Exploring the Frontiers of

Physics with the Large Hadron

Collider

Dinesh Srivastava
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
Kolkata

Guru Govind Singh Indraprastha University, April

2009
 It is a privilege to be a physics student and even a
greater privilege to be a physics teacher. But let
us not forget that our life on earth is also a great
privilege. This privilege derives from the laws of
physics; nuclear physics in particular.

 Five questions for LHC:

1. Higgs Bosons,
2. Quark Gluon Plasma,
3. Microscopic Black Holes,
4. Matter Antimatter Asymmetry, &,
5. Dark Matter.

 Survival of planet earth & human race.

Q. How do we know that universe underwent expansion?
A. Photons decoupled.

Cosmicmicro-wave
Cosmic micro-waveback-ground
back-groundradiation
radiation

Isotropicto
Isotropic to11part
part in
in10
1055,, measured
measuredby
by
CosmicBackground
Cosmic BackgroundExplorer
Explorer(COBE)
(COBE) of
of NASA
NASA
 Themost
The mostprecise
preciseblack-body
black-bodyradiation
radiationever
evermeasured.
measured.The
Theerrors
errorsare
areless
less
thanthe
than thethick-ness
thick-nessofofthe
thecurve.
curve. The
TheT=2.725
T=2.725KKand
andpeak
peakis
isat l=1.9mm
atl=1.9 mmoror
microwaverange
microwave rangeof
of160.2
160.2GHz.
GHz.
 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978
"for his basic "for their
inventions discovery
and of cosmic
discoveries microwave
in the area of background
low radiation"
temperature
physics"
Pyotr Leonidovich
Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson
Kapitsa
1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize 1/4 of the prize
USSR USA USA
Academy of Sciences
Bell Laboratories Bell Laboratories
Moscow, USSR
Holmdel, NJ, USA Holmdel, NJ, USA
b. 1894
b. 1933 b. 1936
d. 1984
TheBig
The BigBang
Bang also
alsocorrectly
correctlypredicts
predictsthe
theanisotropy
anisotropyof
ofCMBR.
CMBR.
Thepower
The powerspectrum
spectrumofofthethecosmic
cosmicmicrowave
microwavebackground
backgroundradiation
radiationtemperature
temperature
anisotropyininterms
anisotropy termsof
ofthe
theangular
angularscale
scale(or
(ormultipole
multipolemoment).
moment).The
Thedata
datashown
shown
comefrom
come fromthe
theWMAP
WMAP(2006),
(2006),Acbar
Acbar(2004)
(2004)Boomerang
Boomerang(2005),
(2005),CBI
CBI(2004)
(2004)and
and
VSA(2004)
VSA (2004)instruments.
instruments.
 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006

"for their discovery of the

blackbody form and
anisotropy of the cosmic
microwave background
radiation"

John C. Mather George F. Smoot

1/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize
USA USA
NASA Goddard Space University of California
Flight Center Berkeley, CA, USA
Greenbelt, MD, USA
b. 1946 b. 1945
 Confirmation of
Confirmation of Big
Big Bang
Bang at
at Your
Your Home
Home

Turnyour
Turn yourtelevision
televisiontotoan
an"in
"inbetween"
between"channel.
channel.Part
Partof
ofthe
thestatic
static
onyour
on yourtelevision
televisionisiscaused
causedbybyradiation
radiationleft
leftover
overfrom
fromthe
theBig
BigBang.
Bang.

Backin
Back inthe
the1990s,
1990s,Stephen
StephenHawking
Hawkingdescribed
describedthetheCOBE
COBEdiscovery
discoveryof
of
temperaturevariations
temperature variationsininthe
theafterglow
afterglowofofthe
thebig
bigbang
bangas
as"the
"themost
most
importantdiscovery
important discoveryof ofthe
thecentury,
century,ififnot
notof
ofall
alltime."
time."
 e M o s t
Th e F i v n t s
pe ri m e
t i n g E x
Inter es
At L H C
 Units &
Units & Dimensions
Dimensions
h
c  k 1 Energy density
density
2 Energy
E 2  p 2  m2
Water==11gm/cm
Water gm/cm33
Length,11fm=
Length, fm=10
10 cm.
cm.
-13
-13

== 5.61
5.61XX10
10-12 MeV/fm33
-12
Time,11fm/c=
fm/c=10
10 /(3X10
/(3X10 ))sec
-13 10
sec MeV/fm
Time, -13 10

