.

1.
2.

.

,

,
( 1
1)

1.

1.
2.
3.

-


.
,

.
:


( 252 )

( 261 1).


( 262 1).
,


( 1
) ( 262 2)

,
,

( 17 1)
Ratio legis
-
,
,

1.
2.
3.

-





-

:

1.

2.

(instrumentum) -

,
( 82)

-


- ,
,

1.
2.
3.

(thema probandi) -

.
- .

in abstracto
:
,


( 83)
,

in concreto -

1.
2.

3.

-

- -


-

 :
1.
2.
3.
4. ( 83 3)
sine qua non

( 15
2)

,
(

).

(
)
-

,
in dubio pro re.

,
crime controle, due
process victim participation ,
ex
lege ex iudicio

.

:

(,
Schenk , 10862/84, 12. 1988).

,
1861.
, ,
(Leathem (1861) 8 Cox CC 498)
XIX



(Police and Criminal Evidence Act) 1984.

,
,
,

(les
nullits
textuelles) -
(les nullits
substantielles) ,

j .
, ,

,
IV, V VI (Bram v. United States,
[1897] 168 US 532; Mapp v. Ohio, [1961] 367 US 643;
Miranda v. Arizona, [1966] 384 US 436),
XIV (due process clause)


(fruits of the
poisonous tree doctrine) - j
j
j

(Silverthorne Lumber Co v. United
States, [1920] 251 US 385)

-




16 1

, ,
84 1, ,

-
, ,

, ,


( 16 1)
,
, (

) ( 84
. 2 3)