CSC Training

Introduction of CSC Refining Process

Gii thiu qu trnh tinh luyn nh my
CSC
Formosa Hatinh Steel Corporation
Steel Making Team

Nguyen Van Tuan-

January 19, 2012
January 17, 2012
1

Introduction of CSC Refining Process

Introduction of Steelmaking Process

Gii thiu qu trnh luyn thp
Evolution of Refining
S pht trin ca tinh luyn
Functions of Refining
Chc nng ca tinh luyn
Introduction of Refining Equipments
Gii thiu cc thit b ca tinh luyn
Metallurgical Principle
Nguyn tc luyn kim
Practice of Quality Control
Thc tin ca vic qun l cht lng
Trend of Process Ability and Effort
 Process Route of Steelmaking
Dy chuyn sn xut ca nh my luyn thp
Torpedo Car De-S
BF tapping Torpedo Xe ng li kh S HM Pouring
L cao rt gang lng Car Rt gang lng Slag
Skimming
Co x

BOF Blowing
L thi BOF
BOF Charging BOF Tapping
Np vo l L BOF rt To RF&CC
BOF thp n trm tinh
luyn


Mechanism of BOF reaction

C ch ca phn ng trong l BOF

[C] 1/2O 2 CO
[Si] O 2 SiO 2
[P] 5/4O 2
1/2P 2O 5
[Mn] 1/2O 2 MnO
[Fe] 1/2O 2 FeO

Evolution of Refining S pht trin ca tinh luyn
1st refining Phase 1 Giai on 1 Phase 2 Giai on 2 Phase 3 Giai on 3
1957-1970 -1979 -Now
Tinh luyn
BOF BOF combined blowing BOF combined blowing
ln 1 BOF kt hp thi kh BOF kt hp thi kh

2nd De-C Kh C De-C Kh C,

temp. increase gia nhit
refining Vacuum treatment Vacuum degassing
Tinh luyn X l chn khng Kh kh trong mi
ln 2 trng chn khng
Vacuum de-C of LS De-C
Kh C trong thp lng Kh C
bng mt chn khng
Shape control
Thay i hnh thi hc



Companys equipments and technical was upgrated

according to the trend in other steel plants all over the
world. In 1982, No.1 RH was installed, 1987 No.2 RH
was installed. In 1990, SMP1 LF started de-S process
operation. In order to satisfy the requirement of new
steel grade, in 1994 and 1996 install No.3and No.4 RH.
Thit b v cng ngh ca cng ty c ci tin
da theo khuynh hng ca cc nh my luyn khc
trn ton th gii. Nm 1982, thit b RH u tin c
ng dng, nm 1987 thit b RH th 2 c a vo s
dng. Nm 1990, l LF ca SMP1 bt u qu trnh kh
S. tha mn nhu cu ca mc thp mi, nm 1994 v
1996 p dng thit b RH ln th 3 v 4

Functions of Refining Chc nng ca tinh luyn
Functions Slag making Vacuum refining Slag making & vacuum refining
Chc nng To x Tinh luyn chn khng To x v tinh luyn chn khng

Equipments LF/TN/CAS/LI DH/RH/VOD RH-PB/VOD

Thit b

1.Homogenization
S ng u

2.Comp. Adjustment
Thay i thnh phn

3.De-C
Kh C

4.Degassing H N
CO Kh kh ( H,N,CO)
5.De-O Kh O

6.DeS Kh S

7.De-P Kh P

8.Temp. Increase Gia nhit LF/CAS-OB/IR-UT RH-OB/RH-KTB/VOD/RH-MFB VOD

9.Shape control
Thay i hnh hc
Note Have C do not have Khng


LF Ladle Furnace L in.

TN Tyssen-Nieder Rein Injection Thit b cp liu Tysen-Nieder Rein.

CAS(-OB) Composition Adjustment by Sealed Argon Bubbling (-Oxygen Blowing)

Thayi thnh phn bng bng kh Argon ( thi kh Oxy).
LI Ladle injection. Thng thm liu
DH Dortmund-Horder Thit b x l chn khng.
RH Ruhrstahl-Heraeus Thit b x l chn khng.
RH-KTB RH-Kawatetsu Top Blowing RH-Kawatetsu thi nh
RH-OB RH-Oxygen Blowing RH-thi kh oxy.
RH-MFB RH-Multiple Function Burner RH- a chc nng thiu t.
RH-PB RH-Powder Blowing RH- thi bt.
VOD Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization Kh C trong mi trng chn khng kt hp
thi Oxy.
IR-UT Injection Refining-Up Temperature Gia nhit tinh luyn bng phun liu.
STN Stirring station trm khuy

