

C2H3O2-(aq) + H+(aq)

Figure 5.3
Weak
Electrolyte

Acetic acid Weak Electrolyte

Ionized
acetic
acid

H+

10

Aqueous Solutions
Acetic acid ionizes only to a small extent, so it is a

weak electrolyte.

CH3CO2H(aq)

-CH CO
3

(aq) + H+(aq)

11

Aqueous Solutions

Some compounds dissolve in water but do not

conduct electricity. They are called
nonelectrolytes.
Examples include:
sugar
ethanol
ethylene glycol
(in antifreeze)

12

13

Figure 5.3 b
Nonelectrolyte

14

Nonelectrolyte Ethanol, C2H5OH

15

WATER SOLUBILITY OF
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Not all ionic compounds dissolve in water.
Some are INSOLUBLE.

See Figure 5.4

As long as one ion from the list

is present in a compound, the
compound is water soluble.

16

See your
Solubility
Table

WATER SOLUBILITY OF IONIC

COMPOUNDS
Common minerals are often formed with anions that
lead to insolubility:
sulfide
fluoride
carbonate oxide

Iron pyrite, a sulfide

Azurite, a copper
carbonate

Orpiment,
arsenic sulfide

17

18

ACIDS
An acid

H+ in water

Some strong acids are

HCl
HNO3

hydrochloric
nitric

HClO4

perchloric

H2SO4

sulfuric

HNO3

ACIDS
An acid
HCl(aq)

H+ in water
H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

19

20

The Nature
of Acids
HCl

Cl-

H2O

H3O+

hydronium
ion

Weak Acids
WEAK ACIDS

WEAK ELECTROLYTES

HC2H3O2

acetic acid

H2CO3

carbonic acid

H3PO4

phosphoric acid

21

ACIDS
Nonmetal oxides can be acids
CO2(aq) + H2O(l)

H2CO3(aq)

SO3(aq) + H2O(l)

H2SO4(aq)

and can come from burning

coal and oil.

22

23

BASES
Base
NaOH(aq)

NaOH is
a strong
base.

OH- in water
Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Ammonia, NH3
An Important Base
NH3(aq) + H2O(l)

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

24

25

Figure 5.11

Ammonia
is a weak
base

BASES

26

Metal oxides are

bases
CaO(s)+ H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2(aq)

CaO in water. Indicator

shows solution is basic.

27

Net Ionic
Equations
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)

H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)

We really should write

Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

H2(g) + Mg2+(aq) +
2 Cl-(aq)

Ionic Equations
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)
Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)
H2(g) + Mg2+(aq) +
2 Cl-(aq)

The two Cl- ions are SPECTATOR IONS they

do not participate.

28

29

Net Ionic Equations

We leave the spectator ions out in writing the

NET IONIC
EQUATION (NIE)
Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq)

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)

Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

H2(g) + Mg2+(aq)

H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)
H2(g) + Mg2+(aq) +
2 Cl-(aq)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN
WATER
We will look at

EXCHANGE
REACTIONS

AX +
B

AY + BX

The anions exchange

places between cations.
Pb(NO3) 2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) ----> PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

31

Precipitation Reactions
The driving force is the formation of an
insoluble compound a precipitate.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq)

2 KNO3(aq) +
PbI2(s)

Net ionic equation

Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq)

PbI2(s)

Acid-Base Reactions
The driving force is the formation of water.

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)

NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Net ionic equation

OH-(aq) + H+(aq)
H2O(l)

This applies to ALL reactions of STRONG

acids and bases.

32

Acid-Base Reactions

33

A-B reactions are sometimes called

NEUTRALIZATIONS because the solution is
neither acidic nor basic at the end.
The other product of the A-B reaction is a
SALT, MX.
HX + MOH ---> MX + H2O

Mn+ comes from the base & Xn- comes from the
acid.
This is one way to make compounds!