==(1/3)X10
(1/3)X10-23 sec
-23
sec Insidenucleus
nucleus==0.16
0.16nucleons/fm
nucleons/fm33
Inside
Mass==11MeV
Mass MeV
==150
150MeV/fm
MeV/fm33
==[17.826X10
[17.826X10-28 gm.cc2];
];
-28 2
gm.
Insideproton
Inside proton=938.3/(4pX0.8
=938.3/(4pX0.83/3)
3
/3)MeV
MeV/fm
/fm33
e.g.,m
e.g., mp=938.3
=938.3MeV,
MeV,
p

==438
438MeV/fm
MeV/fm33
m=0.511
m e=0.511MeV.
MeV.
e
Criticalenergy
Critical energydensity
density~~1-2
1-2GeV/fm
GeV/fm33
Temperature==[MeV]=1.16x10
Temperature [MeV]=1.16x101010KK
 g s
H ig
for
o k
Lo

Fractional Charges:
Fractional Charges: u,
u, c,
c, tt :: +2/3
+2/3 Peter Higgs

:: d,
d, s,
s, bb :: -1/3
-1/3
 The Higgs Mechanism
 ... a well known
scientist walks
in, creating
a disturbance
as he moves
across the
room, and
attracting a
cluster of
admirers with
each step ...
To understand the Higgs mechanism,
imagine that a room full of physicists
quietly chattering is like space filled
only with the Higgs field....

... This increases his resistance to

movement, in other words, he acquires
mass, just like a particle moving
through the Higgs field ...
 The Higgs Particle

... if a rumour crosses the room ... ... it creates the same kind of clustering,
but this time among the scientists
themselves. In this analogy, these clusters
are the Higgs particles.
 Production of Higgs Boson
(MH~170 GeV/c2)

A Feynman diagram of one way the Higgs boson may

be produced at the LHC. Here, two gluons decay into
a top/anti-top pair which then combine to make a
neutral Higgs.
(a) Gluon fusion; (b) Vector boson fusion; (c ) Associate production with W
(d) Associate production with top pair
The production cross section of the standard model
Higgs boson. Across the complete possible mass
range the gluon fusion process is dominating.
 Look for extra-dimensions & micro black holes
LHC

; t P  5.4 1044 s; E P  1.22 1016 GeV

At Planck length, the Compton wavelength= Schwarzchild radius.
 Schwarzschild radius
• Schwarzschild
radius is the radius Karl Schwarzschild

where the escape

velocity is equal to
velocity of light:

1 2 GMm 2GM
mc  ; or RSch  2
2 RSch c

(Ignoring relativity)
 Searches for Micro Black Holes
• Black Hole Harris et al. JHEP 05 (2005) 053

– enough mass at small enough radius to

cause photon trapping, cross section: Stephen Hawking

LHC should be a factory of

black holes
● lifetime [sec]: 10-27 – 10-25
● decay through Hawking
radiation
● equal prob. for all particles
Decay properties: ~ follows black body radiations
1 n 1 n ; n is the extra dimension
TH  
4R BH M BH 1/(1 n )
 i da te s
at ter Cand
Dar k M
o k for
Lo

Incredibly difficult to detect except through the gravitational effect they exert.
 Dark Matter & Gravitational Lensing

Bending light around a massive object from a distant source. The orange
arrows show the apparent position of the background source. The white
arrows show the path of the light from the true position of the source.
(Left). A typical result from Chandra telescope. (Right).- From NASA.
Super-symmetric particles

ATLAS and CMS will look for super-symmetric

particles which are a likely candidate for dark
matter.
 u ark
f orQ a
k
Loo n Plasm
o
Glu

Fractional Charges:
Fractional Charges: u,
u, c,
c, tt :: +2/3
+2/3 Peter Higgs

:: d,
d, s,
s, bb :: -1/3
-1/3
 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008

7 October 2008
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize
in Physics for 2008 with one half to
Yoichiro Nambu
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, IL, USA
"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in
subatomic physics"
and the other half jointly to
Makoto Kobayashi, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK),
Tsukuba, Japan
and
Toshihide Maskawa,Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto
University, Japan
"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the
existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
 
 Quantum Chromo
Quantum Chromo Dynamics
Dynamics
• V ( r )~ as(Q)/r +s r
• Small r (large Q): as(Q2)  0,
quarks behave as free
particles:
Asymptotic Freedom.
• Large r (small Q):
the second term goes to
infinity;
Infrared Slavery,
No Free Quarks or Gluons.
• Different from any other
interaction 12
we have come across.  s (Q 2 ) 
(33  2n f ) ln(Q 2 / 2QCD )

