Lymphatic System and

Immunity

Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Oklahoma City Community College

Dennis Anderson
Fluid Leaves Capillary

Cells

Blood

Blood Capillary
Capillaries
Functions of Lymphatic System
• Drain fluid from around cells
• Absorb fat from intestines
• Circulate lymph
• Filter lymph
• Immunity
 Thoracic
Right Lymphatic Duct
Duct
 Lymph
• Fluid of the lymphatic system
• Similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
 Lymphatic Vessels
• Transport lymph
• Lymph is returned to the circulatory system
at either the right or left subclavian veins
 Lymph Nodes
• Filter lymph
– Microorganisms
– Cancer cells
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
 Thymus
• Programs some
lymphocytes to
develop into T-cells
 Spleen
• Filters blood
– Worn out RBC
– Bacteria
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
Fluid Movement
 Edema
• Accumulation of interstitial fluid
 Causes of Edema
• Blockage of lymphatic system
• Increased pressure in veins
• Lack of albumin
– Decreases fluid returning to blood capillaries
by osmosis
• Inflammation
 Nonspecific Body Defenses
• Skin
• Acid
– Stomach
– Vagina
• Mucus
• Saliva
• Tears
 More Nonspecific Defenses
• Phagocytosis
• Complement
• Fever
• Inflammation
Complement
 Inflammation
• Bodies response to tissue injury
• Classic signs
– Heat
– Redness
– Swelling
– Pain
Skin

Blood
Tissue Damaged
Histamine Released
Capillary More Permeable

Plasma Leaks Out

Capillary More Permeable

Antibodies Leaks Out

Capillary More Permeable

WBCs Leave by
Diapedesis
Wall of Fibrin Forms
Pus Forms
 Steroid Hormones
• Hydrocortisone, cortisone and others
• Depress inflammation
• Used to treat inflammatory diseases
– Rheumatoid arthritis
 Antigens
• Molecules often found in the membrane of
cells
• Antigens of foreign cells stimulate an
immune response
 Self Antigens
• Antigens of our own cells
• Do not cause an immune response in our
body
– Usually cause an immune response in another
person
• MHC proteins
– Major Histocompatibility Complex
 Cells of the Immune System
• APCs
– Antigen-presenting cells
• B cells
– B lymphocytes
• T cells
– T lymphocytes
 Antigen-Presenting Cells
• Macrophages
• Engulf foreign cells and attach the cells antigens on their
MHC proteins
 Lymphocytes

T Cells B Cells
 B Cell

Foreign
Cell

Receptor
Cytotoxic T Cell = Killer T Cell

Body Cell

Receptor
 Helper T Cell

APC

Receptor
 Antigen-Presenting Cell
APC
• Macrophages and
other cells
• Engulfs and digests
foreign cells
• Present antigens on
MHC proteins to T
cells
 B Cells
• Lymphocytes that
react directly with
antigens
• Require stimulation
from Helper T Cells
• Offspring become
– Plasma cells
– Memory B cells
• Humoral Immunity
 Plasma Cells
• Produce huge numbers of antibodies
– 2000/second
 Helper T Cell
• Reacts with antigen from APC
• Stimulates Cytotoxic T Cells and B Cells
– Secretes Interleukin II
 Cytotoxic T Cells
• Activated by antigens
on any body cell
• Require stimulation
from Helper T Cells
• Destroys body cells
infected with viruses
• Destroys cancer cells
• Cellular Immunity
 Memory Cells
• T Cells and B Cells
• Remember antigen
• React to a second invasion of an antigen
more rapidly
 Suppressor T Cells
• Stops T cells and B cells after an infection
has been conquered
 Cytokines
• Chemicals used in cellular immunity
• Interleukin I
– Produced by macrophages
– Stimulates helper T cells
• Interleukin II
– Produced by helper T cells
• Perforin
– Causes lysis of target cell
 Virus

Protein Coat

DNA or RNA
Virus Attaches to Body Cell
Viral DNA Enters Host
Protein Coats Synthesized
Viral DNA Synthesized
Viruses Exit Cell
Host Cell Killed by Virus
Interferon Produced by Dying
Cell
 Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
• HIV Virus
• Attacks and destroys Helper T Cells
– Depresses humoral and cellular immunity
The End