Gas-Forming Reactions

34

35

Gas-Forming
Reactions
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)

CaSO4(s) +
H2CO3(aq)

Carbonic acid is unstable and forms CO2 & H2O

H2CO3(aq)

CO2 (g) + water

(Antacid tablet has citric acid + NaHCO 3)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s)

Thermite
reaction

2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

36

37

EXCHANGE: Precipitation Reactions

EXCHANGE
Gas-Forming
Reactions

REACTIONS

REDOX
REACTIONS

EXCHANGE
Acid-Base
Reactions

REDOX REACTIONS
Oxidation ( H, Mg, and Al )
2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)

2 H2O(l)

MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

All corrosion reactions are oxidations.

2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s)

Reduction ( Fe+3 )
Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) 2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

38

39

REDOX
REACTIONS

But notice that in all

reactions if something has
been oxidized then
something has also been
reduced.

Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

40

Why Study Redox Reactions

Batteries
Corrosion

Manufacturing metals
Fuels

41

REDOX REACTIONS
Redox reactions are characterized by
ELECTRON TRANSFER between an electron
donor and electron acceptor.
Transfer leads to
1. Increase in oxidation number of some
element = OXIDATION
2. Decrease in oxidation number of some
element = REDUCTION

42

OXIDATION NUMBERS
The electric charge an element APPEARS to have
when electrons are counted by some arbitrary
rules:

1. Each atom in free element has ox. no. = 0

Zn
O2
I2
S8

2. In simple ions, ox. no. = charge on ion

-1 for Cl-

+2 for Mg2+

43

OXIDATION NUMBERS
3. O has ox. no. = -2
(except in peroxides: in H2O2, O = -1)
4. Ox. no. of H = +1
(except when H is associated with a
metal as in NaH where it is -1)
5. Algebraic sum of oxidation numbers
= 0 for a compound
= overall charge for an ion

44

OXIDATION NUMBERS
NH3

N =

ClO-

Cl =

H3PO4

P =

MnO4-

Mn =

Cr2O72-

Cr =

C3H8

C =

Oxidation
number of F in
HF?

Recognizing a Redox Reaction

Corrosion of aluminum
2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) ---> 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s)
Al(s) --> Al3+(aq) + 3 e Ox. no. of Al increases as e- are donated by the
metal.
Therefore, Al is OXIDIZED and is the REDUCING
AGENT in this balanced half-reaction.

45

46

Recognizing a Redox Reaction

Corrosion of aluminum

2Al(s)+ 3Cu2+(aq)--> 2Al3+(aq)+ 3Cu(s)

Cu2+(aq) + 2 e- --> Cu(s)
Ox. no. of Cu decreases as e- are accepted by
the ion.
Therefore, Cu is REDUCED and is the
OXIDIZING AGENT in this balanced halfreaction.

Recognizing a Redox Reaction

47

Notice that the 2 half-reactions add up to give

the overall reaction if we use 2 mol of Al and 3
mol of Cu2+.
2 Al(s) --> 2 Al3+(aq) + 6 e3 Cu2+(aq) + 6 e- --> 3 Cu(s)

----------------------------------------------------------2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) ---> 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s)

Final equation is balanced for mass and charge.

Examples
Examples of
of Redox
Redox Reactions
Reactions

48

Metal + acid
Mg + HCl
Mg = reducing agent
H+ = oxidizing agent
Metal + acid
Cu + HNO3
Cu = reducing agent
HNO3 = oxidizing agent

49

Examples
Examples of
of Redox
Redox Reactions
Reactions

Metal + Halogen
2 Al + 3 Br2 ---> Al2Br6

50

Recognizing a Redox
Reaction
See Table 5.5

Reaction Type

Oxidation

Reduction

In terms of oxygen

gain

loss

In terms Ox. No.

increase

decrease

In terms of electrons

loss

gain

Common Oxidizing and

Reducing Agents

51

See Table 5.4

Metals
(Cu) are
reducing
agents
HNO3 is an
oxidizing
agent
Cu + 4 HNO3 --> Cu(NO3)2
+ 2 NO2 + 2 H2O

Metals
(Na, K,
Mg, Fe)
are
reducing
agents
2 K + 2 H2O -->
2 KOH + H2

52

Learn to recognize common

oxidizing and reducing agents.