Achieved via
Achieved viaquarks
quarksin
in33 colours
colours and
and 88type
type of
of gluons
gluons
all of
all of which
whichcarry
carrycolour
colourcharge.
charge.
 David J.
Gross

H. David
Frank Politzer
Wilczek
 Try to
Try to break
break aa hadron:
hadron: You
You will
will
end up
end up producing
producing more
more hadrons!
hadrons!
 Quark Gluon
Quark Gluon Plasma
Plasma
F. Karsch, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 153, 106 (2004)

• Lattice QCD predicts transition to deconfined

Quark Gluon Plasma phase at ~175MeV
• Goal of Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions - to
produce and characterize QGP state.
 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY

PHOBOS BRAHMS
PHENIX
RHIC
STAR

v = 0.99995c = 186,000 miles/sec

Au + Au at 200 GeV

AGS

TANDEMS
STAR:51
STAR: 51Institutes
Institutesfrom
fromacross
acrossthe
theworld
worldincluding
includingfrom
fromIndia,
India,
morethan
more than400
400scientists
scientists. .
Bass, Mueller, Srivastava; VNI/BMS
Nuclear Matter
Nuclear Matter &
& Quark
Quark Gluon
Gluon Plasma
Plasma
Theoretical Interpretation
Theoretical Interpretation of
of
High-p π00 Suppression
High-pTT π Suppression

• Large suppression implies

large energy loss. Model
calculations indicate high
Strong Suppression!
gluon densities dNg/dy ~ 1100
• Implies large energy density
(as do also ET measurements)
e > 10 GeV/fm3 well above
critical energy density ecrit ~
1 GeV/fm3
Confirmation of High Density Matter
 Elliptic flow
Elliptic flow of
of low-p
low-ptt hadrons
hadrons
P RC 72 (05) 014904
200 Ge V Au+Au
m in-b ia s
h yd r o tun e d to fit c e ntr a l
Hyd r o b y Huovine n e t a l.

s p e c tr a d a ta .

 Elliptic flow is NOT a small effect

 Linear increase with pt for pions
 Clear mass-ordering: lower v2 for heavier particles at
given pt
These non-trivial features are naturally reproduced by hydrodynamics !
A very hot thermalized system, soon after the collision (~0.5 fm/c).
 FMS Results:
FMS Results: Comparison
Comparison to
to Data
Data

calibrate pQCD calculation of

direct and Bremsstrahlung
photons via p+p data:

 for pt<6 GeV, FMS photons give

significant contribution to
photon spectrum: 50% @ 4GeV.

Fries, Mueller, & Srivastava, PRC 72 (2005) 041902( R).

 Large Hadron
Large Hadron Collider
Collider at
at CERN,
CERN, Pb+Pb
Pb+Pb
at 5500
at 5500 GeV/A;
GeV/A; p+p
p+p at
at 14,000
14,000 GeV.
GeV.

At full power, trillions of protons will race around the LHC accelerator ring
11 245 times a second, travelling at 99.99% the speed of light. Two beams
of protons will each travel at a maximum energy of 7 TeV (tera-electron
volt), corresponding to head-to-head collisions of 14 TeV. Altogether some
600 million collisions will take place every second.
The 27 Km Tunnel with SuperConducting Magnets
“They are supercooled to
1.8 degrees above
absolute zero (-273C),
making the LHC the • .
coldest place in the
known universe, with
enough freezing capacity
to keep 140,000 domestic
fridges at a temperature
of -271.2C.”
 
“The giant magnets used
to accelerate the proton
beams have to be held
together with a force that
can resist 500 tons per
square metre -–
equivalent to one jumbo
jet per square metre.”
A TOROIDAL LHC APPARATUS
COMPACT MUON SOLENOID
AL
A LARGE
ARGE IION COLLIDER
ON C EXPERIMENT
OLLIDER E XPERIMENT
 28 May 2008

VECC Kolkata
IOP
Bhubaneswar
Panjab U.
Chandigarh
Rajasthan U. Jaipur
Jammu U. Jammu
World Wide Web was discovered by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee at CERN in 1999, so that data
measured at CERN could be analyzed by
researchers from across the world.