Introduction of Refining Equipments
Gii thiu thit b tinh luyn
RH( )/RH-KTB/RH-PB/RH-MFB Thit b kh kh chn khng
1.Main equipments RH with vacuum pump system vessel snorkel alloying chute and
charging material system RH-KTB equiped oxygen lance RH-PB equiped de-S agent
blowing equipments RH-MFB combined oxygen blowing and de-S agent blowing.
Cc thit b chnh: h thng bm chn khng, bnh, ng ngp, mng hp kim ha v h thng np
vt liu; RH-KTB c trang b ng thi oxy, RH-PB c trang b thit b thi cht kh S;
RH-MFB kt hp thi oxy v thi chn kh S
2.Main functions: Chc nng chnh
(1). Vacuum de-O, de-C, de-H, de-N kh O, C, H, N trong chn khng
(2). Vacuum alloying hp kim ha trong chn khng
(3). Alloy and LS contact directly, increase alloy yield hp kim ha v s lin quan trc tip n
gia tng sn lng hp kim
(4). Adding scrap for temp. adjustment and promote inclusion floating up Thm thp ph
iu chnh nhit v kch thch tp cht ni ln b mt
(5). In vacuum blowing de-S agents to de-S trong mi trng chn khng thi cht kh S
kh S
(6).RH-PB/RH-MFB have blowing de-S agents function for de-S RH-PB/RH-MFB c thi cht
kh S kh S trong RH-PB/RH-MFB
(7).RH-KTB /RH-MFB have top oxygen blowing function for chemical heating and de-C RH-
KTB/RH-MFB c thi nh oxy gia nhit bng ha hc v kh C

3. RH ( )
Gin RH (thit b kh kh chn khng)

(KTB) Oxygen lance ng thi oxy

(PB,MFB) Powder blowing ng phun
bt

Alloy adding system
H thng thm hp kim vacuum pumb
Bm chn khng

Vacuum vessel
Bnh chn khng
Ar
Kh Ar
Ladle thng cha thp lng
4. Functions and specifications of RH in CSC Chc nng v c im k thut ca
RH trong nh my CSC
Field Khu vc 1 RH 2 RH 3 RH ( 4/ 6 RH)

Size(Ton/Heat)
150 260 150 260
Kch c( tn/m)

Type Single vessel Twin vessel Single vessel Twin vessel

Loi hnh Bnh n Bnh i Bnh n Bnh i

Vacuum suction equipment *1

2 B+2C+3E 2 B+2C+6E 2 B+3C+4E 2 B+2C+4E
Thit b ht chn khng

Suction 150 Torr 2140kg/hr 2450 kg/hr 6500 kg/hr 8000 kg/hr
ability
Kh nng 0.5 Torr 400 kg/hr 600 kg/hr 600 kg/hr 800 kg/hr
ht

Alloy hopper number

10 14 20 16
S ng np hp kim

Snorkel Inside diameter (mm)

ng knh trong ng ngp chm 400 500 480 650

Circulation rate (Ton/min)

Tc tun hon (Tn/pht) 50 87 60 127
*1: B=Booster my tng th(Condencer Ejectors) C=Condenser Bnh ngng E=Ejector bm pht

STN ( Al wire feeding stirring
station) Trm khuy cp dy Al Main functions Chc nng chnh
(1). Due to Ar bottom stirring, promote comp. and temp.
homoginization, and increase cleanliness of LS.
Da theo khuy y bng Ar, gia tng ng u
Al wire feeder thnh phn ha hc, nhit v nng cao sch
My cp dy AL ca thp lng
(2). Al wire feeding for de-O purpose, or CaSi, CaFe
wire feeding for inclusion globurization (shape
control).
Vic cp dy Al mc ch l kh O, hay cp cc dy
CaSi; CaFe thay i trng thi hnh hc.

