EE 456

Synchronous Generators
Source:
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld038.htm
Synchronous generator

Stator: carries 3-phase armature windings, physically displaced from each

other by 120 degrees ·

Rotor: carries field windings, connected to an external DC source via slip rings
and brushes or to a revolving DC source via a special brushless configuration.

(a) salient rotor structure (b) round or cylindrical rotor

 Magnetic Field of a Distributed Stator Phase Winding( showing one phase only)

4 Nia
Fundamental Component mmf  Fa1  Cos( )
 2
ia  I mCos(t )

Fa1  FmCos( )Cos(t )

 2CosACosB  Cos ( A  B)  Cos ( A  B)

Cos( A  B)  Cos( A  B)
CosACosB 
2
Fm Fm
Fa1  FmCos ( )Cos(t )  Cos(  t )  Cos(  t )
2 2

Similarly
Fm F
Fb1  FmCos(  120)Cos (t  120)  Cos (  t )  m Cos(  t  240)
2 2

Fm F
Fc1  FmCos(  240)Cos(t  240)  Cos (  t )  m Cos (  t  480)
2 2
The resultant mmf generated by a three phase winding
3Fm
FR  Fa1  Fb1  Fc1  Cos (  t )
2
 FR FR is a rotating mmf in the + θ direction

d  /2
The speed of this rotating mmf   rad / s (elctrical )
dt  / 2

 rad / s (mechanical )
P/2

120 f
N rpm
P
Three balanced emf's of frequency f=PN/120 Hz are induced in the three phase
windings when the rotor is driven by a prime mover rotating at a speed N. If the three
phase stator circuit is closed by a balanced three phase electrical load, balanced three
phase currents of frequency f will flow in the stator circuit, and these currents will
generate a rotating magnetic field of a speed N = 120f/P
Per Phase Equivalent of synchronous generator
Per Phase Equivalent of synchronous generator
The voltage equations of three phase stator windings

d a
Va  Ra ia 
dt
d b
Vb  Rb ib 
dt
d c
Vc  Rc ic 
dt
Ra , Rb , Rc are the winding resistances of the three phases

a , b , c are the total flux linkages of winding a, b and c respectively

a  aa  ab  ac  af  Laa ia  Lab ib  Lac ic  Laf i f

b  ba  bb  bc  bf  Lba ia  Lbb ib  Lbc ic  Lbf i f
c  ca  cb  cc  cf  Lca ia  Lcb ib  Lcc ic  Lcf i f
f   fa   fb   fc   ff  L fa ia  L fb ib  L fc ic  L ff i f
 Self Inductances

Laa  Lbb  Lcc  Laa 0  Lal

Where
 aa 0
Laa 0  ;  aa 0 Is the flux that links all three phases
ia

 al
Lal  ;  al Is the flux that links only phase a winding
ia

Mutual Inductances

Laa 0
Lab  Lba  Lbc  Lcb  Lca 
2
Laf  M f Cos ( )
Lbf  M f Cos (  120)
Lcf  M f Cos (  240)
For balanced three phase currents
  t  0
ia  ib  ic  0

a  Laaia  Labib  Lacic  Laf i f

Laa  Laa 0  Lal Lab  Lab  
Laa 0 Laf  M f Cos ( )  M f Cos (t   0 )
2

Laa 0 Laa 0
a  ( Laa 0  Lal )ia  ib  ic  M f Cos (t   0 )i f
2 2
Laa 0
 ( Laa 0  Lal )ia  (ib  ic )  M f Cos (t   0 )i f
2
L
 ( Laa 0  Lal )ia  aa 0 ia  M f Cos (t   0 )i f
2
3
 ( Laa 0  Lal )ia  M f Cos (t   0 )i f
2
 Ls ia  M f Cos (t   0 )i f
a  Lsia  M f i f Cos(t  0 )  Lsia  af
af  M f i f Cos(t  0 )
Similarly

b  Lsib  M f i f Cos(t  0  120)

c  Lsic  M f i f Cos(t  0  240)
Where Ls is synchronous inductance
d a
Va  Ra ia 
dt
dia d af
 Ra ia  LS 
dt dt

in terms of voltage and current phasors

Va  ( Ra  j LS ) I a  Eaf
 d af d 
eaf   ( M f i f Cos(t  0 )  M f i f  Sin(t  0 )  M f i f Cos(t   0  )
dt dt 2

M f I f
Eaf  j
2

For the generator

Va  ( Ra  j LS ) I a  Eaf
 ( Ra  jX S ) I a  Eaf