The First Web-Server, now at

Microcosm- public museum at CERN.
The computational requirements of the experiments that will operate at the
LHC are enormous. Some 12-14 petabytes of data will be generated each
year, the equivalent of more than 20 million CDs. Analysing this data will
require the equivalent of 70,000 of today's fastest PC computers
 Conditions likely
Conditions likely to
to be
be attained
attained at
at LHC
LHC
Conditionsas
•• Conditions asclose
closeas
aswe
wewill
willever
everget
getto
toEarly
EarlyUniverse.
Universe.

•• Initial
Initialtemperatures
temperaturesof
ofthe
theorder
orderof
of1000
1000MeV!
MeV!(1
(1MeV=
MeV=10
101010
deg.K.)
deg. K.)

•• Initial
Initialenergy
energydensity
densityof
ofup
upto
to1000
1000GeV/fm
GeV/fm33((EEnuc=0.16
nuc
=0.16
GeV/fm
GeV/fm ). 33).

Plasmalife-time
•• Plasma life-timeof
ofabout
about10
10fm/c
fm/c((~~3.
3.10
10-23
-23
seconds).
seconds).

Plasmavolume
•• Plasma volumeof
of~~10000
10000fm
fm33..

Enormousproduction
•• Enormous productionof
ofjets,
jets,charmed
charmedquarks
quarksand
andbottom
bottom
quarks.
quarks.

Paradigmshift:
•• Paradigm shift:jets
jetspassing
passingthrough
throughQGP!
QGP!
The future Facility for Antiproton an Ion Research (FAIR)

Primary beams:
1012 /s 238U28+ 1-2 AGeV
4·1013/s Protons 90 GeV
C BM SIS 100 Tm 1010/s U 35 AGeV (Ni 45 AGeV)

- Te xt : SIS 300 Tm
Sub Secondary beams:
rare isotopes 1-2 AGeV
antiprotons up to 30 GeV

cooled antiproton beam:

Hadron Spectroscopy

Ion and Laser Induced Plasmas:

High Energy Density in Matter
Structure of Nuclei
far from Stability

low-energy antiproton beam:

antihydrogen
Compressed Baryonic Matter
Total cost: 1.2 billion Euros. Indian Contribution 3%~ 220 Crores INR.
Core may contain quark-gluon plasma, at high baryonic density.
 “We are children of broken symmetry”

la t io n
P Vi o
f o r C
L ook

If in the Big Bang, as much mater as anti-matter was created, they should have
completely annihilated each other. But a tiny excess of one particle of matter
for every ten billion particles of anti-matter was enough for matter to win over
anti-matter. This filled the universe with galaxies, stars, planets, and us!
K L0     e   e
K L0    e   e
 
CP    e   e     e   e
However, positron decay pattern  electron decay by a fraction
of 3.3 10-3 .
d s b
Vud Vus Vub u

Vcd Vcs Vcb c Rest from B decay

From K decay

Vtd Vts Vtb t

 -New Era
Evidence for Physics Beyond Standard Model; mass of neutrino
is perhaps not due to Higgs mechanism
 (neutrino-less) Double beta decay
• In double-beta decay, two
Ettore Majorana (1906-1938).
neutrons in the nucleus (e.g.
76
Ge) are converted to
protons, and two electrons
and two electron
antineutrinos are emitted.
• If the neutrino is a Majorana
particle, meaning that the
antineutrino and the
neutrino are actually the
same particle, then it is
possible for neutrinoless
double-beta decay to occur,
as one of the neutrinos is
absorbed by the other one.
 Indian participation
•• Indian participation at at
LHC has
LHC has been
been possible
possible
due to
due to the
the fore-sight
fore-sight ofof
ourleading
our leading scientists
scientists
and also
and also as
as the
the
accelerators and
accelerators and the
the
detectors needed
detectors needed areare
beyond the
beyond the means
means of of one
one
single nation.
single nation.

Physics has
•• Physics has never
neverhad
had
borders, now
borders, now physicists
physicists
will not
will not have
have borders
borders
either.
either. Contd.
 Finally
Felix Bloch, the first
Director-General of
CERN, lays the
Foundation Stone
of the first machine,
Synchro-Cyclotron.
Max Petitpierre,
then Minister for
Foreign Affairs of
Switzerland, is
assisting. June 1955.