Ar bottom stirring
Khuy y bng Ar

STN is only used for steel grade with large range of Al content
STN ch c dng cho mc thp c hm lng AL ln

Stirring Station Operation Qu trnh hot ng ca trm khuy
Al wire feeder
Factor affects stirring efficiency:Nhng nhn t nh
hng n hiu qu khuy
Stirring gas parameters: flow rate, pressure,

time and size of buble

Cc thng s kh dng khuy: lu lng, p sut, kch c bng kh
Level of deoxidation

Mc oxi ha Ar bottom stirring

Weak/strong stirring control

Kim sot khuy mnh/ nh

Kind of wire adding

Loi dy cp

Stirring Station Operation Qu trnh hot ng ca trm khuy
Some main points of wire feeding: Mt vi c im ca vic cp dy

Insert the wire into LS first then open wire feeder (feeding machine) to prevent wire feeder break
Nhng dy cp vo trong thp lng trc khi khi ng h thng cp dy ngn nga dy cp b t.

It is not true to say the higher wire feeding speed is , the better yield. Operator should according to experiency
to fix a certain wire feeding speed and wire feeding position which is suitable with equipment of the plant.
S l khng ng nu ni tc cp dy cng nhanh, th sn lng cng cao. Ngi vn hnh nn a vo
kinh nghim quyt nh chc chn tc cp dy v v tr cp dy m ph hp vi thit b ca nh my

If slag layer is so thick, impossible to insert wire, operator should find method to break slag: 1. using steel bar to
break slag by operator; 2. using small crane/car to hang heavy object and break the slag; 3.using LI injection
lance to break slag (if LI and STN installed at the same station)
Nu lp x qu dy, khng th nhng dy cp vo, ngi thao tc phi tm phng php nh thng lp x: 1.
ngi vn hnh dng thanh thp nh thng lp x; 2. dng cn trc/xe nh nng vt nng v tc ng vo
lp x nh thng lp x; 3. Dng ng phun Li ph lp x( Nu LI v STN cng lp t trong cng mt
trm)

Recently, in CSC, because the dedusting system of STN /LI station is not good, it cause the serious dust
pollution. Much amount of powder is released on operation floor. STN station is only used 1time/month for
machine testing.

Gn y, nh my CSC, bi v h thng thu bi ca STN/LI khng tt, s l nguyn nhn ca nhim bi. Mt
hm lng ln bt b bm trn sn thao tc. Trm khuy STN c s dng ch yu 1 ln/thng kim tra thit
b

L/I ( Powder injection treatment)
X l bng vic phun bt
1.Main equipment: Injected material Bunker, Dispenser, Injection Lance, dust collecting hood.
Thit b chnh: phu np liu, thit b nh lng, ng phun, np thu bi
2.Main fuctions :
Chc nng chnh
(1). Inject Ca-Si powder to modify inclusion morphology, and inject CaO powder to de-S
Phun bt Ca-Si thay i trang thi hnh hc, v phun bt CaO kh S
(2). Ladle stirring for temp. adjustment and inclusion floating up
Khuy thng thp iu chnh nhit v tp cht ni ln b mt thong thp lng.
(3). Top stirring break slag and promote alloy dissolution
Khuy nh ph b lp x v gia tng s ha tan hp kim.
(4). Good buffer station between BOF and C.C
Bc m thun li gia l chuyn v c lin tc

3. L/I ( ) Ladle powder injection treatment station
Trm x l phun bt

Pressure adding vessel

Bnh np p sut
Reagent storage bunker
Phu cha liu
Injection lance
ng phun
Support frame
Khung nng
Cover
Np
4. Equipment Specifications of Ladle Powder Injection
c im k thut cu thit b thng thp c phun bt
Equipment 1 Ladle Injection 2 Ladle Injection
Thit b
Size kch c 150 Ton/Heat 260Ton/Heat
Type Loi hnh Lance Injection Lance Injection
ng phun ng phun
Injection flow rate 20 50kg/min. 30 80kg/min.
Tc phun
Powder Bt Ca-Si Ca-Si CaO
Start using Apr.22,1982 Mar.17,1997
Thi gian bt u ng dng
Life of injection lance 10 heats/pc 4.0 heats/pc
Tui th ng thi 10 m/ ng 4 m/ng
Ca-Si powder consumption 250 kg/heat 250 kg/heat
Hm lng bt Ca-Si tiu 250kg/m 250kg/m
hao
Gas flow rate 0.9 Nm3/min. 7.8 Nm3/min.
Tc thi kh 0.9 Nm3/pht 7.8 Nm3/pht.

