Emannuel Ramli, PhD, CPIM

Matter, Energy, Measurement and Atoms

Textbook

Frederick A. Bettelheim
William H. Brown
Mary K. Campbell
Shawn O. Farrell

www.cengage.com/chemistry/bettelheim

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Matter

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Measurement

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Measurement

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Mass and Weight

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Mass and Weight
Weight is affected by gravity.
Weight is measured in Newton.
Earth gravity = 9.81 m/s2
Moon gravity = 1.63 m/s2
Weight = mass x acceleration
(Force = mass x acceleration)

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Mass and Density

d = density
m m = mass
d=
V V = volume

Example: If 73.2 mL of a liquid has a mass of 61.5 g, what

is its density in g/mL?

m 61.5 g
d= = = 0.840 g/mL
V 73.2 mL

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Density

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Density and Specific Gravity

Example: The density of copper at 20°C is 8.92 g/mL. The

density of water at this temperature is 1.00 g/mL. What is
the specific gravity of copper?

8.92 g/mL
Specific gravity = = 8.92
1.00 g/mL

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Specific Gravity

Urinometer –
it’s a Hydrometer

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Energy

• Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion

• Potential Energy is stored energy

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Temperature

o
C = 5/9 (oF - 32)
o
C = K – 273
0 K is absolute zero
(it’s the lowest possible temperature)

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Temperature and Heat

• Heat is a form of energy

• Heat accompanies chemical reactions
• Heat is usually measured in calorie (cal) or joule (J)
• 1 cal = 4.184 J
• It takes 1 cal to raise temperature of 1 g of water by 1 oC
• Temperature is not a form of energy

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Temperature and Heat

50 kJ of
T = 50 oC
Heat
Warm

50 kJ of T = 95 oC
Heat Hot

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Heat and Specific Heat
• Specific Heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 g of any substance by 1 oC
• Each substance has its own unique Specific Heat

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Specific Heat

Example: How many calories are required to heat 352 g

of water from 23°C to 95°C?

Amount of heat = specific heat x mass x change in temperature

1.00 cal x 352 g x (95 - 23)°C

Amount of heat =
g • °C
4
= 2.5 x 10 cal = 25 kcal

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Significant Figures
1. Nonzero digits are always significant
E.g. 233.1 has four significant figures; 2.3 g has two.

2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant

E.g. 0.0055 L has two significant figures.

3. Zeros at the end of a number that contains a decimal point are

always significant
E.g. 3.00 L has three significant figures; 0.0450 mm has three.

4. Zeros at the end of number that contains no decimal point may or

may not be significant
E.g. How many significant figures does 2500 g have?
2.5 x 103 g has two significant figures
2.500 x 103 g has four significant figures.

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Factor-Label Method

Conversion factor: A ratio of two different units, used as a

multiplier to change from one system or unit to another.

• Example: Convert 381 grams to pounds.

381 g x 1 lb = 0.840 lb
453.6 g

• Example: Convert 1.844 gallons to milliliters.

3.785 L 1000. mL = 6980. mL
1.844 gal x x
1 gal 1L

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Atoms
Subatomic Mass Mass (amu) Location in
Mass (amu)
particle Charge (g) (1 sig. fig.) an atom
Proton +1 1.6726 x 10 -24 1.0073 1 Inside the nucleus
Electron -1 9.1094 x 10-28 5.4859 x 10-4 0.0005 Outside the nucleus
Neutron 0 1.6749 x 10 -24 1.0087 1 Inside the nucleus

1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g

Mass number: The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

(The mass of the electrons in an atom is so small compared to that of its protons
and neutrons that electrons are not counted in determining mass
number.)

Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass number (number of protons & neutrons)

Atomic number (number of protons)

12
6 C
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Atoms

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Isotopes

Isotopes: Atoms with the same number of protons but a

different number of neutrons.
• Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons
• Carbon-13 has 6 protons and 7 neutrons
• Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons

Most elements found on Earth are mixtures of isotopes.

• Chlorine is 75.77% chlorine-35 (18 neutrons) and 24.23%
chlorine-37 (20 neutrons).

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Atomic Weights

Atomic weight: The weighted average of the masses

(in amu) of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
• Example: Chlorine is 75.77% chlorine-35 and 24.23%
chlorine-37

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The Periodic Table

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Electron Configurations

Electron configuration: The arrangement of electrons in

the extra-nuclear space.

The energy of electrons in an atom is quantized, which

means that an electron in an atom can have only certain
allowed energies.

Ground-state electron configuration: The electron

configuration of the lowest energy state of an atom.

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Shells and Sub-Shells

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1s, 2s, and 2p Orbitals

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Electron Spins

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Distribution of Electrons

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Ground State Electron Configurations

Carbon

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Ground State Electron Configurations

Oxygen

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Electron Configurations

Ne

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The Periodic Table and Orbitals

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Valence Electrons & Lewis Structures

Valence shell: The outermost incomplete shell.

Valence electron: An electron in the valence shell.

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Valence Electrons & Lewis Structures

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 End of Module

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