EXPERIMENTAL

DESIGN
BY:
LIPSA RAY

MARIE ARBUDA

LINGARAJ MALLICK
Introduction:

 A survey among statisticians employed by

different national authorities to find out what
they understand under the term “experimental
design” would elicit a variety of different replies.
The purpose of the introduction is to explain as
many aspects of statistical experimental design
as possible while trying to avoid formal definition
such as;
 “Experimental design is a specific form of
statistical decision making problem”
 What is Experimental Design All About?
 Experimental design is a planned interference in the
natural order of events by the researcher. He does
something more than carefully observe what is
occurring
 This emphasis on experiment reflects the higher
regard generally given to information so derived
 There is good rationale for this. Much of the
substantial gain in knowledge in all sciences has come
from actively manipulating or interfering with the
stream of events
 There is more than just observation or measurement
of a natural event
 A selected condition or a change (treatment) is
introduced. Observations or measurements are
planned to illuminate the effect of any change in
conditions
POSTULATES

 POSTULATE-I: An appropriate experimental

design can be selected only if the question to
be answered by the experiment is defined as
closely as possible

 POSTULATE-II: The closer definition of the

experimental question must include selection
of the model and specification of accuracies
 DEFINITION:

A statistical experimental design or an

experimental design is a set of rules for
performing a statistical experiment in which
aspects having no bearing on the analysis of
the experiment and not being taken into
account in the model ignored
PRINCIPLES OF
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
Principle of replication

Principle of randomization

Principle of local control

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

•INFORMAL DESIGN
•FORMAL DESIGN
 FORMAL DESIGN
 COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN
(CR DESIGN)

 RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN

(RB DESIGN)
 COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED
DESIGN: (CR DESIGN)
 In a completely randomized design, objects or subjects are
assigned to groups completely at random. One standard
method for assigning subjects to treatment groups is to label
each subject, then use a table of random numbers to select
from the labelled subjects. This may also be accomplished
using a computer.
 It involves only two principle viz ; the principle of
replication and randomization
 It is generally used when experimental areas happen to be
homogenous
 Technically, when all the variations due to uncontrolled
extraneous factors are included under the heading of chance
variation , we refer to the design of experiment as CR Design
RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN:
(RB DESIGN)
 If an experimenter is aware of specific differences among groups of
subjects or objects within an experimental group, he or she may prefer a
randomized block design to a completely randomized design.
 In a block design, experimental subjects are first divided into
homogeneous blocks before they are randomly assigned to a treatment
group.
 If, for instance, an experimenter had reason to believe that age might
be a significant factor in the effect of a given medication, he might
choose to first divide the experimental subjects into age groups, such as
under 30 years old, 30-60 years old, and over 60 years old.
 Then, within each age level, individuals would be assigned to treatment
groups using a completely randomized design. In a block design, both
control and randomization are considered.
 It is an improvement over the CR design.
 In the RB design the principle of local control can be applied along with
the other two principles
 LATIN SQUARE DESIGN :
(LS DESIGN)
It is used in agricultural research . The treatment in a LS
design are also allocated among the plots that no treatment
occurs more than once in any row or column
FACTORIAL DESIGN
 It is used in experiments where the effects of
varying more than one factor are to be
determined.
 They are especially important in several

economic and social phenomena where

usually a large number of factors affect a
particular problem
IMPORTANCE:
 Researchers are rarely satisfied to simply describe
the events they observe. They want to make
inferences about what produced, contributed to, or
caused events. To gain such information without
ambiguity, some form of experimental design is
ordinarily required.
 As a consequence, the need for using rather
elaborate designs ensues from the possibility of
alternative relationships, consequences or causes.
The purpose of the design is to rule out these
alternative causes, leaving only the actual factor that
is the real cause.
 CONCLUSION

 There are several research designs and the researcher must

decide in advance of collection and analysis of data as to
which design would prove to be more appropriate for his
research project . He must give due weight to various points
such as
Type of Universe and its nature
Objective of his study
Resource list(sample frame)
Desired standard of accuracy
THANK YOU
HAVE A NICE DAY