LF( Ladle Furnace) L in
1.Main equipments Electrode 16in x 3, three-phase electric source, 60Hz 11KV , bottom stirring equipment
Thit b chnh: in cc 16in x 3, ngun in ba pha, 60Hz 11KV, thit b khuy y
2.Main functions Chc nng chnh
(1).Electrical heating heating rate 4/min
Gia nhit bng in , tc gia nhit: 4/pht
(2).Special alloy adding(ex: FE-V FE-Nb FE-S FE-Ti FE-B FE-Cr)
Thm hp kim c bit, nh: FE-V FE-Nb FE-S FE-Ti FE-B FE-Cr
(3).Normal alloy adding and trimming (ex: FE-Mn FE-Si Al)
Thm hp kim bnh thng v tinh chnh ( nh : FE-Mn FE-Si Al)
(4). Adding slag making agent for slag composition adjustment and de-S
Thm cht to x iu chnh thnh phn x v kh S
(5).Ladle bottom stirring for temp. adjustment and inclusion floating up
Khuy y thng thp iu chnh nhit v tp cht ni ln b mt thong
(6).Feeding Al wire and Ca wire
Cp dy Al v Ca

3. LF( )
Gin L in LF

Alloy adding system Heating system

H thng np hp kim H thng gia nhit

Cover
Np

Ladle
Thng ng thp

Bottom Ar stirring
Khuy y bng kh Ar
4. LF( )Equipments specification c im k thut ca thit
b
LD size 150 Ton/Heat Start using Mar.10,1990
Kch c thng ng 150 tn/m Bt u ng dng 10.03.1990
thp
TFM capacity 23MVA Electrode consumption 0.5kg/ts
Tiu hao in cc
Secondary Voltage 294V-414V No. of Heats /month 697 heats/mon.
in p th cp S m/thng 697 m/thng
Electrode diameter 406mm Cycle time 30mins./heat
ng knh in Thi gian chu k 30 pht/m
cc
Heating rate 4/min. De- [S] 10ppm(min.)
Tc gia nhit 4/pht. Kh S
Type of alloy C FeMn Al FeSi FeV F Vice-raw material CaO 400kg CaF2
Loi hp kim eS FeCr consumption 80kg/heat
Tiu hao vt liu thay th

No. of hopper 12 De-S ratio 90(max)

S lng phu T l kh S 90%(Ti a)
Slag making agent CaO CaF2 Acidic flux Cleanliness [O] 10ppm(min.)
Cht to x sch
CaO CaF2 cht tr dung c tnh
axit

LF Operation Qu trnh thao tc l in tinh luyn

Temp. of slag around arc area is high 2000 , so temp. homoginization is very
important. Bottom stirring flow rate must be controlled appropriately. Beside, good
bottom stirring create a good mixing between slag and LS, that promote de-S
reaction happen quickly and completely.
Nhit ca x xung quanh vngin quang cao khong 2000 , v th nhit
ng u rt quan trng. Lu lng kh Ar khuy y phi c kim sot mt
cch thch hp. Bn cnh , khuy y tt to iu kin pha trn tt gia s v
thp lng, tng cao phn ng kh S mt cch nhanh chng v ton din

The hight of electrodes is controlled up/down automatically during heating time,

the higher submerged hight of arc inside slag layer is, the lower harmfullness of
refractory.
Chiu cao ca in cc c iu khin ln xung t ng trong sut qu trnh gia
nhit, su ca h quang trong lp x cng ln, s tn hi n vt liu chu la
cng nh

LF Operation Qu trnh thao tc l in tinh luyn

Adding materials during treatment: Np liu trong qu trnh x l

At beginning of LF treatment, large amount of Al, CaO and CaF2 is added through charging
chute to de-O and be melted for slag making. Al granular is used for de-O. At the same time,
the Ar flow rate increase to maximum (66mc/h) to promote added materials melting for slag
making.
giai on x l u, mt lng ln Al, CaO v CaF2 c thm vo thng qua mng np
liu kh O v b nng chy to x. Ht Al c dng kh O. ng thi , lu lng
kh thi Ar c tng ln cc i (66mc/h) nhm gia tng lng vt liu thm vo b nng
chy to x

At middle or final periods, small amount of CaO , CaF2 or synthetic slag is added to adjust
composition of slag. And, adding ferroalloy for composition adjustment. Wire feeding for
inclusion morphology modification.
giai on gia v cui qu trnh, mt lng nh CaO, CaF2 hay x hn hp c thm
vo diu chnh thnh phn . V,thm st hp kim ng u thnh phn. Cp dy
iu chnh hnh thi hc tp cht

Metallurgical principle Nguyn l luyn kim
1. Vacuum metallurgy of C and O Nguyn l luyn kim chn khng ca C v O

(1). Thermodynamics of De-C, De-O reactions nhit ng hc ca phn ng kh C, O

Principle of vacuum de-C, de-O is based on vacuum pressure and Ar blowing to promote liquid steel
circulation, using vacuum condition inside the vessel to make the dissolved elements like [C], [O] react and
be removed. For example, RH using snorkel with Ar blowing system to blow Ar and create circulation of
liquid steel between LD-snorkel-vessel. Thermodynamically, operation temperature of RH is about 1600 ,
the equilibrium constant keeps unchanged, the ratio [C]/[O] keeps constant, because the partial pressure of CO
change. Ideally, the vacuum pressure inside vacuum equipment can reach 1 torr. From the equilibrium
between [C] and [O], we can know the limit of de-C and de-O reaction.
Nguyn l chnh ca kh C, O trong chn khng da trn p sut chn khng v thi kh Ar gia tng s tun
hon ca dng thp, dng iu kin chn khng trong bnh ha tan cc nguyn t nh [C], [O] phn ng
vi nhau v b loi b. V d nh, RH dng ng ngp chm kt hp vi h thng thi kh Ar v to nn dng
tun hon ca thp lng gia LD-snorkel-vessel. V phng din nhit ng hc, nhit thao tc ca RH
vo khong 1600, hng s cn bng lun gi khng i, t l [C]/[O] l hng s, bi v p sut ring phn
ca CO thay i.Theo l tng, p sut chn khng bn trong thit b chn khng c th t 1 torr. T th
cn bng gia [C] v [O], chng ta c th bit c gi hn ca phn ng kh C v kh O

Metallurgical principle Nguyn l luyn kim
1. Vacuum metallurgy of C and O Nguyn l luyn kim chn khng ca C v O
De-C and de-O reaction in vacuum pressure: Phn ng kh C v kh O trong mi trng p sut
chn khng
[C] + [O] CO(g) (1.1.)
Equilibrium constant: Hng s cn bng
KCO PCO/(fC[%C]*fO[%O]) (1.2.)

When temperature: T = 1600, if PCO decrease reaction shift to right hand side the

product (fC[%C]*fO[%O]) decrease. The lower the vacuum pressure in vessel is controlled more
easy to produce ultra low C liquid steel.
Khi nhit : T = 1600, nu PCO gim phn ng dch chuyn v bn phi sn phm phn

ng (fC[%C]*fO[%O]) gim. p sut chn khng trong bnh h thp c kim sot d dng
sn xut c thp lng hm lng C cc thp.
(2). Relationship between partial pressure PCO and [C], [O] content in liquid steel
Mi lin h gia p sut ring phn Pco v hm lng [C], [O] cha trong thp lng

fO[%O]=500ppm fO[%O]=300ppm fO[%O]=100ppm

PCO(torr)
fC[%C](ppm)

50 30 50 150

10 6 10 30

5 3 5 15

2 1.2 2 6

1 0.6 1 3
2. Vacuum metallurgy of Nitroge
Recently, through all of refining process, [N] content remove mainly depends on BOF blowing process and
the prevention of air suction that creates N recovery at following processes. During vacuum refining, [N] is
removed according to following reaction:
Gn y, trong sut cc qu trnh tinh luyn, hm lng [N] c loi b thng thng da trn qu trnh
thi trong BOF v ngn chn s ht khng kh s to ra s hon nguyn ca N tin trnh bn di. Trong
sut qu trnh tinh luyn chn khng, [N] c loi b theo phn ng :

[N] + [N] N2 (2.1.)

According to Sieverts Law, [N] and square root of PN is directly proportional.

Theo nh lut Sieverts, [N] v cn bc hai ca PN c mi qun h t l thun

[N]%=KN*PN1/2 (atm) (2.2.)

When T=1600 oC, KN=4.58*10-2 the relationship between [N] and PN is shown as following table

Khi T=1600 oC, KN=4.58*10-2 mi quan h gia [N] v PN c th hin bng di

PN(atm) 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0008 0.0006 0.0005
[N](ppm) 32.4 20.5 14.5 12.9 11.2 10.2
2. Vacuum metallurgy of Nitroge

