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Hydro Power Plant
Hydro Power Plant
HYDRO POWER
1) One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating
electricity on large scale basis is hydropower
- Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into
flour
- In the 1700's, hydropower was broadly used for milling of lumber and grain
and for pumping irrigation water
- The largest and last masonry dam built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
was the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona between 1905-1911; its power output has
increased from 4,500 kW to 36,000 kW
- Still in use today, Niagra Falls was the first hydropower site developed for a
vast quantity of electricity
TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
1) Water wheels
2) Hydro power plants
3) Wave energy from oceans
4) Tidal energy
5) Damless hydro power
WATER CYCLE
The continuous cycle in which water changes from water vapor in the
atmosphere to liquid water through condensation and precipitation and then
back to water vapor through evaporation, transpiration, and respiration
PROCESS / STAGES
1) Water in reservoir
2) Fall in turbine blade
3) Shaft rotation
4) Electric generation
5) Flow back of water
COMPONENT AND WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
1) Dam
What is dam
Location
Classification of dams
Gravity dam
Storage dams
To impound water
Purpose - Irrigation
- Flood control
- Power generation
Diversion dams
For diversion
To provide sufficient pressure
Detention dams
To Minimize the effect of sudden floods
To trap sediment
Overflow dams
They carry water discharge over their crests
Rockfill dams
Rock instead of earth
Embankment dams hold back water by the force of gravity acting upon
their mass
Gravity dams
Most gravity dams are made from concrete, a mixture of port land cement,
water, and aggregates
They are much thicker at the base than the top
2) Water reservoir
Place behind the dam
Height of water
Potential energy
3) Intake or control gates
Gates inside of the dam.
Inlet gates
4) The penstock
To carries the water
Controlled by the control gates
5) Water turbines
6) Generators
8) Tailrace
Pipeline to drain the water
The potential energy of water in the tailrace has been used to generate
electricity
CASE STUDY OF HIRAKUND DAM
INTRODUCTION
Built
across the Mahanadi river
Located
about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India.
HISTORY
Built in 1956
It was the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's
independence.
Construction history
The total cost of the project was Rs. 100.02 crores (in 1957).
Power generation along with agricultural irrigation started in 1956,
achieving full potential in 1966
Geography
Hirakund is located at
2131N 8352E21.52N 83.87E
It has an average elevation of 160 meters (524 feet)
Demographics
As of 2001 India census Hirakund had a population of 26,397
Hirakund has an average literacy rate of 70%
Power generation
Nearly about 307 MW
Structure
The Hirakud Dam is a composite structure of earth, concrete and masonry
Ten km north of Sambalpur, it is the longest major earthen dam in the world
The main dam has an overall length of 4.8 km spanning between two
hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right.
It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a
reservoir holding 743 km at full capacity, with a shoreline of
over 640 km..
(A) HYDROLOGICAL :-
Advantages
1) No fuel required
2) Cost of electricity is constant
3) No air-pollution is created
4) Long life
5) Cost of generation of electricity
6) Can easily work during high peak daily loads
7) Irrigation of farms
8) Water sports and gardens
9) Prevents floods
DISADVANTAGES
1) Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems
2) Disruption in the surrounding areas
3) Requires large areas
4) Large scale human displacement
5) Very high capital cost or investment
6) High quality construction
7) Site specific
8) Effects on environment
9) Safety of the dams