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Construction Technology
Construction Technology
Construction Technology
TECHNOLOGY
UNIT – 1 construction systems
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
DEFINITION:
The term structural system or structural frame refers to load
resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system
transfers loads through interconnected structural components or members.
Many different structural systems are used in architecture. The type of
system used depends on the building's needs. The height of the
building, its load bearing capacity, the soil specifications and the
building materials all dictate the proper structural system needed for
a building. In particular, structural systems have evolved to focus on
building up as undeveloped land has become scarce.
rock and stone Precast Concrete
wood frame Reinforced Concrete
steel truss and frame Pre - stressed Concrete
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS
WALL
AND
PLATE
Shell roofs are made from structural ‘skins’ where the shell material is thin in section relative to
the other dimensions of the roof and undergoes relatively little deformation under load.
They are commonly used where a building interior needs to be free from intermediate walls
or columns that might support a more conventional flat or pitched roof, such as; libraries,
theatres, leisure centres, airport and railway terminals, and so on.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS
SPHERICAL
SHELL AND
DOME
Domes are self supporting structures they take the form of an arch distributing external
loads around the sides and down to the foundations. They are tightly compacted by
gravity and any external loads are carried by the compressive forces that develop
internally
CABLE
AND ROD
Tension rods provide an efficient means of transferring large forces over long distances with a
minimal quantity of material. Tension systems often work at high proportions of their tensile
strength and a single failure on one of the connectors raises the possibility of progressive
collapse.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS
MEMBRANE
TENT AND NET
GEOMETRY
PLANAR CURVILINEAR
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STIFFNESS
RIGID FLEXIBLE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SPAN TYPE
Primary Load
Dead Load
Live Load
Secondary Load
Wind Load
Water Load
Snow Load
Thermal Load
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE CONTRUCTION
PRE-TENSIONING
POST-TENSIONING
PROCESS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
PRE-TENSIONING
POST-TENSIONING CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES
•The inherent compressive strength of concrete is used to its fullest.
•Rapid construction
•Better quality control
•Reduced maintanance
•Suitable for repetative construction
The special alloy steels used to form the prestressing tendons are used to their fullest.
•Tension cracks are eliminated, reducing the risk of the steel components corroding.
•Shear stresses are reduced.
•For any given span and loading condition a reduction in weight can be achieved from using a
component with a smaller cross section.
•A composite member can be formed by joining individual precast concrete units together.
•Larger span possible
•Increased in durability
•Multiple use of formwork
•Reduction of formwork
•Availability of standard shape
PRE – STRESSED CONCRETE
DISADVANTAGES
•A high degree of workmanship and control is required.
•The use high strength material is costly
•Need for quality control and inspection
•Special alloy steels are more expensive than
traditional steels used in reinforced concrete.
•Expensive equipment is needed and there are complex safety
requirements
PRECAST CONCRETE
FRAME SYSTEMS:
Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or
spatial beam column sub-assemblages. linear elements are generally preferred
because of the difficulties associated with forming, handling, and erecting spatial
elements. The use of linear elements generally means placing the connecting faces
at the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns,
for ease of construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column.
The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged.
PRECAST CONCRETE SYSYTEM
PRECAST SLABS
PRECAST
COLUMNS
PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION:
Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel
and glass panels is required.
Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the joining
of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint
Similarly leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than
for the materials of which they are made which can often be packed more
efficiently.
Large prefabricated structures require heavy-duty cranes & precision
measurement and handling to place in position.
DDA Housing Project – 50,000 houses in Delhi
MODULAR COORDINATION
Modular coordination means the interdependent arrangement of a dimension based on a primary value accepted as a
module. The strict observance of rules of modular coordination facilitated,
1.Assembly of single components into large components.
2. Fewest possible different types of component.
3. Minimum wastage of cutting needed.
Modular coordination is the basis for a standardization of a mass production of component. A set of rules would be adequate
for meeting the requirements of conventional and prefabricated construction. These rules are adaptable for,
a.The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be
1. 3M for residential and institutional buildings,
2. For industrial buildings,
15M for spans up to 12m
30M for spans between 12m and 18m
60M for spans over 18m
The centre lines of load bearing walls shall coincide with the grid lines
b. In case of external walls the grid lines shall coincide with the centre line of the wall or a line on the wall 5 cm from the
internal face of the wall
C. The planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M up to and including a ht of 2.8M.
d. Preferred increments foa the still heights,doors,windows and other fenestration shall be 1M.
e. In case of internal coluums the grid lines shall coincide with the centre lines of columns.In case of external columns,the grid
lines shall coincide with the centre lines of the columns in the storey or a line in the column from the internal face of the
column in the topmost storey.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE