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EE462L, Spring 2014 DC DC Buck Converter
EE462L, Spring 2014 DC DC Buck Converter
1
!
Objective to efficiently reduce DC voltage
The DC equivalent of an AC transformer
Iin Iout
+ +
DCDC Buck
Vin Converter Vout
Lossless objective: Pin = Pout, which means that VinIin = VoutIout and
Vout I in
Vin I out
2
Here is an example of an inefficient DCDC
converter
R1 The load
+ +
Vin R2 Vout
R2
Vout Vin
R1 R2
R2 Vout
R1 R2 Vin
Closed, 39Vdc T
Open, 0Vdc
4
Taken from Course Overview PPT
L
Try adding an L to prevent the huge
current spike. But now, if the L has
+
current when the switch attempts to
39Vdc C Rstereo open, the inductors current momentum
and resulting Ldi/dt burns out the switch.
lossless
L
By adding a free wheeling diode, the
+ switch can open and the inductor current
39Vdc C Rstereo can continue to flow. With high-
frequency switching, the load voltage
ripple can be reduced to a small value.
A DC-DC Buck Converter
5
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
t
1 o T
C
v ( to T ) v ( to ), or v ( to T ) v ( to ) 0 i ( t )dt
to
to T
The conclusion is that i ( t )dt 0 which means that
to
the average current through a capacitor operating in periodic steady state is zero
6
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
Now, an inductor
!
Examine the voltage across an inductor that is operating in
periodic steady state. The governing equation is
t
di ( t ) 1 o t
v(t ) L
dt
which leads to i ( t ) i ( to )
L v ( t )dt
to
Since the inductor is in periodic steady state, then the voltage at time t o is the same as the voltage one
period T later, so
t
1 o T
L
i ( to T ) i ( to ), or i ( to T ) i ( to ) 0 v ( t )dt
to
to T
The conclusion is that v ( t )dt 0 which means that
to
the average voltage across an inductor operating in periodic steady state is zero
7
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
v(t ) 0, v1 ( t ) v2 ( t ) v3 ( t ) v N ( t ) 0
Around loop
t t t t t
1 o T 1 o T 1 o T 1 o T 1 o T
T T T T T
v1 ( t )dt v2 ( t )dt v3 ( t )dt v N ( t )dt (0)dt 0
to to to to to
i (t ) 0, i1 ( t ) i2 ( t ) i3 ( t ) i N ( t ) 0
Out of node
9
Buck converter
!
Assume large C so that
+ vL
Vout has very low ripple
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vout Since V has very low
Vin C out
iC
ripple, then assume Iout
has very low ripple
L +
Vin C Vout
0A
10
The input/output equation for DC-DC converters
usually comes by examining inductor voltages
+ (Vin Vout)
iin iL Iout
L +
Switch closed for Vin Vout
C
DT seconds (iL Iout)
Vout +
iL Iout
L +
Vin C Vout
(iL Iout)
12
!
Since the average voltage across L is zero
diL Vout
Switch open, vL Vout ,
dt L
From geometry, Iavg = Iout is halfway
Vout
iL A / sec
L
between Imax and Imin
Imax
Iavg = Iout I Periodic finishes
Vin Vout
A / sec a period where it
Imin L
started
DT (1 D)T
T
14
Effect of raising and lowering Iout while
holding Vin, Vout, f, and L constant
iL
I
Raise Iout
Lower Iout
I
I is unchanged
Lower f
Raise f
iL
Lower L
Raise L
17
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
T 2 2T2
2 1 V V 2 V 3T
Vrms t dt t dt t
T T 3 3 0
0 T 0 3T
V
Vrms
3
18
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
V V 0
0 0 -V
V V V
0 0 0
V
V
Vrms
0 3
19
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
i (t )
the ripple
Imax Imin
i (t )
Imax 0
I avg
Imin
= +
the minimum value
Imin
I avg
Imax Imin
2 0
20
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
2
I rms
I max I min 2
2I
I max I min I 2
min min
3 2
2
2 I PP 2
I rms I min I PP I min
3
21
Taken from Waveforms and Definitions PPT
2 2
2 I PP I I
I rms I avg PP I PP I avg PP
3 2 2
2 2 2
2 I PP I PP 2 I PP
I rms I avg I PP I avg I avg I PP
3 2 4
2 2 I avg
I max I min
2
I rms
I PP
I PP 2
I avg i (t ) 2
3 4
22
Inductor current rating
2
I Lrms 2
I avg
1 2
12
2
I pp I out
1
12
I 2
1
2
I Lrms 2
I out 2I out 2 4 I out
2
12 3
Use max
2
I Lrms I out
3
23
Capacitor current and current rating
iL Iout
L
C
(iL Iout)
1 I
2
I Crms 2
I avg 2 I out 2 02 1 I out
2
I Crms out
12 3 3
24
MOSFET and diode currents and current ratings
iL Iout
iin
L
C
(iL Iout)
2Iout
Iout
0
2Iout
Iout
0
Use max
2
Take worst case D for each I rms I out
3
25
!
Worst-case load ripple voltage
iC = (iL Iout)
Iout C charging
0
T/2
Iout
During the charging period, the C voltage moves from the min to the max.
The area of the triangle shown above gives the peak-to-peak ripple voltage.
1 T
Q 2 2 I out T I out I out
V
C C 4C 4Cf
Switch Open L +
Vin C Vout
iC
27
Capacitor, use 1.5Vout
!
There is a 3rd state discontinuous
Iout
MOSFET
L +
Vin C Vout
DIODE Iout
28
Inductor voltage showing oscillation during
discontinuous current operation
vL = (Vin Vout)
Switch
closed
vL = Vout
Switch open
Vout Vout 1 D
2 I out 1 D T
Lonset Lonset f
Vout 1 D
Lonset
2 I out f
Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D 0),
use max
Vout
L guarantees continuous conduction
2 I out f
use min 30
Impedance matching !
+ +
DCDC Buck V
Source Rload out
Vin Converter Vout = DVin I out
Iin
+
Equivalent from Requiv
Vin source perspective
Vout So, the buck converter
V D Vout R makes the load
Requiv in load resistance look larger
I in I out D I out D 2 D2 to the source 31
Example of drawing maximum power from
solar panel
32
Connect a 2 resistor directly, extract only 55W !
55W
130W
or
st
esi
r
2
. 4 4 or
6 si st
re
+ vL
iL Iout
ipanel
L +
Vpanel C Vout
iC
34
BUCK DESIGN
Our components
9A 250V 5.66A 200V, 250V 16A, 20A
Our L. 100H, 9A
Our C. 1500F, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
35
BUCK DESIGN
10A
0.033V
1500F 50kHz
Our L. 100H, 9A
Our C. 1500F, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
36
BUCK DESIGN
40V
200H
2A 50kHz
Our L. 100H, 9A
Our C. 1500F, 250V, 5.66A p-p
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
37