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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

J. J. Thomson

(me)
(e)
me /e = 5.686 1012 kg C1
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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

Millikan

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

Millikan
Millikan (e) 1.602 1019 C

m/e e (m)
9.109 1031 kg/electron

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

J. J. Thomson
Thomson

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

Thomson

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

Rutherford
Rutherford

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

Rutherford

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

10


Rutherford
( )
Chadwick

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

11

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

12

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13

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14

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15

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16


Planck

E = hv
h: Planck (6.626 1034 J s)

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

17

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

18

Figure 12.7: (a) Diffraction occurs when electromagnetic radiation is scattered

from a regular array of objects, such as the ions in a crystal of sodium chloride.
(b) Bright areas in the diffraction pattern result from constructive interference of
waves. (c) Dark spots result from destructive interference of waves.

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

12a10

19

Bohr
Bohr (En)

En = B/n2
B : 2.179 1018 J
n :

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

20

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Bohr

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

21

Bohr
i j (E)

B B
1 1
E 2 2 B 2 2
ni nf
nf n i

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

22

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23

De Broglie
De Broglie

m v

mv
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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

24

 ()
( )

H Schrodinger

Hamiltonian
H= -(h/2)2(d2/dx2+d2/dy2+d2/dz2)/2m

+V

V:

E:
Chapter 7: Atomic Str

25

( 2):

e = ?
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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

26


Ze:

V(r) = - (Ze)e/r

H = -(h/2)2(d2/dx2+d2/dy2+d2/dz2)/2m - (Ze)e/r
(z= r cos, x= r sin cos, y= r sin sin)
H= E
n= - (Z2/n2) (me4/8o2h2)
= - 2.178x10-18 J (Z2/n2)
and

(r, , ) = R(r) () ()

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

27

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

12b6

28


dV (r,,) dV

dV = dx dy dz = r2 sin dr d d
dV (= 0 , =0 2

dV = 4r dr
: 1 2

4r2 R2 (R: r
: 90 %
( H(1s) = 2.6 ao)

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

29

 (n)
n :

(principal shell)

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

30

 (l)
: s, p, d, f
( l = 0, 1, 2, 3)
: 0 (n 1)
( n = 2, l = 0 1)

n l
(subshell)
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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

31

 (ml)

ml : l +l

l = 2 ml 2, 1, 0, 1, 2

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32

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33

1s

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34

2s

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35

Figure 12.18: Three representations

of the hydrogen 1s

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

12b11

36

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37

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38

 (ms)

ms = 1/2 +1/2

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

39

Stern-Gerlach

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Chapter 7: Atomic Str

40


(
): 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s <3p < 4s <3d < 4p
,
,
(Hund
)

(Pauli )
Chapter 7: Atomic Str

41

2
3
5
10
21
24
25
29
30

He
Li
B
Ne

Sc
Cr
Mn
Cu
Zn

1s2
[He]2s1
[He]2s2 2p1
[He]2s2 2p6
[Ar]3d1 4s2
[Ar]3d5 4s1
[Ar]3d5 4s2
[Ar]3d104s1
[Ar]3d104s2

Chapter 7: Atomic Str

42