Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phase Transformations
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• Transforming one phase into another takes time.
Fe Fe C
g Eutectoid 3
transformation (cementite)
(Austenite) +
a
C FCC (BCC)
(ferrite)
Chapter 10 - 2
Solidification: Nucleation Types
• Homogeneous nucleation
– nuclei form in the bulk of liquid metal
– requires considerable supercooling
(typically 80-300ºC)
• Heterogeneous nucleation
– much easier since stable “nucleating surface” is
already present — e.g., mold wall, impurities in
liquid phase
– only very slight supercooling (0.1-10ºC)
Chapter 10 - 3
Homogeneous Nucleation & Energy Effects
Surface Free Energy - destabilizes
the nuclei (it takes energy to make
an interface)
GS 4r 2 g
g = surface tension
r* decreases as T increases
For typical T r* ~ 10 nm
Chapter 10 - 5
Rate of Phase Transformations
fraction time
transformed
– k & n are transformation specific parameters
Fe3C (cementite)
1148ºC
(austenite) Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
1000
a Eutectoid: g +Fe3C
ferrite 800 Equil. Cooling: Ttransf. = 727ºC
727ºC
T a +Fe3C
600
Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727C
0.022
0.76
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) C, wt%C
Chapter 10 - 9
The Fe-Fe3C Eutectoid Transformation
• Transformation of austenite to pearlite:
Diffusion of C
Austenite (g) cementite (Fe3C) during transformation
grain a Ferrite (a)
a a
boundary g
g a
a g
Adapted from
a pearlite g
Fig. 9.15,
a growth a
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. direction
a
• For this transformation, 100
Carbon
diffusion
rate increases with y (% pearlite) 600ºC
(T larger)
[Teutectoid – T ] (i.e., T). 50 650ºC
Adapted from
675ºC Fig. 10.12,
(T smaller) Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
0
100
T = 675ºC
y,
50
0
1 10 2 10 4 time (s)
T(ºC)
Austenite (stable)
TE (727ºC)
700 Austenite
(unstable)
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
time (s)
Chapter 10 - 12
Transformations Involving
Noneutectoid Compositions
Consider C0 = 1.13 wt% C
T(ºC) T(ºC)
900 1600
d
A 1400 L
Fe3C (cementite)
800
A TE (727ºC) g +L
+ 1200 g L+Fe3C
700 A C (austenite)
P 1000
A
+ P a g +Fe3C
600
800
727ºC
T a +Fe3C
500 600
0.022
0.76
1 10 102 103 104 400
1.13
time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)
C, wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.16, Adapted from Fig. 9.24,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
200
60 mm
Adapted from Fig. 10.19, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.19 copyright
United States Steel Corporation,
1971.)
Chapter 10 - 15
Martensite: A Nonequilibrium
Transformation Product
• Martensite:
-- g(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
x
60 mm
Fe atom potential
x x
sites x x C atom sites
x Adapted from Fig. 10.20,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
slow cooling
g (FCC) a (BCC) + Fe3C
quench
tempering
M (BCT)
Chapter 10 - 17
Phase Transformations of Alloys
Effect of adding other elements
Change transition temp.
Cooling curve
Chapter 10 - 19
Isothermal Heat Treatment Example
Problems
On the isothermal transformation diagram for
a 0.45 wt% C, Fe-C alloy, sketch and label
the time-temperature paths to produce the
following microstructures:
a) 42% proeutectoid ferrite and 58% coarse
pearlite
b) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite
c) 100% martensite
d) 50% martensite and 50% austenite
Chapter 10 - 20
Solution to Part (a) of Example
Problem
a) 42% proeutectoid ferrite and 58% coarse pearlite
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
Isothermally treat at ~ 680ºC for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
800 A+a
T (ºC) A
-- all austenite transforms
to proeutectoid a and
A+P
coarse pearlite. 600 P
B
C0 0.022 A+B
Wpearlite A
0.76 0.022 50%
400
M (start)
0.45 0.022 M (50%)
= = 0.58 M (90%)
0.76 0.022
200
Wa = 1 0.58 = 0.42
Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
Chapter 10 - 21
Solution to Part (b) of Example
Problem
b) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
800 A+a
Isothermally treat at ~ 590ºC T (ºC) A
– 50% of austenite transforms
to fine pearlite. P
A+P
600
B
Then isothermally treat A+B
A
at ~ 470ºC 50%
400
– all remaining austenite M (start)
transforms to bainite. M (50%)
M (90%)
200
Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
Chapter 10 - 22
Solutions to Parts (c) & (d) of Example
Problem
c) 100% martensite – rapidly quench to room
temperature Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
d) 50% martensite 800 A
A+a
T (ºC)
& 50% austenite
A+P
-- rapidly quench to 600 P
B
~ 290ºC, hold at this
A+B
temperature A
400 50%
M (start)
M (50%)
M (90%)
d)
200
c)
Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
Chapter 10 - 23
Mechanical Props: Influence of C Content
Pearlite (med)
Pearlite (med) Cementite
ferrite (soft) (hard)
Adapted from Fig. 9.30, C0 < 0.76 wt% C C0 > 0.76 wt% C Adapted from Fig. 9.33,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Hypoeutectoid Hypereutectoid
Hypo Hyper Hypo Hyper
TS(MPa) %EL 80
1100
0.76
0 0.5 0 0.5 1
wt% C wt% C
• Increase C content: TS and YS increase, %EL decreases
Chapter 10 - 24
Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs.
Coarse Pearlite vs. Spheroidite
Ductility (%RA)
spheroidite
60
Brinell hardness
240 coarse
pearlite
spheroidite
160 30 coarse
pearlite
fine
80 pearlite
0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
wt%C wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.30, Callister &
• Hardness: fine > coarse > spheroidite Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.30 based on
data from Metals Handbook: Heat
• %RA: fine < coarse < spheroidite Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria
(Managing Ed.), American Society for
Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17.)
Chapter 10 - 25
Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs.
Martensite
Hypo Hyper
600
Brinell hardness
martensite
Adapted from Fig. 10.32,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
400 10.32 adapted from Edgar C.
Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36;
200 and R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal,
fine pearlite and L.F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A,
Vol. 8A, p. 1776.)
0
0 0.5 1
wt% C
• Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.
Chapter 10 - 26
Tempered Martensite
Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite
• tempered martensite less brittle than martensite
• tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching
TS(MPa)
YS(MPa)
1800
1600 TS
Adapted from Adapted from Fig.
9 mm
Fig. 10.34, 1400 YS 10.33, Callister &
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
Rethwisch 8e. 10.33 copyright by
(Fig. 10.34 1200 60 United States Steel
adapted from Corporation, 1971.)
Fig. furnished 1000 50
courtesy of %RA %RA
Republic Steel
40
Corporation.) 800 30
200 400 600
Tempering T (ºC)
• tempering produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by a.
• tempering decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
Chapter 10 - 27
Summary of Possible Transformations
Adapted from
Austenite (g) Fig. 10.36,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
slow moderate rapid
cool cool quench
Martensite reheat
T Martensite
Strength
Ductility
bainite Tempered
fine pearlite Martensite
coarse pearlite (a + very fine
spheroidite Fe3C particles)
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:
Chapter 10 - 29