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Gymnospermae
Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers
Other Gymnosperms
• Phylum Ginkgophyta – Ginkgo
• Phylum Cycadophyta – The Cycads
• Phylum Gnetophyta – The Gnetophytes
• Seeds produced on
surface of sporophylls
or similar structures
• Large Reproductive
Structure: Seed-
bearing and pollen-
bearing sporophylls
often arranged in
___________.
Introduction
Male Cones = Pollen cones produce:
Female Cones: contain ovules that becomes
the seeds
• Reproductive Tissue: Each ovule contains the
Female Sporangium (Nucellus) enclosed in
integument.
– Integument becomes seed coat of seed.
• Female Gametophyte: is produced by female
sporangium within cone and remains in cone.
– Size: even more reduced in cell number than are ferns
and their relatives.
– Does not grow independently, but develops within
sporophyte structures and eventually produces egg.
Introduction
Four living phyla
• Pinophyta - Pines, firs, spruces, cedars
– Fossils date back to late Carboniferous, 290 million
years ago.
• Ginkgophyta - Has single living representative,
Ginkgo
– Tree with fan-shaped leaves
– Seeds enclosed in fleshy covering.
• Cycadophyta - Leaves superficially palmlike.
• Gnetophyta - Three genera
– Wood with vessels
Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers
Pines (Pinus)
Male strobili
Other Gymnosperms
Phylum Cycadophyta – The Cycads
• Slow-growing plants of tropics and subtropics
• Tall unbranched trunks
• Crown of large pinnately divided leaves
Ephedra
Other Gymnosperms
Phylum Gnetophyta – The Gnetophytes
• Gnetum - Vine-like plants with broad leaves
– In tropics
Other Gymnosperms
Phylum Gnetophyta – The Gnetophytes
• Welwitschia - Only one species, confined to
deserts of southwestern Africa
– Short stem
– Long taproot
– Only two
straplike leaves
that become
tattered and
split
– Dioecious
– Has male and
female strobili
Human Relevance of Gymnosperms
Conifers
• Edible inner bark and needles of white pine, and seeds of
nearly all pines
• Masts in sailing vessels
• Crates, boxes, matchsticks, furniture
• Telephone poles, railroad ties, mine timbers
• Turpentine and rosin (both from resin)
• Fuel
• Pulpwood
• Construction lumber
• Ornamentals
• Pharmaceuticals (taxol for ovarian cancer from yew trees)
Human Relevance of Gymnosperms
Other Gymnosperms
• Ginkgo:
– Seeds for food (after seed coat removal)
– Ginkgo extracts to increase blood circulation
• Ephedra - Mormon tea
– Drug ephedrine for respiratory problems from a
Chinese species
Review
Introduction
Bahan bakar