Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Scientific Theories:
– Continuous creation
– Big Bang Theory – the commonly accepted
theory
Big “Bang”
• Technically, there was no “bang”
• Technically, galaxies are not moving away
from each other
• Reality: space expands
– When there are more space between galaxies,
they “move” away from each other
– Analogy: dots on an expanding balloon
• Isaiah 45:12
– …I have stretched out the heavens...
– It’s only ancient document that mentions an
expanding Universe
Evidence for the Big Bang
• Theory predicts an expanding universe
– Confirm by Red Shift (Doppler effect) in
spectrum
neutron proton
anti-neutrino
electron (beta-particle)
proton neutron
• If gravitational force was made a bit weaker, stars are too light
and do not become super-novae:
– Element heavier than iron are only formed when stars
explode as a super-novae; no life possible without them…
The strength of the EM-force
• If the electro-magnetic force is slightly weaker:
– Too weak to hold electrons in orbits about nuclei
– Universe will consists of loose protons and electrons, no
atoms, and thus no life will be possible
proton electron
• If the energy level of the new nucleus is very different from one of
its natural energy state, the new nucleus is unstable and will
decompose (radio-activity):
Nuclear Resonance
• If sum total of kinetic and nuclear energy before and after are
very close to each other, the nuclear reaction will proceed very
rapidly
– In such case, we say there is “Nuclear Resonance”
– Proton-proton cycle
– Helium fusion
– Carbon cycle
Proton-proton cycle
• The proton-proton cycle will burn Hydrogen into Helium (first phase of
star development)
• When all Hydrogen are burned, phase 2 kicks in…
Helium Fusion
• After all the Hydrogen is converted to Helium, the
star converts Helium to…. What ?
• Here we have a major problem...
• When two Helium nuclei are fused into Beryllium-8,
the resulting Beryllium-8 isotope is highly unstable
– Beryllium-8 has a half life of 10-16 seconds !!!
Helium
Beryllium-8
Helium
Carbon-12
Helium
Helium
Helium
Beryllium-8
Helium
Helium
Helium
Beryllium-8
Helium Nuclear resonance !!!
(Very fast reaction)
Oxygen-16
Helium
Oxygen-16
Helium
0 X
• IF the density of the matter after 1 nsec from the Big Bang is
equal to 447,225,917,218,507,401,284,015 mg/cc, the
Universe expands so rapidly that galaxies and stars cannot
form.