See Table 5.4.

Table 5-4

53

BALANCING
BALANCING REDOX
REDOX
EQUATIONS
EQUATIONS
Section
Section 21.1
21.1
The Half-Reaction Method

54

Separate the equation into half-reactions.

Balance the half-reactions.
Combine the half-reactions to form a
balanced equation containing no electrons.

55

Balancing
Balancing Half-Reactions
Half-Reactions
First balance the element changing oxidation state.
Balance the oxygen atoms with water.
Balance the hydrogen atoms with H+.
Balance the charge with electrons.

After combining the half-reactions,

check for mass and charge
balance.

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
Balance the following equations:
MnO4- + H2SO3 ----> Mn+2 + SO4-2

Al + NO3- ---> Al(OH)4- + NH3

56

REACTIONS IN
SOLUTION
Section 5.8

Terminology
In solution we need to define the
SOLVENT
the component whose physical state is
preserved when solution
forms
SOLUTE
the other solution component

58

59

Concentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution
is given by its concentration.

moles solute
Molarity (M) =
liters of solution

PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl 26

H2O in enough water to make 250.0 mL
of solution. Calculate molarity.

60

PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl26

H2O in enough water to make 250.0 mL
of solution. Calculate molarity.

5.00 g mole
= 0.0841 mole/L
0.2500 L 237.7 g
= 0.0841 M

61

62

The Nature of the KMnO4 Solution

KMnO4(aq) --> K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)

If you make a solution that is 0.30 M in KMnO4,
this means that _
[K+] = [MnO4-] = 0.30 M

63

The Nature of a Na2CO3 Solution

This water-soluble compound is ionic
Na2CO3(aq) --> 2 Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
If [Na2CO3] = 0.100 M, then
[Na+] = 0.200 M
[CO32-] = 0.100 M

Na2CO3

64

USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4,
is required to make 250. mL of a
0.0500 M solution?
Conc (M) = moles/volume = mol/V

This means that

moles = M V

Preparing Solutions
From Solids
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4,
is required to make 250. mL of a
0.0500 M solution?
0.250 L 0.0500 mole 90.0 g
L
mole

= 1.12 g

65

66

Preparing Solutions
Weigh out a solid solute
and dissolve in a given
quantity of solvent.
Dilute a concentrated
solution to give one that is
less concentrated.

67

Preparing Solutions by
Dilution
Preparing a
1.64 10-4M or
1.64 10-4mol/L
solution.

68

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M

NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What
do you do?

But how much water

do we add?

H2O

3.0 M NaOH
Concentrated

0.50 M NaOH
Dilute

69

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M

NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH.
What do you do?
How much water is added?
The important point is that

moles of NaOH in ORIGINAL solution =

moles of NaOH in FINAL solution

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of

3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M
NaOH. What do you do?

70

Moles of NaOH in original solution =

MV

(3.0 mol/L)(0.050 L) = 0.15 mol NaOH

Therefore, moles of NaOH in final solution must also
= 0.15 mol NaOH
(0.15 mol NaOH)(1 L/0.50 mol) = 0.30 L
or 300

mL = volume of final solution.

PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0

M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH.
What do you do?

71

Conclusion:
H2O

add enough
water to 50.0

3.0 M NaOH
Concentrated

mL of 3.0 M
NaOH to
make 300
mL of 0.50 M
0.50 M NaOH NaOH.
Dilute

Preparing
Preparing Solutions
Solutions
by
by Dilution
Dilution
A shortcut

Minitial Vinitial = Mfinal Vfinal

72

SOLUTION
STOICHIOMETRY
Section 5.9
Zinc reacts with acids to
produce H2 gas.
If you have 10.0 g of Zn,
what volume of 2.50 M HCl
is needed to convert the
Zn completely?

Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas.

If you have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50
M HCl is needed to convert the Zn
completely?
Step 1: Write the balanced equation

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

74

Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas.

If you have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of
2.50 M HCl is needed to convert the Zn
completely?

75

Step 2: Write the given and requested information below the

equation.

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

10.0 g
2.50 M
?mL

Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas.

If you have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50
M HCl is needed to convert the Zn
completely?
Step 3: Calculate using the information.

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

10.0 g
2.50 M
?mL

10.0 gZn moleZn

65.4 gZn

2 moleHCl
moleZn

L HCl
2.50 moleHCl

= 0.122 L HCl

76

ACID-BASE
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
REACTIONS
Titrations
Titrations

77

H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) --->Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(liq)

acid

base

Carry out this reaction using a TITRATION.

Oxalic acid,

H2C2O4

78

Titration
setup

Buret contains a
solution whose
concentration is
known exactly.

Solution of
unknown
concentration

79

Titration

1. Add solution from the buret.

2. Reagent (base) reacts with
compound (acid) in solution in
the flask.
3. Indicator shows when exact
stoichiometric reaction has
occurred.
4. At equivalence point moles H+
= moles OH-

LAB PROBLEM #1: Standardize a

solution of NaOH i.e., accurately
determine its concentration.
1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid)
requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for
titration to an equivalence point.
What is the concentration of the
NaOH?

80

1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid)

requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for
titration to an equivalence point.
What is the concentration of the
NaOH?
Step 1: Write the balanced equation

81

2 NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4(aq) --> Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 HOH(l)

82

1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62

mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence
point. What is the concentration of the NaOH?
Step 2: Write the given and requested information
below the equation.
2NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4(aq) --> Na2C2O4(aq) +2 HOH(l)
35.62 mL
1.065 g
?M

83

1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid)

requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for
titration to an equivalence point.
What is the concentration of the
NaOH?

Step 3: Calculate using the information.

2NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4(aq) --> Na2C2O4(aq) +2 HOH(l)
35.62 mL
1.065 g
?M

1.065g A

mole A

0.03562 L B 90.0 g A

2 mole B
mole A

= 0.664 mole B/L B

= 0.664 M NaOH

LAB PROBLEM #2:

Use standardized NaOH to
determine the amount of an acid
in an unknown.
Apples contain malic acid, C4H6O5.
C4H6O5(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) --->
Na2C4H4O5(aq) + 2 H2O(liq)
76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M
NaOH for titration.
What is mass % of malic acid?

84

76.80 g of apple requires 34.56

mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration.
What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: Write the balanced equation
C4H6O5(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> Na2C4H4O5(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

85

86

76.80 g of apple requires 34.56

mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration.
What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 2: Write the given and requested information below the
equation.
C4H6O5(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> Na2C4H4O5(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
?g
34.56 mL
(? % A)
0.663 M

87

76.80 g of apple requires 34.56

mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration.
What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 3: Calculate using the information.
C4H6O5(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> Na2C4H4O5(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
?g
34.56 mL
(? % A)
0.663 M

.03456 L B .663 mole B mole A 134.0 g A = 1.54 g A

LB
2 mole B mole A
% A=

1.54 g A
x 100 = 2.00 % A
76.80 g apple

Sample Problems

88

1) What volume of 0.50 M sulfuric acid is

needed to react completely with 10.0 mL of 2.0
M potassium hydroxide?
H2SO4 + 2 KOH --> 2 HOH + K2SO4
0.50 M 2.0 M
? mL
10.0 mL
.0100 L KOH 2.0 mole KOH mole H2SO4 L H2SO4
L KOH