Beside, [S] and [O], with their surface activity, will reduce [N] remove at gas-liquid
interface, so have bad effect on [N] remove. When [S] and [O] contents are low, [N]
remove and [N] suction in liquid steel will happen easily with higher efficiency.
Bn cnh , hm lng [S] v [O], vi c tnh linh ng b mt, s lm gim hm
lng [N] c loi b vng chuyn tip kh-lng, v vy s c hiu qu thp trong
vic loi b kh [N]. Khi hm lng [S] v [O] thp, hm lng kh [N] b loi b v
hm lng kh [N] b ln trong thp lng s d dng kt hp v mang n hiu qu cao
hn
3.Vacuum metallurgy of Hydrogen
In order to produce ultra low [H] liquid steel ([H] 1.5ppm), operator should understand
thermodynamical equilibrium of [H] under vacuum condition according to thermodynamics, in order to
control the limit of [H] remove. In vacuum vessel, De-H reaction happens at surface of gas phase as:

Trong trng hp sn xut thp [H] cc thp ([H] 1.5ppm), ngi vn hnh nn hiu r cn bng
nhit ng lc hc ca [H] di iu kin chn khng theo nhit ng hc, kim sot gii hn [H]
c loi b. Trong bnh chn khng, phn ng kh H xy ra pha kh nh:

[H] + [H] = H2(g) (3.1.)

According to Sieverts Law, equilibrium content of nitrogen [H] and square root of partial pressure of
nitrogen at gas phase PN are directly proportional.
Theo nh lut Sieverts, cn bng hm lng gia kh [H] v cn bc hai p sut ring phn ca [H]
pha kh PH theo t l thun

[H]%=KH*PH1/2 (atm) (3.2.)

When T=1600, KH=0.00268, relationship between PH and [H] is shown as following table.
Khi T=1600 oC, KH=4.58*10-2 mi quan h gia PH and [H] c th hin bng di
PH(mbar) 100 20 5 4 3 2 1
[H](ppm) 8.43 3.77 1.88 1.69 1.46 1.19 0.84

4.De-O operation in liquid steel
All of elements in liquid steel will create non-gas phase inclusions when react with oxygen except C that
create CO gas. The formation of inclusion and the [O] content after oxidation is different with different
element, shown as following table.
Tt c cc nguyn t trong thp lng s to pha tp cht khi phn ng vi kh oxy ngooaij tr C s to ra kh
CO. Cu to ca tp cht v hm lng kh [O] sau khi oxy ha khc vi cc nguyn t khc, c th hin
bng di

Deoxidizer [O]f (ppm) after deoxidation For steel grade

Cht oxi ha [O]f (ppm) sau khi oxi ha ng dng cho loi mc thp

Mn 100-200 High S free cutting steel

Si/Mn/Al 20-40 Tire steel,valve-spring steel
Al 2-4 Bearing steel, spring steel
Si/Mn 50-70 Normal Si-Mn steel

4.De-O operation in liquid steel Thao tc kh O trong thp lng

(1). Mn de-O operation: weak de-O element, created inclusions: MnO, MnO-FeO exist in all the forms of liquid
and solid.
Qu trnh kh O bng Mn: l nguyn t kh O yu, to nn cc tp cht: MnO, MnO-FeO tn ti trong tt c cc
hnh thi lng v rn.
(2). Si de-O operation: 1600, when[%Si]>0.003, Fe-Si-O system steadily oxidizes and create SiO2. Therefore,
during fining process, in the situation of low Mn and ultra low Al, SiO2 is the main inclusion. But Si is also not the
strong deoxidizer.
Qu trnh kh O bng Si: 1600, khi[%Si]>0.003, cu trc Fe-Si-O dn dn b oxi ha v to ra SiO2. V th.
Trong sut tin trnh tinh luyn, trong tnh hung hm lng Mn thp v hm lng Al cc thp, SiO2 l tp cht
chnh. Nhng Si cng chnh l cht kh oxi mnh nht.
(3). Al de-O operation: Al is the most effective and most commonly used deoxidizer. Al is a strong oxidizer,
steadily oxidizes and create Al2O3.
Qu trnh kh O bng Al: Al l cht kh oxi c hiu qu cao nht v thng thng nht. Al l cht kh oxi mnh
nht, b oxi ha dn dn v to ra Al2O3
(4).Si-Mn combine de-O operation: the advantage is the created inclusion is also combined inclusion, so the
melting point is low. In liquid steel combined inclusion is easy to agglutinate together and float up, so increase
cleanliness of liquid steel . Beside, reduce the activity of each oxides, that is good for oxygen remove.
Qu trnh kh O ca hn hp Si-Mn: Li th l vic to tp cht cng nh hn hp tp cht, v th nhit nng
chy thp. Trong thp lng, hn hp tp cht d dng dnh kt li vi nhau v ni ln b mt, v th gia tng
sch ca thp. Bn cnh , gim hot ng ca mi cht kh oxi , s thun li hn cho vic loi b kh oxy
5.Slag making de-S operation Thao tc to x kh S
(1). Theory of de-S refining: L thuyt tinh luyn kh S
Because control of partial pressure of [S] is difficult, it is impossible to de-S like the way of
degassing (de-H, de-N). On the other hand, because of high cost it should not de-S like the way
of de-O (adding some element that have good affinity with sulfur). Therefore, de-S operation
should be carried out in high basicity slag. Normally, de-S refining slag includes two slag
systems: CaO-SiO2 (-CaF2 ) and CaO-Al2O3. De-S reaction happen between slag and LS, as:
Bi v kim sot p sut ring phn ca [S] kh, khng th no kh S bng phng php kh kh
( kh H, Kh N).Mt khc, bi v chi ph cao nn khng nn kh S nh phng php kh O
( thm mt s nguyn t c nh hng vi lu hunh). V th, thao tc kh S nn tin hnh trong
iu kin x c tnh ba z cao. Thng thng, x trong tinh luyn kh S bao gm hai thnh phn
chnh: CaO-SiO2 (-CaF2 ) and CaO-Al2O3.Phn ng kh S dn ra gia x v thp lng; nh:

(CaO) [S] (CaS) [O]

5.Slag making de-S operation Thao tc to x kh S
(2). Good conditions for slag making de-S iu kin tt cho vic to x kh S
A.Good stirring for high basic slag (CaO, MgO) (R=3~3.5)
Khuy tt x c ba z cao (CaO, MgO) (R=3~3.5)
B. Deep de-O (high content of Al, Si)
Kh su Oxy ( hm lng Al, Si cao)
C. High temperature
Nhit cao
D. Inject de-S agents
Thm cc cht kh S
6. Control of inclusion Kim sot tp cht
(1). There are two main types of inclusion in steel: oxide and sulphite. Oxide is determined by the
corresponding deoxidizer. Normally, sulphite is MnS or CaS (after Ca treatment). Oxides are classified
as following table according to their source.
C hai loi tp cht trong thp: Oxyt v sulfit. Oxit c xc nh bi cht kh oxyt tng ng. Thng
thng, Sunfit l MnS hay CaS ( Sau khi x l Ca). Oxit c phn cp nh bng di da theo ngun
ca CSC

Oxides created by deoxidation Created directly by deoxidation

Oxit c to bi s kh oxi c to trc tip t kh oxi
Secondary created oxides Created during LS tempureture drop and solidification
Trng hp th 2 to oxit To ra trong qu trnh nhit thp lng gim nhit v ng c
Reoxidation: oxidized slag, oxygen from air or refractory
S ti oxy ha: x b oxy ha, kh oxy t khng kh hoc nh my
Outside source mixed: hn hp t cc ngun bn ngoi
Oxides from outside (1)Entrapped slag: slag of LD, TD insulation powder, slag inside mold
Oxit t bn ngoi S ln x: x ca thng thp, bt cch nhit thng trung gian, x bn
trong khun c
(2) Erosion of refractory: all of refractory lining contacting with LS
S xi mn ca vt liu chu la: tt c cc lp vt liu chu la tip
xc vi thp lng
 6. Control of inclusion Kim sot tp cht

