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Chapter 8 Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter 8 Electricity and Magnetism
Michael Faraday
CHAPTER 8:
Electromagnetism
UCSD Physics 10
L21: How Do Magnets Behave?
Magnetic Force
• attraction or repulsion that arises
between electrically charged particles
because of their motion.
• it is the basic force responsible for
such effects as the action of electric
motors and the attraction of magnets
for iron.
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L22: How Does Electric Current Produce a Magnetic
Field?
• Hans Christian Oersted (Danish physicist, chemist, and
philosopher)
- observed that when a compass was brought near a
current-carrying wire, the compass needle did not point to
the north but got deflected to another direction.
- furthermore, when the flow of current was
disconnected it no longer affected the compass, and its
needle now turned to the north.
- concluded then that the point of a compass needle
would follow a magnet.
-thought that, when an electric current flowed through
the wire, the wire acted like a magnet and electricity can
somehow
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.1: ELECTROMAGNETS
• Electromagnet- a core of magnetic material (such as iron) surrounded by a
coil of wire through which an electric current is passed to magnetize the core
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.1: ELECTROMAGNETS
• What affects the strength of an electromagnet?
* Dependent on the: number of turns in the coil, and the size
of the iron core, and the current
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.1: ELECTROMAGNETS
• How can the magnetic strength of an electromagnet be
changed?
* a magnetic field around the wire coil is created every time
an electric current flows through the wire coil (turning the
electromagnet on)
* the magnetic domains in the soft-iron core aligns with the
magnetic field of the coil (this magnetizes the soft-iron core
* one end of the soft-iron core becomes the north pole and
the other end the south pole.
• Once the magnetic field of the magnetized soft-iron core
combines with the magnetic field of the wire coil, a very
strong magnet is created.
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.2: MAGNETIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC
CURRENT
• Magnets can produce motion.
• Electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field similar that of a
magnet.
• And so a magnet can move a wire, as it would move another
magnet.
• Interaction between electricity and magnetism can cause something
to move.
• Energy- the ability to move an object.
*Electrical energy - energy associated with electric current
*Mechanical energy - the energy of an object due to its movement or
position
• There is energy transformation when a current-carrying wire is
placed in a magnetic field (conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy)
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.3: APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
• ELECTRIC MOTOR - converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
• How does a motor work?
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.3: APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
• ELECTRIC MOTOR - converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
• How does a motor work?
*a simple DC electric motor contains an electromagnet, a permanent
magnent, and a commutator
• Armature - electromagnet placed in the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
- the armature turns a drive shaft that does work
• commutator - part of a motor which reverses the flow of current
- consists of 2 parts of a ring, each half is attached to
one end of the loop of the wire. As it moves,it slides past 2 contact
points (brushes)
• brushes - connects the commmutator to the current source
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UCSD Physics 10
L22.3: APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
• ELECTRIC MOTOR - converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
• How does a motor work?
*a simple DC electric motor contains an electromagnet, a permanent
magnent, and a commutator
• Armature - electromagnet placed in the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
- the armature turns a drive shaft that does work
• commutator - part of a motor which reverses the flow of current
- consists of 2 parts of a ring, each half is attached to
one end of the loop of the wire. As it moves,it slides past 2 contact
points (brushes)
• brushes - connects the commmutator to the current source
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UCSD Physics 10
L23: HOW IS ELECTRICITY INDUCED BY
MAGNETISM
• Oersted discovery was put into mathematical form by 3 French
physicist who extended his work:
Jean-Baptiste Biot, Felix Savart, and Andre Marie Ampere
• Scientist began to wonder if they could reverse the process (using
magnetic field to produce electric current
• 3 physicist work on this hypothesis
1. Michael Faraday
Faraday's Law - Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of
wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter
how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change
could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a
magnet toward or away from the coil, moving the coil into or out of
the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet, etc.
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UCSD Physics 10
L23: HOW IS ELECTRICITY INDUCED BY
MAGNETISM
2. Joseph Henry
- explained that a changing electric current in a
coil can induce another current in the same coil. As a
result, the coil consists of 2 components, the initial
current plus an induced current (this effect is known
as inductance)
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L23: HOW IS ELECTRICITY INDUCED BY
MAGNETISM
3. Heinrich Friedrich Lenz
Lenz Law
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L23.2:ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• Electromagnetic or magnetic induction - the production of an
electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor in a
changing magnetic field.
*some concepts to understand electromagnetic induction:
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UCSD Physics 10
L23.2: APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
* Electric generator - converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
• Any device that creates an electric current by turning a coil of wire
through a magnetic field is a generator
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Electromagnetism
• Electricity and magnetism are different facets of
electromagnetism
– a moving electric charge produces magnetic fields
– changing magnetic fields move electric charges
• This connection first elucidated by Faraday, Maxwell
• Einstein saw electricity and magnetism as frame-
dependent facets of unified electromagnetic force
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Electromagnets
• Arranging wire in a coil and running a current
through produces a magnetic field that looks a lot
like a bar magnet
– called an electromagnet
– putting a real magnet inside, can shove the magnet back
and forth depending on current direction: called a
solenoid
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Induced Current
• The next part of the story is that a changing
magnetic field produces an electric current in a
loop surrounding the field
– called electromagnetic induction, or Faraday’s Law
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