2 mole KOH .50 mole H2SO4

= 0.020 L H2SO4

Sample Problems
2) 16 mL of 2.0 M NaOH neutralizes 25 mL of
HCl. What is the molarity of the acid?
HCl + NaOH --> HOH + NaCl
?M

2.0 M

25 mL

16 mL

0.016 L NaOH 2.0 mole NaOH mole HCl

0.025 L HCl

L NaOH
=

mole NaOH
1.3 M HCl

89

Sample Problems

90

3) A 0.15 M solution of calcium chloride is

added to a solution of ammonium carbonate
and 2.010 g of calcium carbonate is
precipitated. What volume of calcium chloride
solution was added?
CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 --> CaCO3 + 2 NH4Cl
0.15 M

2.010 g

? mL
2.010 g CaCO3 mole CaCO3

mole CaCl2 L CaCl2

100.1 gCaCO3 moleCaCO3 .15 moleCaCl2

=

0. 13 L CaCl2

91

Sample Problems

4) What volume(mL) of 0.100 M HCl is needed

to react completely with 15.7 g of barium
hydroxide?
2 HCl + Ba(OH)2 --> 2 HOH + BaCl2
0.100 M

15.7 g

? mL
15.7 g Ba(OH)2 mole Ba(OH)2

2 mole HCl

L HCl

171.3 g Ba(OH)2 moleBa(OH)2 .100moleHCl

=

1.83 L HCl = 1830 mL HCl

Practice Problems

92

Write the balanced formula, ionic, and net ionic

equations for:
Mixture of solutions of barium chloride and sodium
phosphate.
Mixtures of solutions of silver nitrate and sodium
carbonate.
Mixtures of solutions of nitric acid and barium
hydroxide.
Mixtures of solutions of ammonia and acetic acid.
Silver carbonate solid reacts with nitric acid

93

Practice Problems
1. Write the NIE for each of the following:
lead(II) nitrate + potassium iodide
perchloric acid + potassium hydroxide
sodium sulfite + hydroiodic acid
2. Identify the substance being reduced, the
substance being
oxidized, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing
agent:
4 Fe + 3 O2 --> 2 Fe2O3

94

Practice Problems
3. a) Balance the following equation in acidic
solution.
KMnO4 + NaCl --> Cl2 + MnCl2
b) Balance the following equation in basic
solution.
I2 + NO3- ----->
IO2- + N2O
4. Calculate the molarity (M) of 32.7 g H3PO4 in 250
mL of solution.
5. Explain how to prepare 500. mL of 0.10 M
(NH4)2CO3
6. Explain how to prepare 75 mL of 0.025 M NaOH
from 4.0 M NaOH.

95

Practice Problems
7. How many grams of solute is there in 75.0 mL of
0.25 M FeCl3?
8. Explain how to prepare 75.0 mL of 0.105 M
ammonium phosphate.
9. 50.0 mL of a HCl solution is required to react
completely with 1.204 g of CaCO3. What is the M?
10. How many grams of BaSO4 can be formed from
a barium nitrate solution by adding 42.6 mL of
0.15 M sulfuric acid?
11. How many moles of sulfur dioxide are produced
when 25.0 mL of 0.15 M ammonium sulfite reacts
with 25.0 mL of 0.25 M chloric acid?

96

Practice Problems Answers

1. Pb2+ (aq) + 2 I1- (aq) --> PbI2 (s)
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) --> HOH (l)
SO32- (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) --> SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
2. Reduced, OA = oxygen
Oxidized, RA = iron
3. a) 16 H+ (aq) + 2 MnO4- (aq) + 10 Cl- (aq) -->
2 Mn2+ (aq) + 8 H2O (l) + 5 Cl2 (g)
b) 2 OH- (aq) + 4 I2 (aq) + 6 NO3- (aq) -->
8 IO2- (aq) + 3 N2O (g) + H2O (l)
4. 1.3 M