- L.Van Hove & M. Jacob,

Physics Reports C 62 (1980) 1.
 Halaku Khan:
•• Halaku Khan: “Is“Is the
the
science about
science about the
the stars
stars so
so
important that
important that we
we should
should
spend such
spend such aa great
great
amount of
amount of money?”
money?”
Kwajah: “If
•• Kwajah: “If we
we know
know thethe
secrets of
secrets of the
the celestial
celestial
phenomena, we
phenomena, we will
will be
be
calm on
calm on the
the Earth.”
Earth.”
Kwajah Nasir
Kwajah Nasiral-Din
al-DinTusi
Tusi
(1201-1274),Founder
(1201-1274), FounderofofMargha
Margha
Observatory, Azerbaizain.
Observatory, Azerbaizain.
 Technetium-99
• Tc is the lightest
element which has no
stable isotopes.
• Predicted by Dmitri
Mendeleev.
• First produced at BNL
• Used by more than 25
million patients every
year for scanning.
• No patent; else revenue
would have been
enough to run
Brookhaven National
Lab. Walter Tucker and Powell Richards
 Yo u
a n k
T h
VECC: A Lab Providing Two Cyclotrons

E (MeV) = K Q2/A; K=130

Schematic of RIB Facility Project at VECC
VEC K130 e- Linac

Cyclotron 50 MeV, 100 kW

Thick - target

• What is the origin of elements heavier than iron?

Charge Breeder • How do stars burn and explode?
• What is the nucleonic structure of neutron stars?
For this we need to know- masses, n/p drip lines,
Separator nuclear cross sections, weak decay rates, neutrino
interactions, and equation of state.
1.5 keV/u

RFQ

98 keV/u

LINACs

1.3 MeV/u
Stable & Rare Isotope Beams
 K130 Cyclotron vault
VECC RIB beam-line

1+ ion
source

ECR

3.4m RFQ

1.5 keV/u
98 keV/u

Linac-3 Linac-1 1.7m RFQ

Linac-2 29 keV/u
Rebun-1

415 keV/u 184 keV/u

Rebun-2
287 keV/u
 Neutron rich nuclei:

• Investigate nuclear structure

as new magic numbers appear

• Investigate nucleo-synthesis
via r-process

• High neutron number reduces

nuclear fissility- high angular
momentum can be sustained
leading to exotic shapes

Super heavy nuclei having

Z=114, 120, or 126

N=172 or 184
using fusion of neutron-rich
projectiles like

78-80
Ge, 90-92Kr, 132
Sn
Super Conducting Cyclotron, K=500

Main magnet, upper RF Cavity & Lower RF cavity &

RF Amplifier Magnet Interface
K500 SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON EXTERNAL BEAMLINE
LAYOUT

Switching magnet

Bending
magnet Quarupole

Shield wall plug Faraday Steerin

cup+Beam g
viewer+Pump magnet
 Physics Motivation

?
Target

Temp? Detectors
Size?
Lifetime?
Shape?

 Formation and decay of hot nuclei

 Multi particle correlation studies
 Understanding of multi-fragmentation
 Liquid-to-Gas phase transition
Schematic view of Charged Particle Detector Array
Forward part
Backward part

Extreme forward part

1. good geometrical efficiency

2. very low energy threshold
3. fragments identification (Z,M)
4. high granularity
Current Status of Neutron Multiplicity Detector
Schematic diagram of the Multiplicity Filter
along with the Large BaF2 Array
x

Gamma Multiplicity
Filter (50 element)

Each BaF2 crystal

measures 3.5x3.5x35 cc
 MATERIALS SCIENCE USING DAE MEDICAL CYCLOTRON

Schematic median view of Aluminum target

chamber
Target flange
with sample and
cooling
Mat. Science arrangement
cave

Beam scanned
CYCLOTRON on sample
vault
IR pyrometer port

Graphite Radiation Resistant

Beam camera view port
Energy :15-30 MeV dump
Sample
Ion Species: H +

Beam Current: 350A (500A)

• Designed to work under vacuum (10 -8 mbar) and at 2 bar (g)
pressure of Helium.

• The target flange to carry both sample and cooling arrangement.

Can achieve bulk high
displacement per atom in
a short time.
• Helium gas Jet cooling arrangement for thin samples, Water
cooling arrangement for thick samples.
• All accessories to be bought with Aluminum housing.
Shankaracharya (7th Century AD)

Who are you? Who am I ?

Where did we come from?
- Charpatpanjarikastotram.
Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?

- Paul Gauguin, 1897.

“The physical picture emerging from the four (RHIC) experiments is
consistent and surprising. The quarks and gluons indeed break out of
confinement and behave collectively, if only fleetingly. But this hot
mélange acts like a liquid, not the ideal gas theorists had anticipated.”
M. Riordan, W. Zajc, Sci. Am., May 2006, 34-41. 88