Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 4
Lecture 4
Control (IPC)
Sensors for Measurement and
Control
The Measurement of Temperature
Example
A B and B - C
Then TA = TC = TB
Basics of Measuring Temperature
For example
4
Basics of Measuring Temperature
Temperature scale should be reproducible under same conditions
and this reproducibility can only be achieved by specifying
following things.
T= aTX+bT (1)
0= aTX1 + bT .. (2)
8
Type of Temperature Sensors
Thermoelectric Sensors
Thermocouple
Electrical resistance Detector or Resistance Thermometer
Thermocouples come in several forms. They may be wires insulated from each
other with plastic or glass fiber materials. For high temperature work, the wire pairs
are put inside a tube with mineral insulation. For industrial uses, the sensors comes
in a metal enclosure such as stainless steel
Types of Thermocouples
Advantages of Thermocouple
They are inexpensive.
Thermodynamics
Kinetics
Transport phenomena
Experimental Approach
Theoretical Approach
21
Modeling the Dynamics and static
Behavior of Chemical Process
Experimental approach: In this case the physical equipment of the
chemical process is available and the various values of input
(disturbance, manipulated variable) are change and through
appropriate measuring devices the outputs of process change with
time.
23
Need of Mathematical Model of Chemical
Process
The physical equipment of the chemical process we want to control
have not been constructed.
Consequently we cannot experiment to determine how the process
reacts to various inputs and therefore we cannot design the
appropriate control system.
If the process equipment needs to be available for experimentation
the procedure is costly.
Therefore we need a simple description of how the process reacts
to various inputs, and this is what the mathematical models can
provide to the control designer.
Need of Mathematical Model of Chemical
Process
Benefits of Mathematical Model (Theoretical approach )
In simplified way, to analyze how process reacts to various
input in the mathematical form to provide it to the control
1 1
System 2
2
3
3
N N
Ws
For total mass balance, the conservation Laws become as follows
()
=
: :
For Mass Balance on component
( ) ( )
= =
: :
For Total energrybalance
() ( + + )
= =
: :
Development of mathematical model of
Heat Tank
Fi, Ti
T h
Q F, T
Fs
31