97

Practice Problems Answers

5. Dissolve 4.8 g ammonium carbonate in
some water, then dilute to a total
volume of 500. mL.
6. Take 0.47 mL of 4.0 M NaOH and dilute
to a total volume of 75 mL.
7. 3.0 g
8. Dissolve 1.17 g ammonium phosphate
in some water, then dilute to a total
volume of 75.0 mL.
9. 0.481 M
10. 1.5 g
11. .0031 mole
End of Chapter 5

98

Sample Problems
Write the NIE
1. ferric nitrate + sodium sulfide
Fe(NO3)3 + Na2S --> Fe2S3
2 Fe(NO3)3 + 3 Na2S --> Fe2S3
2 Fe3+ + 6 NO3- +

6 Na+ +

+
+

NaNO3
6 NaNO3

3 S2-

Fe2S3 + 6 Na+ +
2 Fe3+

3 S2-

-->

Fe2S3

-->
6 NO3-

99

Sample Problems
Write the NIE
2. barium hydroxide + acetic acid

Ba(OH)2 + HC2H3O2 --> Ba(C2H3O2)2 + HOH

Ba(OH)2 + 2 HC2H3O2 --> Ba(C2H3O2)2 + 2 HOH
Ba2+ + 2 OH-

2 HC2H3O2

Ba2+ + 2 C2H3O2- +
2 OH- + 2 HC2H3O2
OH-

+ HC2H3O2

-->
2 HOH

--> 2 HOH + 2 C2H3O2--> HOH + C2H3O2-

100

Sample Problems
Write the NIE
3. hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate
HCl + CaCO3
2 HCl + CaCO3
2 H+

+ 2 Cl-

-->
-->
+

CaCl2 + H2CO3
CaCl2 + H2CO3

CaCO3

-->

Ca2+ + 2 Cl- + CO2 + HOH

2 H+

+ CaCO3 --> Ca2+

+ CO2 + HOH

101

Sample Problems
Write the NIE
4. sodium nitrate + potassium chloride
NaNO3
Na+

+ KCl
+ NO3Na+

--> NaCl
+

K+

Cl-

KNO3

Cl-

-->

K+

NO3-

All spectators, no reaction

(N/R)

102

Sample Problems
Write the NIE
5. sodium sulfite + sulfuric acid
Na2SO3

+ H2SO4 --> Na2SO4 +

2 Na+ + SO322 Na+

H+

+ SO42- +

SO2

H2SO3

HSO4- -->
+

H2O

SO32- + H+ + HSO4- --> SO42- + SO2 + H2O

103

Sample Problems
Write the NIE
6. barium + sodium chloride
Ba
Ba

+ NaCl --> BaCl2

+ 2 NaCl --> BaCl2

+
+

Ba

2 Cl-

2 Na+ +

Ba2+ + 2 ClBa

2 Na+ -->

Na
2 Na

-->
2 Na

Ba2+ + 2 Na

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
Balance the following equation:
MnO4- + H2SO3 ----> Mn+2 + SO4-2
1. Separate into half reactions:
MnO4- ----> Mn+2
H2SO3 ----> SO4-2
2. Balance atoms:
8 H+ + MnO4- ----> Mn+2 + 4 H2O
H2O + H2SO3 ----> SO4-2 + 4 H+

104

105

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
3. Balance charges:
5 e- + 8 H+ + MnO4- ----> Mn+2 + 4 H2O
H2O + H2SO3 ----> SO4-2 + 4 H+ + 2 e4. Equal electrons gained and lost:
10

16

2(5 e- + 8 H+ + MnO4- ----> Mn+2 + 4 H2O)

5

20

10

5(H2O + H2SO3 ----> SO4-2 + 4 H+ + 2 e-)

106

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
5. Simplify and Add:
10

16

8 3

2(5 e- + 8 H+ + MnO4- ----> Mn+2 + 4 H2O)

