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Constructed Constructed
Secondary
wavefront wavefront
source
First position of
First position wavefront
of wavefront
Secondary
wavelet simulation
Explanation of law of reflection by
Huygen’s principle
Secondary wavelet
from A
Reflected
Incident
wavefront
wavefront
i r
a b
Medium 1
Medium 2
Red wavefront
compression rarefaction
Explanation
Equilibrium positions
displacement
Direction of wave
compression rarefaction compression
distance
- ve + ve slope - ve
slope slope displacement
Direction of wave
distance
distance
- ve + ve slope - ve
slope slope displacement
Direction of wave
distance
No phase change
(compression rarefaction)
Application of reflection
P1 P2
t
Radar
aerial
Radar (radio detection and ranging)
Employs microwaves (e.g. 3 cm microwaves )
The distance d of the object can be calculated from the
time lag t between the transmitted pulse P1 and the
reflected pulse P2 by the equation d = 2ct where c is the
speed of light.
Distance of the object is determined form the time lag t
Size of the object is determined by the strength of
reflected waves.
Sonar (sound navigation
and ranging)
Employs ultrasonic waves.
transmitter i.e. waves with f > f audible
(20kHZ)
ultrasound waves Submarines use sonar to
produced by a sonar
keep track of water depth.
echo Fishing vessels use sonar to
spot shoals of fish.
Reasons for using ultrasound
rather than audible sound
Less diffraction so that the wave is more
concentrated and can penetrate to a
greater depth.
Not be interfered by the audible sound in
the sea.
Smaller objects can be located.
Reflection of transverse waves
• video
Refraction
Example 2
• If i = 70o, find the angle of
deviation d.
• By symmetry, i = r, a = b.
• By geometry, d = a + b --- (1) and
60o • (i – a) + (r – b) = 60o --- (2)
• By Snell’s law,
d sin i = n sin (i – a) --- (3)
i a b r • Sub (1), (2) and (3)
• sin i = n sin 30o
60o
• sin 70o = n sin 30o
60o 60o • n = sin 70o / sin 30o = 1.879
• a + 30o = 70o
• a = 40o
• angle of deviation d = 2a = 80o
Real depth and apparent depth
r • Suppose a fish is at A
C O but it is image is at B
apparent depth which is nearer to water
image r
D’ surface.
B i • AC is called the real
real depth and BC is the
depth D apparent depth.
i
CO
objec tan i (1)
t D
A CO
tan r (2)
D'
sin r tan r
nwater
sin i tan i
real depth D ( 2) tan r D
nwater
apparent depth D' (1) tan i D'
Superposition
Two pulses on a string
approaching each other.
The resultant displacement of
the string is the sum of the
individual displacements. i.e.
the pulses superpose(疊置) .
A large pulse is produced.
After crossing, each pulse
travels along the string as if
nothing had happened and it
has its original shape.
Principle of Superposition
Pulses (and waves), unlike particles, pass
through each other unaffected.
The resultant displacement is the vector
sum of individual displacements due to
each pulse at that point
• Superposition can be used to find the resultant (solid line)
of two waves (dotted line) of different wavelength and
amplitude.
displacement
1.5
A
1
B P
0.5
C
0
Q distance
D
-0.5
R
-1
S
-1.5
Example 2
Two pulses are traveling toward each other, each at 10 cm s-1 on a
long string.
Sketch the shape of the string in the following at t = 0.6 s.
Solution:
Distance travelled by each pulse = vt = (10)(0.6) = 6 cm
1 cm