(2). Modification of inclusion morphology S iu chnh hnh thi hc tp cht

A. Make inclusion harmless: To tp cht c hi
a.Change Al2O3 inclusion into CaO-Al2O3 system with low melting point, reduce nozzle clogging
during casting.
Thay i tp cht Al2O3 thnh CaO-Al2O3 hn hp vi nhit nng chy thp, hn ch tc
ng trong qu trnh c
b. Ca wire treatment: can change the chain type MnS inclusion in steel into ball type to improve
transversal properties of steel.
X l bng dy Ca: c th thay i tp cht MnS hnh dy trong thp thnh dng cu ci thin
tnh bin dng ngang ca thp.
B. : Inclusion that is useful for steel properties Tp cht c li cho tnh cht ca thp
a. SiO2-TiO2-MnO MnS TiC TiN ( ) MnS of SiO2-
TiO2-MnO system dissolve and precipitate, TiC and TiN separate out, that improve the weldability of
steel.
MnS of SiO2-TiO2-MnO hn hp ha tan v kt ta ,phn tch TiC v TiN s ci thin tnh hn ca thp
b. SiO2-MnO MnS ( ) MnS of SiO2-MnO system dissolve and
precipitate (Sulfur free cutting steel)
Hn hp MnS ca SiO2-MnO ha tan v kt ta
 Trend of Process Ability and Exertion Direction
Khuynh hng ca nng lc qu trnh v n lc nh hng
1. Research new steel grade Nghin cu mc thp mi
Includes: high quality electromagnetic steel, high cleanliness C-steel, spring steel, no Pb-free
cutting steel, harbor used steel, galvanized steel coil and high quality steel for special
applicationetc. For high quality electromagetic steel with low steel loss, requirement of ultra
low C, O, low S, high Si and high Al, ultra low impurities and high alloy content.
Bao gm: Thp in t cht lng cao, Thp C sch, thp l xo, thp khng Pb d gia cng,
thp dng trong cu cng, thp cun m km v thp cht lng cao dng trong cc ng dng
c bit .i vi thp in t cht lng cao vi luwongjt hp tht thot t, yu cu sc
thp hm lng C, O, S thp, hm lng Si v Al cao, tp cht v cng thp v lng hp
kim cao.
2. Increase process ability and quality Gia tng kh nng v cht lng ca qu trnh
Including ladle slag properties improvement, prevent P-recovery, deep de-S, lower H content in
LS, lower un-qualified steel product ratio and RH de-S inventetc. For ultra low S steel
grades, it requires hot metal deep de-S, and refining de-S to ultra low content . Low P steel
grade requires pretreatment de-P, BOF de-P, and refining with prevention of P recover.
Bao gm tnh cht ca x c ci thin, ngn nga s hon nguyn ca P, kh su S, hm lng
H trong thp lng thp, t l sn phm thp khng t cht lng thp v pht minh kh S
trong RHi vi thp S cc thp, yu cu gang lng phi kh su S, v kh S trong tinh
luyn n gi tr cc thp. Mc thp P thp yu cu tin x l kh P, l BOF kh P, v tinh
luyn ngn nga s hon nguyn ca P.
 Trend of Process Ability and Exertion Direction
Khuynh hng ca nng lc qu trnh v n lc nh hng
3. Refining and exertion trend of cleanliness sch ca tinh luyn v khuynh hng ci thin
High quality steel with high cleanliness and pureness are the main development direction of refining; slag making
and vacuum treatment are the key of refining process. In advand steel plants, in order to cope with customer and I
nvironmental requirement, the whole steelmaking process has been constantly improved, the final purpose is
quality increse and cost reduction. For the trend of impurities remove, IF steel, [N] 20ppm, even 15ppm; [H]
in product 1ppm; high cleanliness bearing steel [O] 10ppm; [S] 10ppm; ultra low P steel: [P] 20ppm.\
Thp cht lng cao vi sch v tinh khit cao l s pht trin ch yu trc tip ca tinh luyn; to x v x
l chn khng l cha kha ca qu trnh tinh luyn. Trong nh my luyn thp, ng u vi khch hng v
yu cu mi trng, ton b qu trnh luyn thp phi c ci thin lin tc, mc ch cui cng l cht lng gia
tng v chi ph gim. Theo khuynh hng loi b tp cht, thp IF, [N] 20ppm, thm ch 15ppm; [H] trong
sn phm 1ppm; trong thp sch cao [O] 10ppm; [S] 10ppm; thp P cc thp: [P] 20ppm.\
Except P content, the standard of other elements reached by this CSC is very close to the standard of other avand
steel plants; however, because of the unstable change of market, the exertion direction of refining unit is how to
increase many steel grades together with stabilize quality, increase cleanliness and upgrade pureness.
Target of refining process in the future: [ ] 0.2 ppm [ ] 3 ppm [ ] 2 ppm [ ] 1 ppm [N] 0.2
ppm and T. [O] 2 ppm.
Ngoi tr hm lng P, tiu chun cn t ca cc nguyn t khc bi nh my CSC rt gn vi tiu chun ca
cc nh my thp tin tin khc, tuy nhin, bi v s thay i khng n nh ca th trng, hng ci thin ca b
phn tinh luyn l lm th no gia tng nhiu nh my luyn thp vi cht lng n nh, nng cao sch v
tinh khit
Mc tiu ca tin trnh tinh luyn trong tng lai: [ ] 0.2 ppm [ ] 3 ppm [ ] 2 ppm [ ] 1 ppm
[N] 0.2 ppm vT. [O] 2 ppm.