5

5(H2O + H2SO3 ----> SO

-2
4

20 4

10

+ 4 H + 2 e -)
+

2MnO4- + 5 H2SO3 ---->

2 Mn+2 + 5 SO4-2 + 4 H+ + 3 H2O

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
Balance the following equation:
Al + NO3- ---> Al(OH)4- + NH3
1. Separate into half reactions:
Al ----> Al(OH)4NO3- ----> NH3
2. Balance atoms:
4 H2O + Al ----> Al(OH)4- + 4 H+
9 H+ + NO3- ----> NH3 + 3 H2O

107

108

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
3. Balance charges:

4 H2O + Al ----> Al(OH)4- + 4 H+ + 3 e8 e- + 9 H+ + NO3- ----> NH3 + 3 H2O

4. Equal electrons gained and lost:
32

24

27

32

24

8(4 H2O + Al ----> Al(OH)4- + 4 H+ + 3 e-)

3

3(8 e- + 9 H+ + NO3- ----> NH3 + 3 H2O)

109

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
5. Simplify and Add:
32 23

32 5

24

8(4 H2O + Al ----> Al(OH)4- + 4 H+ + 3 e-)

24

27

3(8 e + 9 H + NO ----> NH3 + 3 H2O)

-

23 H2O + 8 Al + 3 NO3- ---->

8 Al(OH)4- + 5 H+ + 3 NH3

110

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems

18
6. Change to basic solution:
23 H2O + 8 Al + 3 NO3- ----> 8 Al(OH)4- + 5 H+ + 3 NH3
+ 5 OH-

+ 5 OH 5 H2O

18 H2O + 5 OH- + 8 Al + 3 NO3- ---->8 Al(OH)4- + 3 NH3

111

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
1. MnO2

HBr

-->

Br2

MnBr2

2e- + 4 H+ + MnO2 ----> Mn2+ + 2 H2O

2 Br- ----> Br2 + 2e4 H+ + MnO2 + 2 Br- ----> Mn2+ + 2 H2O + Br2

112

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
2. Cl2

NaBr --> NaCl

Br2

2e- + Cl2 --> 2 Cl2 Br- --> Br2 + 2eCl2 + 2 Br- ----> 2 Cl- + Br2

113

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
3. H2S

HNO3 --> S

3(H2S
6

82

NO

----> S + 2 H+ + 2 e-)
2

2(3 e + 4 H + NO ----> NO + 2 H2O)

-

3 H2S + 2 H+ + 2 NO3- ----> 3 S + 2 NO + 4 H2O

114

Practice
Practice Problems
Problems
4. PbO2
6

+ Sb --> PbO + NaSbO2

(base)
3

3(2 e- + 2H+ + PbO2 ----> PbO + H2O)

41

2(2 H2O + Sb ----> SbO

82

+ 4 H + 3 e -)
+

3 PbO2 + H2O + 2 Sb --->3 PbO + 2 SbO2- + 2 H+

+ 2 OH21H2O + 2
OH3PbO2 + 2 OH- + 2Sb --->3PbO + 2SbO2- + H2O

Sample Problems

115

1) Calculate the molarity(M) of 40.0 g NaOH in

700. mL of solution.
40.0 g
0.700 L

mole

= 1.43 M
40.0 g

Sample Problems
2) Explain how to prepare 2.0 L of 1.5 M LiBr.

2.0 L

1.5 mole 86.8 g = 260 g

L
mole
Dissolve 260 g LiBr in
some water, then dilute
to a total volume of 2.0 L.

116

Sample Problems
3) Explain how to prepare 100. mL of
0.10 M HCl from 6.0 M HCl
mole HCl = mole HCl

MDVD = MCVC
(0.10M)(100. mL) = (6.0 M)VC
VC = 1.7 mL
Take 1.7 mL of 6.0 M HCl
and dilute to a total
volume of 100. mL.

117

Sample Problems
4) How many grams of solute is there in
50.0 mL of 0.15 M NaOH?

0.0500L

0.15 mole 40.0 g = 0.30 g

L
mole

118